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317 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Redox RXNs (KapCH12)
What are the three types of electrochemical cells? |
1-Galvanic/Voltaic
2-Electochemical 3-Concentration |
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Atomic Structure (KapCH1)
Chemistry: Deffinitions *may not need* h (Plank's Constant) |
6.626 X 10 ^-34 J*s
THINK analogous to avogadro 6.6 but what about the units? 6X6=36 but since there are 2's subtract by 2 = 34 6.6X10-34 and voila! |
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Atomic Structure (KapCH1)
What is the convention to show atomic number and mass number? |
A(mass number)
\ / / \ Z(atomic number) THINK AXeZ: elemental atoms are chopped down into this type of convention to stratify without overlap. THINK Inversely the numbering is flipped in the periodic table (Low # is the the top number in the periodic table!) (High # is the bottom number in the periodic table!) |
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Atomic Structure (KapCH1)
What does A mean in the convention? Meaning what (in terms of components of an atom)? |
Mass number
Protons & Neutrons |
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Atomic Structure (KapCH1)
What does Z mean in the convention Meaning what (in terms of components of an atom)? |
Atomic number
Protons ONLY |
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Atomic Structure (KapCH1)
Chemistry: Deffinitions Avogardo's number |
6.02 X 10^23
THINK Mole Day: 6:02 at Oct 23 |
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Atomic Structure (KapCH1)
Chemistry: Deffinitions Quanta? EQTN? |
Discrete bundles of energy emitted as electromagnetic radiation
E1 - ENG = h(planck) X frequency [PHYS OVERLAP] E2 - ENG = [h(planck) X v(light)]/wavelength [PHYS OVERLAP] |
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Atomic Structure (K1)
*may not need* Angluar momentum of an electron = quanta |
nh(planck)/2pi
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Atomic Structure (KapCH1)
Chemistry: Relation Game Angular Momentum Quantum Number |
Direct
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Atomic Structure (KapCH1)
Chemistry: Relation Game Kinetic Energy Quantum Number |
Direct
*may seem counter intuitive* but as n^2 INC, ENG INC because it is heading towards 0 using the EQTN ENG = - R(rydberg)/n^2 |
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Atomic Structure (KapCH1)
Chemistry: Relation Game Distance from Nucleus ENG of electron |
Direct
*may seen counterintuitive* again we are dealing with negative numbers approaching 0 |
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Atomic Structure (KapCH1)
What are three characteristics to an element? |
1-Their AXeZ numbers
2-Their atomic emission spectra 3-Their atomic absorption spectra |
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Atomic Structure (KapCH1)
What does a -dE mean? |
Energy emisssion
Exergonic! |
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Atomic Structure (KapCH1)
What does a +dE mean? |
Energy absoption
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Atomic Structure (KapCH1)
What are the quantum numbers? |
1-n
2-l 3-ml 4-ms |
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Atomic Structure (KapCH1)
What is the principal quantum number? What does that mean? How do you calcualte the possible number of electrons? |
n
shell, maximum number of electrons there are (n-1) possible values for the azimuthal quantum number (l) 2n^2 |
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Atomic Structure (KapCH1)
What is the azimuthal quantum number? What does that mean? What are the possible values? |
l
shape and number of subshells, deals with bonds and angles (n-1) including 0 |
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Atomic Structure (KapCH1)
What is the magnetic quantum number What is the eqtn for possible values? |
ml
orbital in a subshell (x,y,z and etc) Intigers btw (-l) and (+l) including 0 |
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Atomic Structure (KapCH1)
What is the magnetic spin quantum number What is the eqtn for possible values? |
ms
the polarity of a specific subshell (- or +) +.5 or -.5 ALWAYS |
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Atomic Structure (KapCH1)
Chemistry: Relationship Game ENG difference btwn two shells Distance of ele from nucleus -In terms of General trend from n=0 to n=X -In terms of specific shells |
Generally:
Direct - higher distance from nuc = the higher the difference btwn shells from n=1 to n=2 Specifically: Indirect: as you INC n (move away from nuc), the differences btwn shells becomes smaller w/ each INC -meaning a jump from n=5 to n=6 is small compared to n=3 to n=4 |
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Atomic Structure (KapCH1)
Chemistry: Relationship Game Prinicpal quantum number Energy |
direct
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Atomic Structure (KapCH1)
Chemistry: Relationship Game Prinicpal quantum number Radius |
direct
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Atomic Structure (KapCH1)
What are the possible subshells? What is the maximum number of electrons for each subshell? How was this calculated? |
n(1) = l(0) = s - 2
(1 with two spins 1X2=2) n(2) = l(1) = p - 6 (x, y ,z = 3 with two spins 3X2=6) n(3) = l(2) = d - 10 (5 with two spins 5X2=10) n(4) = l(3) = f - 14 (7 with two spins 7X2=14) 4l+2 |
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Atomic Structure (KapCH1)
Chemistry: Relationship Game ENG of subshells Azimuthal quantum number |
direct
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Atomic Structure (KapCH1)
What does parallel spins mean? |
It is in the different orbitals but similar spin number
Different ml but same ms |
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Atomic Structure (KapCH1)
What is the N+L rule? |
A low sum of the two quantum numbers means a low ENG for the subshells (L)
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Atomic Structure (KapCH1)
What are the rules to orbital filling? |
1-Lower to higher & (N+L) Rule
2-Hund's Rule: orbtials are filled with a maximum number of parallel spins 3-Pauli Exclusion: electrons cannot have the same four quantum numbers |
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Atomic Structure (KapCH1)
What is Hund's Rule? What does that mean? |
Hund's Rule: orbtials are filled with a maximum number of parallel spins
Orbitals prefer to be half filled first per subshel: empty first, fill the rest |
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Atomic Structure (KapCH1)
Chemistry: Relation Game Completing Hund's Rule ENG |
Inverse
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Atomic Structure (KapCH1)
Chemistry: Deffinitions Diamagnetic |
All paired electrons = slightly repelled when introduced to a magnetic field
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Atomic Structure (KapCH1)
Chemistry: Deffinitions Paramagnetic |
Unpaired electrons = slightly attracted when introduced to a magnetic field
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HBrO3
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Bromic Acid
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Acids Bases (K10)
Common A/B H3PO4 |
Phosphoric Acid
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Acid and Bases (KapCH10)
HClO3 |
Chloric Acid
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Acids Bases
Common A/B H2SO4 |
Sulfuric Acid
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Acids Bases
Common A/B HNO3 |
Nitric Acid
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H2CO3
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Carbonic Acid
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Atomic Structure (KapCH1)
Chemistry: Conceptual Which following transition elements from period 4 DO NOT FOLLOW THE N+L RULE? Why? |
Cr and Cu
Because they would rather have a half filled subshell than have one subshell unfilled Hund's Rule! |
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Atomic Structure (KapCH1)
Chemistry: Deffinitions What is ferromagnetic? |
The ability of a surface to attract an external magnetic field. Analogous to paramagnetic but stronger and are transition metals.
