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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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WHAT ARE THE MAGNOCELLULAR CELLS IN THE EYE SPECIALIZED TO DETECT? |
motion |
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WHAT ARE THE PARVOCELLULAR CELLS IN THE EYE SPECIALIZED TO DETECT? |
color and fine detail |
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WHICH LAYERS OF THE LGN COME FROM THE CONTRALATERAL SIDE? |
1, 4, 6 |
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WHICH LAYERS IN THE LGN COME FROM THE IPSILATERAL SIDE? |
2, 3, 5 |
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WHICH LAYERS OF THE LGN ARE MAGNOCELLULAR? |
1, 2 |
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WHICH LAYERS OF THE LGN ARE PARVOCELLULAR? |
3-6 |
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WHAT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR THE HAMMER BONE? |
malleus |
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WHAT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR THE ANVIL BONE? |
incus |
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WHAT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR THE STIRRUP BONE? |
stapes
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WHAT ARE THE THREE BASIC TYPES OF CONCENTRATION CELLS? |
1. metal ion concentration cells
2. oxygen concentration cells 3. active-passive concentration cells |
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WHAT ARE METAL ION CONCENTRATION CELLS? |
In the presence of water, a high concentration of metal ions will exist under faying surfaces and a low concentration of metal ions will exist adjacent to the crevice created by the faying surfaces. An electrical potential will exist between the two points. The area of the metal in contact with the low concentration of metal ions will be cathodic and will be protected, and the area of metal in contact with the high metal ion concentration will be anodic and corroded. This condition can be eliminated by sealing the faying surfaces in a manner to exclude moisture. |
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WHAT ARE OXYGEN CONCENTRATION CELLS? |
A water solution in contact with the metal surface will normally contain dissolved oxygen. An oxygen cell can develop at any point where the oxygen in the air is not allowed to diffuse uniformly into the solution, thereby creating a difference in oxygen concentration between two points. Typical locations of oxygen concentration cells are under either metallic or nonmetallic deposits (dirt) on the metal surface and under faying surfaces; corrosion occurs where there is low oxygen concentration (anode) |
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WHAT ARE ACTIVE-PASSIVE CONCENTRATION CELLS? |
uses metals that depend on a tightly adhering passive film (usually an oxide) for corrosion protection; corrosive action usually starts as an oxygen concentration cell; an electrical potential will develop between the large area of the cathode (passive film) and the small area of the anode (active metal). Rapid pitting of the active metal will result |
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WHAT DOES FAYING MEAN? |
faying surfaces are surfaces where parts are joined together with adhesion or welding |
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WHAT DOES HENRY'S LAW SAY? |
at a constant temperature, the amount of a given gas that dissolves in a given type and volume of liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in equilibrium with that liquid |
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THE AMINO ACIDS IN ANY PROTEIN UNIFORMLY HAVE THE WHICH CONFORMATION, D OR L? |
L |
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WHAT IS THE MECHANISM FOR GAS EXCHANGE AT THE CAPILLARIES (4)? |
1. gas is exchanged between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries via diffusion: gas molecules will move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration 2. oxygen moves in due to partial pressure 3. carbon dioxide moves out due to partial pressure 4. The ventilation/perfusion ratio (V/Q) ensures that the ideal amount of blood and gas is received by the alveoli for efficient gas exchange |
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HOW DOES THE KIDNEY REGULATE BLOOD PRESSURE? |
if there is too much water in the body (fluid overload) blood pressure will go up. If there is too little water in the body (dehydration) the blood pressure will drop; renin is used to control the narrowing of the arteries |
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HOW DOES THE KIDNEY REGULATE ACID/BASE BALANCE? |
excreting hydrogen ions into the urine and reabsorbing bicarbonate from the urine
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HOW DOES THE KIDNEY AFFECT OSMOREGULATION? |
it excretes large amount of hypotonic urine when water intake is very high, while it excretes small amount of hypertonic urine when water is deficient and needs to be conserved
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HOW DOES THE KIDNEY REGULATE NITROGENOUS WASTE? |
removes nitrogenous wastes (mainly urea) from the blood and collects them for excretion
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HOW DOES BOWMAN'S CAPSULE WORK? |
a cup-like sac at the beginning of the tubular component of a nephron in the mammalian kidney that performs the first step in the filtration of blood to form urine; any small molecules such as water, glucose, salt (NaCl), amino acids, and urea pass freely into Bowman's space, but cells, platelets and large proteins do not |
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HOW DOES MYELINATION WORK ACCORDING TO PHYSICS? |
it decreases the capacitance in the axon by wrapping around many times and acting like several capacitors in series; full action potential only occurs at the nodes of Ranvier; it increases conductance and resistance across the membrane |
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WHERE IS THE FINGERPRINT REGION ON AN IR SPECTRAL ANALYSIS? |
less than 1450 cm-1 |
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HOW DOES UV SPECTROSCOPY WORK? |
spectra are obtained by passing a UV light through a sample that is dissolved in an inert, nonabsorbing solvent, and the absorbance is plotted against the wavelength; the wavelength of maximum absorbance tells you the extent of conjugation of the compound (more conjugated = greater wavelength) |
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ABSORBANCE IN UV SPECTRA IS CAUSED BY WHAT? |
