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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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List names of unbranched alkanes from n=1 to n=12.
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Methane
Ethane Propane Butane Pentane Hexane Heptane Octane Nonane Decane Undecane Dodecane |
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Draw n-propyl branch
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CH2-CH2-CH3
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Draw t-butyl branch
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-C(CH3)3
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Draw neopentyl branch
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-CH2-C(CH3)3
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Draw isopropyl branch
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-CH(CH3)2
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Draw sec-butyl branch
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-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH3
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Draw isobutyl branch
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-CH2-CH(CH3)2
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Draw vinyl chloride
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=-Cl
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Draw allyl bromide
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=_/Br
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Draw methylene group
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-CH2
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Draw acetylene
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HC---CH
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Name
CH3-CH=CH-C---C-CH3 |
4 hexen-2-yne
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Draw t-butyl bromide
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C(CH3)3Br
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Draw isopropyl iodide
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CH(CH3)2I
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Name
HC=CH-(CH2)4CH-OH |
Hept-6-en-1-ol
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Define vicinal diol
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Diol with OH's on adjacent C's
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Define geminal diol
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Diol with OH's on same C
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Provide common and IUPAC name for
/O\/ |
methoxyethane
ethyl methyl ether |
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Provide common and IUPAC name for
>-O/\/\/\ |
Isopropoxyhexane
n-hexyl isoproyl ether |
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Draw oxirane
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triangle with O in center
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Draw tetrahydrofuran
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Pentagon with O in peak
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Draw n-butanal
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/\/=O
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Common name for methanal
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Formaldehyde
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Common name for ethanal
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acetoaldehyde
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Commone name for propanal
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Propionaldehyde
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Difference between aldehyde & ketone
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Aldehyde = Terminal C=O
Ketone = Internal |
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Do ketones or aldehydes take precedence in naming?
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Ketones
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What prefix is used for ketones in complex molecules?
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Oxo
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Draw methanoic acid. Common name?
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HOCH=O; formic acid
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Draw ethanoic acid. Common name?
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2(H3C)-C=O; Acetic acid
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Name
/\NH2 |
Ethanamine
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Provide common and IUPAC name for
/\/\/NH\/ |
N-ethylpentanamine
(ethylpentylamine) |
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Draw general structure of an imine
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R2C=NR'
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Draw general structure of a nitro group
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RNO2
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Draw general structure of an azide
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RN3
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Draw general structure of a diazo group
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RN2+
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Draw general structure of a sulfide
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R2S (alkylthio)
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Define structural isomerism
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Diff. connectivity, Diff. Props
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Define stereoisomerism
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Differ in spatial arrangement
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What are geometric isomers?
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Double bond substitutions: E/Z
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What is chirality?
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object that is NOT superimposable on its mirror image (handedness)
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What are enantiomers?
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Molecule with same connectivity whose mirror images that are not sumperimposable
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In Fischer projections, describe the space into which each bond points.
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Horizontal bonds stick OUT of the page. Vertical bonds stick INTO the page.
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Describe the effects of number of swaps on identities of molecules represented by Fischer projections.
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One swap = mirror image
Two swaps = identical 180 turn = identical |
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Difference between dextrorotatory and levorotatory.
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D: rotates plane-polarized light CW (+)
L: rotates plane-polarized light CCW (-) |
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Formula to determine observed rotation?
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observed rotation = specific rotation x [] x l
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What are diastereomers? How many molecules are possible for a molecules with N chiral centers?
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Non-mirror images of the same molecule (one swap on one of two chiral centers)
2^N |
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What are meso compounds?
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Molecule with more than one chiral center and a line of symmetry; not optically active
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What are conformational isomers?
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Isomers that differ only by rotation about 1 or more single bond
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Describe the relationship between energetic stability and straight-chain conformation as depicted by Newman projections.
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Highest E: totally eclipsed
Mid: Gauche Lowest: Staggered Anti |
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What effect does temperature have on rate of conformational interconversion?
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Low temperature slows this rate, it molecule doesn't have sufficient E may not rotate at all.
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What is angle strain?
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When bond angles deviate from ideal values
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What is torsional strain?
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When cyclic molecules must assume conformations with eclipsed interactions
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What is nonbonded strain?
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(VDW repulsion); when atoms compete for same space
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When interconverting between chair conformations how does the energetic stability of cyclohexane change? Why?
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Low --> High --> Low
Chair --> Boat --> Low |
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Which conformation of cyclohexane is preferred why?
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Chair-eliminates all three ring strains
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Do bulky groups prefer axial or equitorial posns? Why?
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Equitorial: reduces steric repulsion
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What are the requirements for the formation of an antibonding molecular orbital?
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Wave functions are different for each participating orbital.
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What are the requirements for the formation of a bonding molecular orbital?
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Wave functions are same for each participating orbital.
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What kind of orbital overlap is required for formation of a sigma bond?
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Head-to-head overlap
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What kind of orbital overlap is required for formation of a pi bond?
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When two p orbitals overlap in a parallel fashion
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How many sigma/pi bonds in a single bond? Double bond? Triple bond?
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1 sigma
1 sigma, 1 pi 1 sigma, 2 pi |
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Compare strength of pi bonds to strength of sigma bonds.
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Pi weaker than sigma
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How many p orbitals are present in an sp3 hybridized atom?
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None, there are 4 sp3 orbitals
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How many p orbitals are present in an sp2 hybridized atom?
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1 p orbital, 3 sp2 orbitals
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How many p orbitals are present in an sp hybridized atom?
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2 p orbitals, 2 sp orbitals
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List the approximate bond angles for sp3, sp2, and sp hybridized atoms.
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109.5
120 180 |