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Atomic Structure (KapCH1)
What is a micrometer? |
10^-6
THINK MNoP and numbers Micro is the smallest number in the alphabet Nano is the middle number in the alphabet --also Nano = Nine Pico is the largest number in the alphabet |
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Atomic Structure (KapCH1)
What is a nanometer? |
10^-9
THINK MNoP and numbers Micro is the smallest number in the alphabet Nano is the middle number in the alphabet --also Nano = Nine Pico is the largest number in the alphabet |
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Atomic Structure (KapCH1)
What is a picometer? |
10^-12
THINK MNoP and numbers Micro is the smallest number in the alphabet Nano is the middle number in the alphabet --also Nano = Nine Pico is the largest number in the alphabet |
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Atmoic Structure (KapCH1)
What is Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle? |
You cannot determine the POSITION and MOMENTUM of an electron AT THE SAME TIME
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Atomic Structure (KapCH1)
What are the two conditions that can excite an electron out of its ground state? |
1-High temperature
2-Irradiation |
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Periodic Table (KapCH2)
What is a group/family? |
Elements in the same column
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Periodic Table (KapCH2)
What is a period? |
Elements in the same row
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Periodic Table (KapCH2)
What is the difference in A and B groups? |
A groups have valence electrons in the S or P subshells
B groups have valence electrons in the S and D subshells |
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Periodic Table (KapCH2)
What is the difference with the lathanide and actinide series? |
Valence electrons are in the S D and F subshells
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Periodic Table (KapCH2)
What does Zeff mean? |
The core charge, the effective charge of an atom's protons when the inner shell electrons have been subtracted, leaving only the valence electrons and the remainder of protons.
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Periodic Table (KapCH2)
Periodic Trends Zeff INC when? |
Left to right
Top to bottom does not matter |
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Periodic Table (KapCH2)
Periodic Trends Zeff is constant when? |
Members of the same group/family
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Periodic Table (KapCH2)
Periodic Trends Atomic Radius INC when? |
Right to left
Top to bottom |
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Periodic Table (KapCH2)
Periodic Trends What are the 5 periodic trends |
1-Zeff
2-Atomic Radius 3-Electronegativity 4-Electron Affinity 5-Ionization ENG |
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Periodic Table (KapCH2)
Periodic Trends Electronegativity INC when? |
Left to right
Bottom to top |
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Periodic Table (KapCH2)
Periodic Trends Ionization ENG INC when? |
Left to right
Bottom to top THINK Oxidation vs Octet Endothermic |
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Periodic Table (KapCH2)
Periodic Trends Electron affinity INC when? |
Left to right
Bottom to top THINK Reduction vs Octet Exothermic |
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Periodic Table (KapCH2)
What are the periodic trends of metals (Zeff, eNEG, iENG, atomic radius)? |
LOW Zeff
LOW eNEG LOW iENG LARGE atomic radius |
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Periodic Table (KapCH2)
What are the periodic trends of nonmetals? |
HIGH iENG
HIGH eAFF HIGH eNEG SMALL atomic radius |
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Periodic Table (KapCH2)
What are the chemical properties of metals? |
HIGH density
HIGH MP Malleable Ductile Liquid in standard state! Shinny |
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Periodic Table (KapCH2)
What are the chemical properties of nonmetals? |
Poor conductors of heat and electricity
Brittle Not shinny |
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Periodic Table (KapCH2)
What are active metals? |
Groups IA and IIA
They are so reactive that they are NOT FOUND IN ELEMENTAL FORM - only ionic compounds |
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Bonding and Chemical Interactions (KapCH3)
What is Bond Order? |
The number of shared electron pairs
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Bonding and Chemical Interactions (KapCH3)
Chemistry: Relationship Game Number of shared electrons Bond length |
Inverse
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Bonding and Chemical Interactions (KapCH3)
Deffinitions Electronic Geometry |
generalized spacial arragnement of ALL ELE PAIRS around central atom
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Bonding and Chemical Interactions (KapCH3)
Deffinitions Molecular Geometry |
specific spatial arrangement of ONLY BONDING ELE PAIRS
Refines Electronic Geometry with angles |
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Compounds and Stoichiometry (KapCH4)
How do you calculate Gram Equivalent Weight? |
molar mass/ numer of equivalents
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Compounds and Stoichiometry (KapCH4)
How do you calculate Equivalents? |
1) mass/gram equivalent weight
2) (mass * # eq)/ molar mass |
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Compounds and Stoichiometry (KapCH4)
What are the FIVE different types of reactions? |
1-Simple Displacement - Redox
2-Double Displacement - Metathesis 3-Neutralizaiton 4-Decomposition (THINK ORGO) 5-Synthesis |
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Compounds and Stoichiometry (KapCH4)
What is the Law of Constant Composition? |
Any pure sample will contain the same ratio of elements
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Common Molecules
What is ammonium's structure? |
Tetrahedral!