pi and non-bonding electron transitions between orbitals |
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WHAT ARE HEXOSES? |
a monosaccharide with six carbon atoms, having the chemical formula C6H12O6. Hexoses are classified by functional group, with aldohexoses having an aldehyde at position 1, and ketohexoses having a ketone at position 2 |
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WHAT IS THIS? |
glyceraldehyde |
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WHAT IS THIS? |
dihydroxyacetone |
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WHAT IS THIS? |
D-glucose |
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WHAT IS THIS? |
fructose |
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WHAT IS THIS? |
galactose |
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WHAT IS THIS? |
L-glucose |
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WHAT IS THIS? |
deoxyribose |
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WHAT IS THIS? |
ribose |
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WHAT IS THIS? |
glycogen |
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WHAT IS THIS? |
starch |
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WHAT IS THIS? |
lactose |
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WHAT IS THE BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE? |
substantia nigra deteriorates, which causes a lack of dopamine; this causes the motor abnormalities and mental dysfunction associated with Parkinson's |
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WHAT IS THE BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE? |
formation of plaques (beta-amyloid clumps and damages brain cells) and tangles (strands of protein tau tangle in the brain and interfere with the transport system) in the brain |
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WHAT ARE FIVE FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE RATE OF A REACTION? |
1. the surface area of a solid reactant 2. concentration or pressure of a reactant 3. temperature 4. nature of the reactants 5. presence/absence of a catalyst |
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WHAT IS THE COMMON NAME FOR THIS? |
acetaldehyde |
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WHAT IS THE COMMON NAME FOR THIS? |
acetic acid |
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WHAT IS THE COMMON NAME FOR THIS? |
acetone |
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WHAT IS THE COMMON NAME FOR THIS? |
acetylene |
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WHAT IS THE COMMON NAME FOR THIS? |
diethyl ether |
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WHAT IS THE COMMON NAME FOR THIS? |
dihydroxyacetone |
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WHAT IS THE COMMON NAME FOR THIS? |
dimethyl ether |
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WHAT IS THE COMMON NAME FOR THIS? |
ethylene |
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WHAT IS THE COMMON NAME FOR THIS? |
ethyl acetate |
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WHAT IS THE COMMON NAME FOR THIS? |
ethyl methyl ether |
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WHAT IS THE COMMON NAME FOR THIS? |
ethyl methyl ketone |
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WHAT IS THE COMMON NAME FOR THIS? |
formaldehyde |
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WHAT IS THE COMMON NAME FOR THIS? |
formic acid |
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WHAT IS THE COMMON NAME FOR THIS? |
isopropyl alcohol |
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WHAT IS THE COMMON NAME FOR THIS? |
methyl formate |
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WHAT IS THE COMMON NAME FOR THIS? |
propylene |
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WHAT IS THE COMMON NAME FOR THIS? |
propionaldehyde |
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WHAT IS THE COMMON NAME FOR THIS? |
propionic acid |
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WHAT IS KIRCHHOFF'S JUNCTION RULE? |
at any point or junction in a circuit, the sum of the currents directed into that point equals the sum of currents directed away from that point |
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WHAT IS KIRCHOFF'S LOOP RULE? |
around any closed circuit loop, the sum of the voltage (potential) drops |
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WHAT ARE RESISTORS? |
conductive materials that offer an amount of resistance |
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WHAT IS RESISTIVITY? |
the internal resistance to current flow of a material |
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WHAT IS THE FORMULA FOR THE POWER OF A RESISTOR? |
P=iV |
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HOW DO YOU CALCULATE THE TOTAL VOLTAGE DROP (OR TOTAL RESISTANCE) FOR RESISTORS IN SERIES? |
the sum of the voltage drop across each resistor |
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HOW DO YOU CALCULATE THE TOTAL VOLTAGE DROP (OR TOTAL RESISTANCE) FOR RESISTORS IN PARALLEL? |
the sum of the resistance or voltage on each "loop" is equal |
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WHAT IS A CAPACITOR? |
a two-plate system that stores charge at a particular voltage
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WHAT IS CAPACITANCE? |
the ratio of the magnitude of the charge stored on one plate to the potential difference across the capacitor |
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WHAT IS THE UNIT BREAKDOWN FOR AMPS? |
C/s |
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WHAT IS THE UNIT BREAKDOWN FOR JOULES? |
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WHAT IS THE UNIT BREAKDOWN FOR WATTS? |
J/s |
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WHAT IS PERIODIC MOTION? |
motion repeated in equal intervals of time |
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WHAT IS CONSTRUCTIVE INTERFERENCE? |
when waves add together as a result of being in phase with one another |
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WHAT IS DESTRUCTIVE INTERFERENCE? |
when waves subtract as a result of being out of phase with one another |
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WHAT IS THE NATURAL FREQUENCY OF AN OBJECT? |
the frequency at which an object will vibrate when disturbed |
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WHAT IS A STANDING WAVE? |
