Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
sp hybridization
|
sp-hybridization is the result of the mixing of te s-orbital and px-orbital
Atomic orbitals: s + p Angle: 180 degrees Shape: linear sigma bond and e- pairs: 2 pi bond: 2 triple bond |
|
|
sp2
|
sp2-hybridization is the result of the mixing of the d-oribtal, px-orbital, and py-orbital
atomic orbitals : s + p + p Angle: 120 degrees Shape: trigonal planar sigma bonds and e- pairs:3 pi bonds: 1 double bond |
|
|
sp3
|
s + p + p + p
Angle: 109.5 degrees Shape: tetrahedral sigma bonds and e-: 4 pi bonds: 0 |
|
|
Relative electronegative
|
fonclbrisch
|
|
|
The result is that the more _____ in the hybrid orbital of the atom bonded to hydrogen, the stronger the acid
|
s-character
sp > sp2 > sp3 for acid strength |
|
|
inductive effect
|
the delocalization of electrons induced by electronegative atoms.
-involved the transfer of electron density through the sigma bond. -can affect atoms up to 3-4 atoms away. -the effect increases with increasing electronegative -makes a carbon more electrophilic |
|
|
Bronsted-Lowry Acid-Base rxn
What do the acid and base do? |
Acid = proton donor
Base = proton acceptor |
|
|
Lewis Acid-Base Reaction
Define the Acid and the Base |
base = electron pair donor
Acid = electron pair acceptor [ex. BF3, AlCl3, FeBr3, SOCl2] |
|
|
Arrhenius Acid and Base definition
|
Base = yields OH- in water
Acid = yields H3O+ in water |
|
|
5-10-15-20 rule
|
pKa
carboxylic acid = 5 phenol = 10 alcohol = 15 carbonyl = 20 |
|
|
Acid Strength: Primary Factors
comparing size is down the same 1)______ comparing electronegative is down the same 2)______ comparing hybridization 3) |
1) column
2) row 3) by the number of s-character in the hybrid orbital |
|
|
When looking at resonance, an adjacent atom making a pi bond is _______, while an adjacent atom with a lone pair is __________.
|
1) electron withdrawing
2) electron donating With no pi bond, there is no electron donation through resonance therefore molecule will be more acidic. |
|
|
________ groups increase acidity
_______groups decrease acidity |
1) electron withdrawing
2)electron donating |
|
|
Lard vs Vegetable oil
|
lard = saturate fat
vegetable = unsaturated fat -lard is solid at room temp because better able to interact with the other molecules unhindered -the longer the hydrocarbons, the more bond/strong it will be |
|
|
miscibility
|
ability for a liquid to mix (dissolve) into another liquid
|
|
|
polar protic solvent
|
Intermolecular forces: h-bonding, dipole-dipole, and van der Waals
Ex) water, alcohol |
|
|
polar, aprotic
|
Intermolecular forces: dipole-dipole, and van de Waals
Ex) ketones, Ethers, Alkyl halides |
|
|
nonpolar, aprotic
|
Intermolecular forces: van der Waals
Ex) oils, Petroleum |
|
|
units of unsaturation
|
ring + pi bonds = C - (H/2) - (X/2) + (N/2) + 1
where X is a halide |
|
|
____ stable conjugate base means _____ acidic
|
more .....more
|
|
|
Weak Acid Strength Trends
|
carboxylic acid > phenol > alcohol > aldehyde > ketone > alkyne > alkene > alkane
|