NH4(+) |
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Common Molecules
What is ammonia |
NH3
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Compounds and Stoichiometry (KapCH4)
How do you calculate Percent Yield? |
(Actual Yield/Theoretical Yield) X 100
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Compounds and Stoichiometry (KapCH4)
How do you calcualte Percent Composition? |
(Mass of X/Formula Weight) X 100
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium (KapCH5)
What is rate? |
Disappearance of reactants over time or the appearance of products over time
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium (KapCH5)
Rates* are proportional to what? Rate Law* are proportional to what? |
[prdCTs] OR [reaCTs]
[reaCTs] of the RDS - rate determining step -note that Rate Laws(only?) are not proportional to the Stiochiometry with exception of 2 factors 1-SINGLE STEP 2-RDS indicated |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium (KapCH5)
What is a rate law? |
The trend of the concentraiton of reactants times the rate constant
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium (K5)
Rate laws are proportional to what? |
Concentration of reactants and rate constant
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium (KapCH5)
What is the rate constant/reaction rate coefficient? |
Constant that helps dictate the rate law
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium (KapCH5)
What are the two instances where stoichiometry = rate law order? |
1-When it is a one step RXN
2-When the RDS is determined and complete RXN is given |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium (KapCH5)
What is the difference btwn EQ and Rate law in terms of concentrations? |
EQ includes the conentrations of products and reactants
Rate law includes only the concentrations of the reactatns and the rate constant |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium (KapCH5)
What are the two things that the rate constant is determined by? |
1-Temperatuere
2-Activation ENG (catalysts) |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium (KapCH5)
What is the differece btwn EQ and Rate law in terms of time? |
EQ focuses only at the end of the RXN (when in EQ!)
Rate law focuses towards the begining of the RXN |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium (KapCH5)
What are the units of 0th Order? |
moles/liter X 1/s
THINK PHYSICS! Rates deal with concentrations so Concentration over time, like the velocity/rate of dissapearance when 0th order |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium (KapCH5)
What are the units of 1st Order? |
1/s
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium (KapCH5)
What are the units of 2nd Order? |
L/moles X 1/s
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium (KapCH5)
What kind of slope does the 0th order have? |
negative slope
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium (KapCH5)
What kind of slope does the 1st order have? |
negative slope
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium (KapCH5)
What kind of slope does the 2nd order have? |
positive slope
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium (KapCH5)
When is the 0th order graph a straight line? |
[A] vs Time
THINK the Units moles/L is the concentration [A] and is oppositely proportional to time |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium (K5)
When is the 1st order graph a straight line? |
ln[A] vs Time
THINK the Units ln[1] is the intial and the max and drops as time progresses: the only thing that makes the impact is the time |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium (KapCH5)
*may not need* When is the 2nd order graph a straight line? |
1/[A] vs Time
THINK the Units L/mole is the concentration 1/[A] and is proportional to time |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium (KapCH5)
What are factors that can change a 0th order? |
Temperature
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium (KapCH5)
What are factors that can change a 1st order? |
Temperature
Concentration of [A] |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium (KapCH5)
What are FOUR factors that can change a 2nd order? |
1-Temperature - standard in 0th order
2-[A] OR [B] - standard NOT 0th order 3-Catalyst - standard 3-Medium - standard -meaning as a whole, there are 4 factors for NON-ZERO rates, BUT only 3 factors for the 0th rate law |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium (KapCH5)
What are the two theories of chemical reactions |
Collision Theory
Transition State |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium (KapCH5)
How do you calculate the rate via the collision theory |
Rate = freq of effective collisions X total collisions
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium (KapCH5)
How do you estimate the rate by interpreting the graph (hint - transition state)? |
Activated complex/transition state = aENG.
Lower aENG = faster the rate |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium (KapCH5)
-dH means in terms of thermodynamics? |
Exothermic
THINK the thermodynamics of oxidation |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium (KapCH5)
+dH means in terms of thermodynamics |
Endothermic
THINK the thermodynamics of reduction |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium (KapCH5)
What are the differences btwn Intermediates and Transition States? |
Intermediates are distinct/finite lifetimes.
Transition States are theoretical and exist at aENG maxima: exist on a continuum. |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium (KapCH5)
Relationship Game Potential ENG difference of prods and react aENG foward |
Inverse?
Need to look up A buildup of ENG = ENDO has a higher aENG (general) than aENG of EXO |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium (KapCH5)
Relationship Game Potential ENG difference of prods and react (pos/neg) aENG reverse (high/low) |
INVERSE
In general terms whether something (ENDO/EXO) a huge disparity in the ENGs of prdCT and reaCT will yield a HUGE ENG gap (build up/release) however it all depends on the DIRECTION to determine aENG. -if EXO = neg UPe difference therefore the aENG for the reverse will be HIGH -if ENDO = pos UPe difference therefore the aENG for the reverse will be SMALL |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium (KapCH5)
How do you calculate the dH of a reaction to determine if its exo/endo? |
dH = Upe (products) - Upe (reactants)
(-) dH = EXO (+) dH = ENDO |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium (KapCH5)
What are the four factors that can affect the reaction rate? |
Temp
[reactants] Catalysts Medium |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium (KapCH5)
What type of medium is prefered in speeding up RXN? |
Polar - weakens the bonds
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium (KapCH5)
What type of temperature is prefered to INC RXN? |
Higher temps
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium (KapCH5)
How do catalysts INC reaction rate? |
a-INC the freq of collisions btwn the reactants
b-Change relative orientation of the reactants c-Donate electron density to the reactants d-Reduce IM bonding w/ reactant molecules |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium (KapCH5)
What is a homogenous catalyst? |
Catalysts in the same phase as reactants
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium (KapCH5)
What is a heterogenous catalyst? |
Catalysts in a different phase as reactants
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium (KapCH5)
How do you find Kc of multiple step reversible reactions? |
(Product of K's forward)/(Product of K's reverse)
Look familiar? (general rule for a lot of concepts): products over reactants |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium (KapCH5)
Q is dependent of what? |
Time
-remember that Q is like Keq but relative to time, Keq is only the time at which the rxn is in EQ but the reaction also has a beginning and end that requires Q to understand points NOT in EQ! |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium (KapCH5)
Q<Keq means? |
Not yet reached eq
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium (KapCH5)
Q=Keq means? |
Reached eq
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium (KapCH5)
Q>Keq means? |
Beyond eq
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Chemical Kinetis and Equilibrium (KapCH5)
What changes Q=Keq in terms of L'Chat in the foward RXN? What does it create? |
Adding reactants
OR Removing products Q<Keq |
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Chemical Kinetis and Equilibrium (KapCH5)
What changes Q=Keq in terms of L'Chat in the reverse RXN? |
Removing reactants
OR Adding products Q>Keq |
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Chemical Kinetis and Equilibrium (KapCH5)
Chemistry: Relationship Game Changing Pressure L'Chat in terms of EQ |
Inverse - EQ heads away from direction
THINK Adding Reactants Analogous to adding pressure |
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Chemical Kinetis and Equilibrium (KapCH5)
Chemistry: Relationship Game Changing Volume L'Chat in terms of EQ |
Direct - EQ heads towards same direction
THINK Removing Products/Volume as [reactant] Adding volume = DEC volume DEC Products INC volume INC Products |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium (KapCH5)
Chemistry: Relationship Game Concentration of reactants Forward RXN |
Direct
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium (KapCH5)
Chemistry: Relationship Game Concentration of products Forward RXN |
Inverse
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium (KapCH5)
Chemistry: Relationship Game Pressure # of moles |
Inverse
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium (KapCH5)
Chemistry: Relationship Game Volume # of moles |
Direct
THINK Avogadro's derivative of Ideal Gas |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium (KapCH5)
Chemistry: Relationship Game Temperature Foward RXN |
Inverse
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium (KapCH5)
Chemistry: Relationship Game Temperature Reverse RXN |
Direct
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Chemistry: Relationship Game
Surface Area MP |
Inverse
THINK Cooking The more area there is to cook the easier it is to exchange heat |
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Thermochemistry (KapCH6)
Chemistry: Deffinitions What is an isolated system? |
System CANNOT exchange ENG (heat or work) OR Matter
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Thermochemistry (KapCH6)
Chemistry: Deffinitions What is an closed system? |
System CAN exchange ENG (heat or work) NOT Matter
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Thermochemistry (KapCH6)
Chemistry: Deffinitions What is an open system? |
System CAN exchange ENG and Matter
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Thermochemistry (KapCH6)
Chemistry: Deffinitions What is an isothermal process? |
Temperature/Internal ENG is constant: heat and work are the same
SAME AS CLOSED CYCLE |
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Thermochemistry (K6)
Chemistry: Deffinitions What is an adiabatic process? What does this mean mathematically? |
Heat is constant: no heat exchange btwn system and environment
Q=W since dU is 0 |
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Thermochemistry (KapCH6)
Chemistry: Deffinitions What is an isobaric process? Mathematically what does that mean? |
Pressure is constant
dU=Heat-PV |
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Thermochemistry (KapCH6)
Chemistry: Deffinitions What is an closed cycle process? |
Temperature/Internal ENG is constant: heat and work are the same
SAME AS ISOTHERMAL |
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Thermochemistry (KapCH6)
What is are the state functions? |
Temperature
Pressure Volume *Density* Internal/Potential ENG Enthalpy Entropy Gibbs Free ENG THINK Ideal Gas and Gibbs EQTs PV=nRT dG=dH-TdS |
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Thermochemistry (KapCH6)
What is a state function? |
Independent of the process taken
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Thermochemistry (KapCH6)
What is are standard conditions? When is it used? |
298K
1 atm Thermochemistry |
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Thermochemistry (KapCH6)
What are standard states? |
Most stable form of substance
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Thermochemistry (KapCH6)
What is STP? When is it used? |
273K
1 atm 22.4L Ideal Gas |
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Thermochemistry (KapCH6)
What are the tennants of a constant volume calorimetry? |
No work done
No heat transfer |
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Thermochemistry (KapCH6)
What is Hess' Law? |
Enthalpy changes are additive
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Thermochemistry (KapCH6)
What is Gibbs Free ENG? |
Max ENG capable of doing work that is released
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Thermochemistry (KapCH6)
When is the Gibbs EQTN spontaneous at all temps? |
Negative dH
Positive dS |
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Thermochemistry (KapCH6)
When is the Gibbs EQTN nonspontaneous at all temps? |
Positive dH
Negative dS |
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Thermochemistry (KapCH6)
At EQ, process going towards EQ is what sign convention of Gibbs fENG? What does this mean (spon/nonspon)? |
Negative
Spontaneous |
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Thermochemistry (KapCH6)
At EQ, process going away EQ is what sign in Gibbs? What does this mean? |
Positive
Nonspontaneous |
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Thermochemistry (KapCH6)
What is the difference btw Thermodynamically and Kinetically Spontaneous? |
Thermodynamics is dictated by Gibbs EQTN (derivative concepts) and occurs without ENG input
Kinetics is only dictated by the aENG and collisions |
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Thermochemistry (KapCH6)
Chemistry: Relationship Game Keq Spontaneity (NOT dG! just simple spon/nonspon) |
Direct
Keq>1 = spontaneous Keq<1 = nonspontaneous |
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Thermochemistry (KapCH6)
Chemistry: Relationship Game dG (sign convension) Spontaneity (yes/no) |
Indirect
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Thermochemistry (KapCH7)
What does Q or Keq < 1 or Q < Keq means in terms of spontaneity? |
Spontaneous
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Thermochemistry (KapCH7)
What does Q or Keq > 1 or Q > Keq means in terms of spontaneity? |
Nonspontaneous
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Thermochemistry (KapCH7)
What does Q or Keq = 1 or Q = Keq means in terms of spontaneity? |
Dynamic EQ!
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What is R - gas constant?
