Mcat: Microbiology

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Virus

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Tiny infectious agents that contain a capsid, which holds the nucleic acid, and a lipid rich envelope. Bacteriophages also contain a tail, base plate, and tail fibers. Viruses are not living and do not carry out any type of respiration. They require no nutrients, using energy acquired by their host cell. They cannot reproduce inside nonliving organ matter. Viruses reproduce at the expense of a host.

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Lytic Infection

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The virus commandeers the cell's reproductive machinery and begins reproducing new viruses which causes lysis of the cell.

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Lysogenic Infection

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The viral DNA is incorporated into the host genome, or, if RNA it is reverse transcribed and then incorporated into the genome. It is a temperate virus and does not show activity until some sort of stress is present.

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Temperate Virus

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May infect a cell, but no symptoms are shown, the viral DNA remains dormant or latent and is called a provirus. Becomes active under some sort of stress.

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Vaccine

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Can be either an injection of antibodies or an injection of a non-pathogenic virus with the same capsid or envelope (immune system creates own antibodies).

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Retroviruses

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Carries the enzyme reverse transcriptase in order to create DNA from its RNA.

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Prokaryotes

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Do not have a membrane bound nucleus and do not contain any complex membrane bound organelles. Are divided into two groups bacteria and archaea.

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Archaea

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Are similar to Eucaryotes.

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Bacteria Classification

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1) Energy Source 2) Carbon Source; Autotrophs and heterotrophs differ in their source of carbon: autotrophs use CO2 and heterotrophs use organic matter. 'Photo' and 'Chemo' refer to where the organism derives its energy; photo from light and chemo from chemicals. Only prokaryotes can aquire energy from an inorganic source other than light.

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Nucleoid

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The DNA, RNA, and protein complex in prokaryotes.

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Cocci

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Round

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Bacilli

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Rod-shaped

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Plasma Membrane

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Phospholipid bilayer (phosphate group, two fatty acid chains, glycerol backbone), glycolipids, integral proteins (Amphipathic proteins from inside to outside of membrane), extrinsic proteins(surface of membrane). Most prokaryotic membranes do not contain cholesterol.

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Electrochemical Gradient

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Combination of chemical and electrical gradients and determines the overall flow of different molecules.

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Semipermeability

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Most membranes slow the diffusion of molecules. Size and polarity determine permeability. Larger and more polar molecules have tougher time passing through membrane.

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Passive diffusion

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Molecules move through leakage channels across the membrane due to randomn motion.

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Carrier Proteins

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Assist large or really charged molecules through membranes.

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Facilitated Diffusion

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Diffusion assisted by carrier proteins.

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Active Transport

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Movement of molecule against electrochemical gradient. Requires energy expenditure.

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Bacterial Envelope

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Surrounds Protoplast (plasma membrane and everything inside it) contains cell wall which helps plasma membrane withstand the hydorstatic pressure created by the movement of water.

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Hypertonic

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More particles inside than outside. Leads to diffusion of water inside.

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Isotonic

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Same amount of particles inside and outside. No movement of water.

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Hypotonic

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More particles outside than inside. Leads to movement of water outside.

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Peptidoglycan

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Makes up cell wall, is a series of dissaccharide polymer chains with amino acids.

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Gram Staining

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A method for classifying bacteria according to cell wall.

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Gram- Positive Bacteria

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Have a large peptidoglycan cell wall.

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Gram- Negative Bacteria

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Have a small peptidoglycan cell wall but also have a phospholipid bilayer outside of the cell wall.

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Flagella

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Made from flagellin, move counterclockwise direction to move bacteria.

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Binary Fission

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Ciruclar DNA, Two DNA polymerases begin at the same point on the circle and move in opposite directions, the complementary strands combine with template to form two new circular strands and then the cell divides.

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Conjugation

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Method of Genetic Recombination that requires two bacteria, one with a plasmid that codes for a sex pilus and one that does not.

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F Plasmid

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Plasmid used in conjugation.

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Transformation

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The process by which bacteria may incorporate DNA from their external environment into their genome. Method of Genetic Recombination in bacteria.

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Transduction

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Transfer of DNA via a virus. Method of Genetic Recombination.