a wave that appears to be stationary with only the apparent movement of the string being fluctuation of amplitude at fixed points along the length of the string (nodes and antinodes) |
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WHAT IS THE FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY? |
first harmonic; the lowest frequency of a standing wave that can be supported in a given length of string |
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WHAT IS REFLECTION? |
the rebounding of incident light waves at the boundary of a medium |
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WHAT IS A REAL IMAGE? |
an image for which light actually converges at the position of the image |
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WHAT IS A VIRTUAL IMAGE? |
an image where the light appears to be coming from the position of the image, but the light rays do not actually converge there |
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WHAT TYPE OF IMAGE DO PLANE MIRRORS CREATE? |
virtual images |
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WHAT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR A CONVERGING MIRROR? |
concave |
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WHAT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR A DIVERGING MIRROR? |
convex
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WHAT IS TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION? |
a phenomenon in which all the light incident on a boundary is reflected back into the original material; results for any angle of incidence greater than the critical angle |
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FOR A CONVERGING LENS, HOW DOES THE CENTER RELATE TO THE EDGES? |
the center is thicker than the edges |
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FOR A DIVERGING LENS, HOW DOES THE CENTER RELATE TO THE EDGES? |
the center is thinner than the edges |
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WHAT IS DIFFRACTION? |
the spreading out of light as it passes through a narrow opening |
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WHAT IS DISPERSION? |
occurs when the speed of light varies with wavelength |
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WHAT IS THE SPEED OF LIGHT IN A VACCUM? |
3 x 10^8 m/s |
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WHAT WAS YOUNG'S DOUBLE-SLIT EXPERIMENT? |
an experiment by Thomas Young where he showed that two light waves can interfere with one another (constructive or destructive) |
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DO MAGNETIC FIELDS EXERT FORCE ON STATIONARY CHARGES? |
no |
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HOW DO YOU FIND DISPLACEMENT ON A VELOCITY VERSUS TIME GRAPH? |
the area under the curve |
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WHAT VALUES OF Kcat AND Km WOULD GIVE HIGH CATALYTIC EFFICIENCY? |
high Kcat and low Km |
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HOW DOES THE DIRECTIONALITY OF REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE COMPARE TO THAT OF DNA POLYMERASE? |
same (5' - 3') |
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WHAT ARE CpG ISLANDS?
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are short interspersed DNA sequences that deviate significantly from the average genomic pattern by being GC-rich and predominantly non-methylated |
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WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF MICRO RNA? |
complementary to a part of one or more messenger RNA; they either degrade the mRNA template or repress the translation of that mRNA |
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WHAT IS AN ONCOGENE? |
a gene that in certain circumstances can transform a cell into a tumor cell |
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WHAT IS A PROTOONCOGENE? |
a normal gene which, when altered by mutation, becomes an oncogene that can contribute to cancer |
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WHAT IS CHIMERISM? |
a rare disorder in which a person has more than one set of DNA |
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WHAT IS FECUNDITY? |
the actual reproductive rate of an organism or population, measured by the number of gametes (eggs), seed set, or asexual propagules; similar to fertility |
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WHAT IS DISRUPTIVE SELECTION? |
changes in population genetics in which extreme values for a trait are favored over intermediate values |
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WHAT DOES EXERGONIC MEAN? |
a reaction accompanied by the release of free energy |
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WHAT DOES ENDERGONIC MEAN? |
accompanied by or requiring the absorption of energy, the products being of greater free energy than the reactants |
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ATP HYDROLYSIS INVOLVES THE BREAKING OF WHAT BOND? |
gamma and beta phosphate bond |
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WITH RESPECT TO THEIR RELATIVE pH, HOW DO THE CYTOSOL, INTERMEMBRANOUS SPACE OF THE MITOCHONDRIA, AND THE MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX COMPARE? |
pH of mitochondrial matrix > pH of cytosol > pH of intermembrane space. |
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HOW MANY MOLECULES OF OXYGEN ARE NEEDED TO COMPLETE THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN FOR ONE GLUCOSE? |
6 |
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WHAT DID SCHLEIDEN AND SCHWANN BOTH DISCOVER INDIVIDUALLY? |
all living things are composed of one or more cells |
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DOES PROKARYOTIC OR EUKARYOTIC POLYMERASE WORK FASTER? |
prokaryotic |
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WHAT ARE BASIC NEUROLOGICAL FUNCTIONS? |
functions that are associated with the senses, movement, and automatic function. |
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WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF EPENDYMAL CELLS? |
type of neuronal support cell (neuroglia) that forms the epithelial lining of the ventricles (cavities) in the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord |
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WHAT DOES PSEUDOUNIPOLAR MEAN? |
a kind of sensory neuron in the peripheral nervous system. This neuron contains an axon that has split into two branches; one branch runs to the periphery and the other to the spinal cord |
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WHAT IS HEMATOCRIT? |
the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood |