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8.314 J/mol or Pa/m^3
0.0821 Latm/mol K |
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Thermochemistry (KapCH6)
What does endergonic mean? |
It suggests a nonspontaneous RXN that absorbs ENG
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Thermochemistry (KapCH6)
What does exergonic mean? |
It suggets a spontaneous RXN that gives/releases of ENG
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Thermochemistry (KapCH6)
What is a difference btwn graphs of isothermic and adiabatic? |
There is a lower Vf for adiabatic
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The Gas Phase (KapCH7)
What is an atm in mm Hg? |
760 mm
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The Gas Phase (KapCH7)
What is an atm in torr? |
760 torr
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The Gas Phase (KapCH7)
What is an atm in Pa? |
101325
OR 100k Pa THINK Bar but larger Pa = 10^5 bars |
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The Gas Phase (KapCH7)
What is an atm in bar? |
1.01325
THINK Pa but smaller Pa 10^-5 = bar |
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The Gas Phase (KapCH7)
Gases and liquids have similar properties but what are some differences? |
Liquids have higher IM forces
Liquids are incompressilbe |
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The Gas Phase (KapCH7)
What are the three properties of Ideal Gases? |
1-No IM forcres
2-Occupy no volume 3-Ideal at high temp and low pressure |
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The Gas Phase (KapCH7)
Chemistry: Relationship Game Rate/Speed mass of gas |
Inverse
THINK PHYSICS! -smaller weight means higher speed if same ENG - .5mv^2 |
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The Gas Phase (KapCH7)
Chemistry: Relationship Game Pressure Volume |
Indirect
THINK PV=nRT Boyle |
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The Gas Phase (KapCH7)
Chemistry: Relationship Game Temperature Volume |
Direct
THINK PV=nRT Charles-Gay Lussac |
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The Gas Phase (KapCH7)
Chemistry: Relationship Game Volume Number of moles |
Direct
THINK PV=nRT Avogadro |
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The Gas Phase (KapCH7)
In VDW eqtn, what are the a and b constants? |
a = attactive forces
b = (bounce) volume |
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The Gas Phase (KapCH7)
*may not need* What does a small a mean in VDW eqtn? |
smaller a means that it is a small and less polarizable molecule of gas
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The Gas Phase (KapCH7)
*may not need* What does a small b mean in VDW eqtn |
small b means that it is a small volume that the molecule takes up
THINK b=bouce the more the molecules bounce w/ each other the greater the volume |
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Thermochemsitry (KapCH6)
Pavlov What is e roughly? |
2.7
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Phase and Phase Changes (KapCH8)
What are the characteristics of solids? |
Rigidity - resist shearing and flow
IM forces - crystalline/amorphous structure Incompressible |
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Phase and Phase Changes (KapCH8)
What are the characteristics of liquids? |
No ridigity - does not resist shearing or flow
IF forces Incompressible Miscibility |
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Phase and Phase Changes (KapCH8)
What are the types of solids? What are the differences? What are the similarities? |
1-Ionic
2-Metallic Ionic arrangement and Staggared arrangement - dissimilar in size of molecules and similar in size of molecuels respectively. Ionic are conductive in molten stage. They share high MP, BP and Unit Cells |
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Phase and Phase Changes (KapCH8)
What is the critical point? |
Termination point (temp and press) in the boundary of liquids and gases which liquids and gases are undistinguishable
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Phase and Phase Changes (KapCH8)
What is the triple point? |
Temperature and pressure in which all three phases are in EQ
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Phase and Phase Changes (KapCH8)
What is the boiling point? |
Temperature in which the vapor pressure of the liquid is the same as the ambient pressure
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Phase and Phase Changes (KapCH8)
What is the melting/freezing point? |
Temperature in which the vapor pressure of the liquid and solid are equal.
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Phases and Phase Changes (KapCH8)
What is raoult's law? |
In nonvolatile solutions, the vapor pressure of the solute times the mole fraction is the pressure of the pure solvent.
Pvap * X = Pressure |
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Phases and Phase Change (KapCH8)
What are the colligative properties? |
Boiling point INC
Freezing point DEC Vapor pressure DEC Osmotic pressure |
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Phases and Phase Change (KapCH8)
What is the heat of vaporization? |
The it is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid is the same as ambient pressure: boiling point. Temperature and pressure where above the critical value is zero
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Phases and Phase Change (KapCH8)
Chemistry: Relationship Game Volatility MP/BP |
Indirect
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Phases and Phase Change (KapCH8)
In a multiple composition phase diagram, which is which (vapor vs liquid, solid vs liquid)? |
Top = less dense, most dS
Bottom = most dense, less dS Think densities |
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Phases and Phase Changes (KapCH8)
What are the colligative properties? |
1-Vapor Pressure DEC
2-Boiling Point INC 3-Freezing Point DEC 4-Osmotic Presure |
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Phases and Phase Change (KapCH8
Chemistry: Deffinitions What does Colligative Properties mean? |
Physical properties of solutions that are dependent upon the [dissolved particles] NOT identity of particles
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Phases and Phase Changes (KapCH8)
What is the caviat (Raoult's Law) of the colligative properties? |
Raoul'ts law holds only to Vapor Pressure DEC if the attraction of the different components is equal the attraction of any one component in its pure state - only ideal solutions.
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Phases and Phase Changes (KapCH8)
Chemistry: Deffinitions What is hydrostatic pressure? |
Pressure that pushes fluid OUT to the extracellular
Pushes fluid INTO cell! |
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Phases and Phase Changes (KapCH8)
What is osmotic pressure? |
Pressure that pushes fluids IN to the exTrC (extracellular)
Pressure that pushes fluids OUT of the inTrC (intracelluar) |
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Phases and Phase Changes (KapCH8)
What is the equation for osmotic pressure? |
Osmotic pressure = i(van hoff factor)*Molarity(moles/L)*R*T
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Solutions (KapCH9)
What are the THREE solute solvent interactions? |
Ion-dipole
Dipole-dipole H Bonding |
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Solutions (KapCH9)
What is Solvlation/Dissolution? |
Electrostatic interaction btw solute and solvent to form new bonds
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Solutions (KapCH9)
What is hydration? |
Solvation/Dissolution when water is the solvent
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Solutions (KapCH9)
What does a EXO process mean in terms of the strenght of bonds? At what temperature? |
Stronger than original
Favored at lower temps (why? - lower dS) Making bonds releases ENG! |
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Solutions (KapCH9)
What does a ENDO process mean in terms of the strenght of bonds? At what temperature? |
Weaker than original
Favored at high temps |
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Solutions (KapCH9)
What is Ideal Solution? |
Overall str is equal original and overall enthalpy is close to 0
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Solutions (KapCH9)
Chemistry: Deffinitions What is solubility? |
MAX amount of substance that can be dissolved in a particular solvent and temp
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Solutions (KapCH9)
Chemistry: Deffinitions What is saturated? |
MAX amount of solute has been added
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Solutions (KapCH9)
Chemistry: Deffinitions What is concentrated? |
Proportion of the solute to solvent is large
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Solutions (KapCH9)
Chemistry: Deffinitions What is dilute? |
Proportion of the solute to solvent is small
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Solutions (KapCH9)
Chemistry: Deffinitions What is sparingly soluble? |
Solute dissolves minimally
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Solutions (KapCH9)
Chemistry: Relationship Game Spontaneity Solubility |
Direct
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Solutions (KapCH9)
What does thermochemically sponteneous mean in terms of solubility? |
Soluble
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Solutions (KapCH9)
What does thermochemically non-sponteneous mean in terms of solubility? |
Insoluble
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Solutions (KapCH9)
Solubility Rules NO3 - Nitrates Is it soluble? What exceptions? |
Soluble
NONE |
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Solutions (KapCH9)
Solubility Rules C2H3O2 - Acetates Is it soluble? What exceptions? |
Soluble
NONE |
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Solutions (KapCH9)
Solubility Rules NH4+ - Ammonium Is it soluble? What exceptions? |
Soluble
NONE |
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Solutions (KapCH9)
Solubility Rules GI Cations Is it soluble? What exceptions? |
Soluble
NONE |
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Solutions (KapCH9)
Solubility Rules GII Cations Is it soluble? What exceptions? |
Soluble
Insoluble EXs Phosphates (PO4), Carbonates (CO3), Sulfide (S2), Sulfate (SO4), Sulfite (SO3), Metal Oxides |
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Solutions (KapCH9)
Solubility Rules SO4 - Sulfate Is it soluble? What exceptions? |
Soluble
Insoluble EXs GII, Ag, Hg, Pb |
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Solutions (KapCH9)
Solubility Rules [No F] - Halides Is it soluble? What exceptions? |
Soluble
Insoluble EXs Ag, Hg, Pb - PAH/HAP |
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Solutions (KapCH9)
Solubility Rules O2 - Metal Hydroxides Is it soluble? What exceptions? |
Insoluble
Soluble EXs GI, GII, NH4 |
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Solutions (KapCH9)
Solubility Rules OH- Hydroxide Is it soluble? What exceptions? |
Insoluble
Soluble EXs GI, GII, NH4 |
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Solutions (KapCH9)
CO3, PO4, S2, SO3 Is it soluble? What are exceptions? |
Insoluble
Soluble EXs NH4, GI |
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Solutions (KapCH9)
Ferrous |
Fe2
THINK Inversely and Letters ferrOUS - 3 letter suffix |
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Solutions (KapCH9)
Common Ions Ferric |
Fe3
THINK Inversely and Letters ferrIC - 2 letters suffix 2*charge = 6 tRfR charge = 3! applies to ferrOUS as well 3*charge = 6 tRfR charge = 2! |
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Solutions (KapCH9)
Cuprous |
Cu
THINK FE (and the +6 rule due to core charge) OUS means one less from IC so how far is Cu from Fe? 4 boxes apart/3 elements 4 - (# let in suffix) = charge CuprOUS = 3 so 4-3=1+! CuprIC = 2 so 4-2=2+! |
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Solutions (KapCH9)
Cupric |
CU2
THINK FE IC means normal from OUS |
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Solutions (KapCH9)
Nitride |
N3
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Solutions (KapCH9)
Phosphide |
P3
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Solutions (KapCH9)
Obeying the -O3 ate rule? |
N, Cl, C ?
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Solutions (KapCH9)
Obeying the -O4 ate rule? |
S, P ?
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Solution Chemistry
Common Ions Bicarbonate |
HCO3
*may seem counter intuitive Bi- meant one hydrogen |
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Bisulfate
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HSO4
Bi- meant one hydrogen Counter Intuitive |
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Solutions (KapCH9)
What does a high oxidation number mean? |
Means that it has a higher probability of gaining an electiron (reduction)
Furthermore it is a good oxidizing agent THINK Negative Feedback Since the Oxidation # is high, it has to be reduced by "Reduction" of the oxidation number |
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Solutions (KapCH9)
What does a low oxidation number mean? In terms of EMF? In terms of reduction potential? |
Means that it has a higher probability of losing an electiron (oxidation)
Negative EMF Negative Reduction potential -Furthermore it is a good oxidizing agent THINK Negative Feedback Since the Oxidation # is low, it has to be increased by "Oxidation" of the oxidation number |
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Solutions (KapCH9)
What are Strong electrolytes? |
Dissociates fully
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Solutions (KapCH9)
What are Weak electrolytes? |
Partially dissociates
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Solutions (KapCH9)
What are Non electrolytes? |
Does not dissociate
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Solutions (KapCH9)
How do you calculate Percent Composition? |
mass/total mass
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Solutions (KapCH9)
How do you calculate Mole Fraction? |
moles/total moles
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Solutions (KapCH9)
How do you calculate Molairty? |
moles/total L
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Solutions (KapCH9)
How do you calculate Molality? |
moles/total kg
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Solutions (KapCH9)
How do you calculate Normality? |
eq/total L
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Solutions (KapCH9)
What is the EQ for solutions mean? |
Saturation Point, solute concetnration is at MAX for a given temp and pressure
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Solutions (KapCH9)
Chemistry: Relationship Game Ksp Temp of Nongas solute |
Direct
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Solutions (KapCH9)
Chemistry: Relationship Game Ksp Temp of Gas solute |
Indirect
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Solutions (KapCH9)
Chemistry: Relationship Game Ksp Presure of gas solute |
Direct
High Ksp = supersaturated! There are more things floating around in solution INC pressure INC solubility of gases |
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Solutions (KapCH9)
What does IP<Ksp mean? |
Unsaturated, it has not reached EQ/Saturation
Thermodynamically favors dissolution THINK Q and Keq |
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Solutions (KapCH9)
What does IP=Ksp mean? |
Saturated, it has reached dynamic EQ of precipitaiton and dissolution
THINK Q and Keq |
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Solutions (KapCH9)
What does IP>Ksp mean? |
Supersaturated, is beyond EQ/Saturation
Thermodynamically unstable - favors preciptation THINK Q and Keq IP is to Ksp as Q is to Keq |
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Solutions (KapCH9)
What is the common ion effect? |
Reduction of molar solubility when there is alreayd a constituent ion dissolved
It has no effect on Ksp |
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Solutions (KapCH9)
What are the factors that affect solution EQ? |
1-Temperature
2-Pressure 3-Common Ion |
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Solutions (KapCH)
How do you calculate the temperature change given the molality? |
dT = K*molality
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Solutions (K9)
Chemistry: Relationship Game Molarity Molar mass |
Inverse
Take for example comapring masses of two unknowns with differing molar masses dissolved in two separate beakers of same volume: A higher molar mass means less moles less M because there are less moles to dissolve in volume |
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Solutions (KapCH9)
When taking into account charge density, what are the two factors that should be taken into account? |
1-Number of charges (the higher the greater density)
2-Size of the molecule and eNEG |
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Solutions (KapCH9)
Relationship Game Electrolyte pKa above 15 |
Inverse
p=(-log)! therefore a (-log) of 15 = negative Ka<1 means what Weak acid = Weak electrolyte! why did i pick pKa=15 ORGANIC and pKa tables |
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Acids and Bases (K10)
What are the THREE deffinitions of acids/bases? |
1-Arrhenius
2-Bronstead 3-Lewis |
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Acids and Bases (KapCH10)
What does Arrhenius deffinition mean? |
A/B dissociating into H and OH ions
THINK Ka/Kb THINK Strong Acids/Bases HCl --> H + Cl NaOH --> Na + OH |
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Acids and Bases (KapCH10)
What does Bronstead deffinition mean? |
A/B donating or accepting H ions
THINK Organic Conjugates - Weak Bases! CH3COOH --> CH3CO + H |
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Acids and Bases (KapCH10)
What does Lewis deffinition mean? |
A/B accepting or donating electrons
Opposite of Arrhenius Gen Chem seeing OH- and H+ THINK ORGANIC Metal nuPH/elPHs Br2/FeBr3! AlOH3 + OH --> AlOH4 - Acid (general trend low to high) NH4 --> NH3 + H - Base (general trend high to low) |
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Acids and Bases (KapCH10)
HCl |
Hydrochloric Acid
Strong Acid |
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Acids and Bases (K10)
Common A/B HBr |
Hydrobromic Acid
Strong Acid |
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Acids and Bases (KapCH10)
Common A/B HI |
Hydroiodic Acid
Strong Acid |
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Acids and Bases (KapCH10)
Common A/B H2SO4 |
Sulfuric Acid
Strong Acid |
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Acids and Bases (KapCH10)
HNO3 |
Nitric Acid
Strong Acid |
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Acids and Bases (KapCH10)
HClO4 |
Perchloric Acid
Strong Acid |
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Acids and Bases (KapCH10)
NaOH |
Sodium Hydroxide
Strong Base |
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Acids and Bases (KapCH10)
KOH |
Potassium Hydroxide
Stong Base |
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Acids and Bases (KapCH10)
Pavlov Group I and II Metals |
Strong Base
Reducing Agents! = undergoes oxidation |
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Acid and Bases (KapCH10)
Ka less than 1 means? |
WK acid
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Acid and Bases (KapCH10)
Kb less than 1 means? |
WK base
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Acid and Bases (KapCH10)
Which yields salt? and no water in neutralization? |
Stong Acid/Weak Acid &
Weak Base |
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Acid and Bases (KapCH10)
Which yields water and salt in neutralization? |
Strong Acid/ Weak Acid & Strong Base
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Acid and Bases (KapCH10)
What is a titrand? |
Unknown concentration of a solution - known volume
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Acid and Bases (KapCH10)
What is a titrant? |
Known concnetration of a solution - known volume
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Acid and Bases (KapCH10)
What is an equivalence point? What equation is used to determine the equivalence point? |
Reached when the nubmer of acid and base equivalents are equal
Graphically it is the mid point of the steepest curve Use N1V1=N2V2 |
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Acid and Bases (KapCH10)
What is an end point? |
Volume at which the indicator changes color
Roughly pKa=pH=[H]equals[OH] Where Acids and Bases are of equal concentrations However the volume difference is usually small |
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Acid and Bases (KapCH10)
What are the useful titrations? |
Strong Acid/Strong Base
Weak Acid/Strong Base Strong Acid/Weak Base WK Base & Acid are usually not accurate |
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Acid and Bases (KapCH10)
What is a buffer solution? |
Mixture of weak acid and its salt
Conjugate base and a cation |
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Acids and Bases (KapCH10)
What is a Buffer Capacity? |
The amount of acids or bases it can buffer
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Acids and Bases (KapCH10)
Chemistry: Relationship Game Buffer Capacity Conjugate pair concentrations |
Direct
The pKa does not change but it means it can handle more opposing concentrations of [H/OH]: becomes a stronger buffer! |
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Acids and Bases (KapCH10)
What is the Henderson Hasselback Eqt? |
pH/OH = pKa/b + log(conj a/b)/(a/b)
pneumonic for the log(conja/b OVER a/b) When HH discovered this eqtn, he proclaimed AH HA! Meaning log[(A)(H)]/[(HA)] the bottom is the acid, while the top is the conjugate |
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Acids and Bases (KapCH10)
In a titration curve, what is the pKa value? |
It is the midpoint of the flattest curve
It is the point in which there is little pH change |
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Acids and Bases (KapCH10)
In a titration curve, what is the equivalence point? |
It is the mid point of the steepest curve
It is the point in which there is a dramatic pH change |
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Acids and Bases (KapCH10)
What does Ka of 1 mean? |
Strong Acid
Anything less than 1 means a weaker species |
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Acids and Bases (KapCH10)
What does Kb>1 mean? |
Strong Base
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Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry (KapCH11)
Chemistry: Relationship Game EMF Spontaneity (Think Gibbs) |
Inverse
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Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry (KapCH11)
Chemistry: Relationship Game Reduction Potential Oxidation |
Inverse
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Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry (KapCH11)
Chemistry: Relationship Game Reduction Potential Reduction |
Direct
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Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry (KapCH11)
What is Faraday? |
Charge per mole
-chemical change DIRECT #moles 100k C/mole = 1F similar to Pa = 100k pa=1atm |
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Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry (KapCH11)
What is the charge designation of the electrodes for a galvanic cell? |
AN - NEG
CAT - POS E-AP-CN |
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Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry (KapCH11)
What is the charge designation of the electrodes for a voltaic cell? |
AN - POS
CAT - NEG CP-AN-G |
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Redox Reaction and Electrochemistry (KapCH11)
Chemistry: Relationship Game Gibbs EMF |
Inverse
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Redox Reaction and Electrochemistry (KapCH11)
Chemistry: Relationship Game Keq EMF (sign convention) |
Direct
THINK EQTs! Where -nFEmf = dG = -RTln(Q or Keq) Therefore they are directly related to each other but inversely reated to dG |
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Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry (KapCH11)
What is the Nernst Eqtn? |
Ecell = Ecell(strd) - (RT/nF)(lnQ)
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Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry (KapCH11)
What is the eqtn relationship of Gibbs and EMF/Ecell? |
dG=(-n)F(Ecell)
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Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry (KapCH11)
What is the relationship of Gibbs Keq and EMF/Ecell? |
dG(strd)=(-)RTln(Keq)
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Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry (KapCH11)
What is the relationship of Keq and EMF/Ecell? |
(n)F(Ecell)=RTln(Keq)
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Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry (KapCH11)
What does Keq<1 mean in terms of the Ecell (strd) in terms of sign convention? What does this mean? |
Negative
Nonspontaneous |
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Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry (KapCH11)
What does Keq>1 mean in terms of the Ecell (strd) sign convention? What does this mean? |
Positive
why? - Keq>1 is past the EQ so that means that the electrolytic cell is performing towards conclusion (depositing salts and generating ele) remmber the eqtn dG=(-)R*T*lnKeq meaning that something that is greater than 1 Keq will yield a NEG dG Spontaneous why? - remember the eqtn dG = (-)n*F*Emf So something that is POS EMF will have a NEG dG = spontaneous |
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Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry (KapCH11)
What does Keq=1 mean in terms of the Ecell (strd)? |
Dynamic EQ where the Ecell(strd) = 0 AND Keq=1
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Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry (KapCH11)
Chemistry: Relationship Game EMF Electrode's Charge |
Inverse
LINK IT BACK what about Keq and Electrode Charge? EMF (+) = eleTrCharge (+) = Keq = (+) EMF (-) = eleTrCharge (-) = Keq = (+) |
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Acids and Bases (KapCH10)
*may not need* What is the Arrhenius Eqtn? |
k=Ae^(-Ea/RT)
OR ln[A/Ao]=Ea/R[(1/T1)-(1/T2)] |
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Chemical Kinetics and Equilibrium (KapCH5)
What is the difference btw Kc and Keq? |
Keq uses the Law of Mass Action w/ stoichiometry
Kc/Kp uses the rice table annotation and emphasizes the Concentratons or Pressures of reacts and products. They can mean the same thing but the process to get them is different |
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Redox Reaction and Electrochemistry (KapCH11)
Chemistry: Relationship Game Keq EMF (spontaneity) |
Direct
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Redox Reaction and Electrochemistry (KapCH11)
Chemistry: Relationship Game Gibbs EMF (sign convention) |
Indirect
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Redox Reaction and Electrochemistry (KapCH11)
Chemistry: Relationship Game Gibbs EMF (spontaneity) |
Indirect
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(KapCH5 vs KapCH9)
What are the similar factors that affect rate law and EQ? What are the differences that affect rate law and EQ? |
d [reaCT]
d Temp catalysts - for EQ it is like a secondary relationship (catalysts affect rate tRfR (therefore) rate affects EQ) Rate laws also dependent on type of medium EQ are also dependent on d Pressure and Volume as well as [prdCT] |
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What eqtn is used to calculate the temperature change when Kbp/mp are given and
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dT=i(vhf)*Kbp/mp*(molal)
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Phase and Phase Changes (KapCH8)
Chemistry: Relationship Game Vapor Pressure Polarity |
Inverse
Gases have higher vapor pressure when it is NONPOLAR! |
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Solutions (KapCH9)
Chemistry: Relationship Game Ksp Precipitation |
Indirect
A higher chance of precipitation is indicated with a lower Ksp |
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Periodic Table (KapCH2)
Which group reacts most violently with water? |
Group 1 Alkalai metals
Think adding strong acid directly to water! - dissociates H ions directly with water. |
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Acids and Bases (K10)
Chemistry: Relationship Game Lewis Acid (yes/no) Electrons (gain/loss) |
Direct
When it gains electrons (reduced) it is Lacid |
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Acids and Bases (K10)
Chemistry: Relationship Game Lewis Base (y/n) Electrons (gain/loss) |
Indirect
When it loses electrons (oxidized) its ID-ed as a Lbase |
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Redox RXNs (K11)
Where is the reduction and oxidation in each cell (gal and elect)? Where does current run in each cell (gal and elect)? |
RED CAT & AN OX in all the cells!
Current runs from cathode to anode - GAL Current runs from anode to cathode - ELEC |
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Pavlov
*may not need* Boltzman Constant |
1.38 X 10^23
Think a derivative of A's # 6.23 X10^(-23) -4X1.34 = close to 6.23 -10^23 = inverse 10^(-23) |
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Pavlov
What is an electron Volt? |
1.6 X 10^-19 J
The amount of work done by an accelerating electron through an electrical potential difference |
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Pavlov
Molarity |
1) moles/ L
2) Normality/# of eq |
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Pavlov
Flux - flow of light particles |
sigma * T^4
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Pavlov
Luminosity |
Flux/Area
(sigma * T4)/Surface Area |
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Solutions (K9)
Chemistry: Relationship Game Ionic solutions Conductivity |
Direct
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Solutions (K9)
Chemistry: Relationship Game Covalent solutions (yes/no) Conductivity |
Indirect
Covalent solutions are not dissociated and are not as conductive as solutions that have dissociated (from ex salts/str a/bs) |
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Pavlov
Changing gravity, Weight, Mass and Volume floating |
Changing gravity will change the weights of an object.
However, the volume of an object floating when compared to the changing gravities is constant (if the density of the fluid is the same and mass). |
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Light and Optics (K,BP10)
Pavlov Fiber optics deals with what type of property? Dispersion Refraction Reflection Diffraction |
Reflection!
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Compounds and Stoichiometry (K4)
What is a metathesis RXN? |
Double Displacement!
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Compounds and Stoichiometry (K4)
What is a redox RXN? |
Single Displacement!
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Solutions (K9)
What is Ksp mean? |
It is the DISSOCIATION constant
It dictates the solubility and concentrations dissolved Meaning that if the number is LOW (higher sci notation), a majority of the solid does not dissociate Meaning that if the number is HIGH (lower sci notation), a majority of the solid does dissociate |
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Pavlov
What remains the same for Sound reflection? Speed Intensity Wavelenght Freq Period Energy |
speed!
? |
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Pavlov
What remains the same for Light reflection Speed Intensity Wavelenght Freq Period Energy |
frequency!
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Pavlov
NonReducing sugars |
Sucrose
Trehalose THINK Dont reduce the suc-tre |
