Mcat Biology Lesson 3

Front 1

Structure of a Virus:

Back 1

capsid, nucleic Acid (DNA or RNA...can't be both), and lipid-rich protein envelope for some

Front 2

Structure of a bacteriophage:

Back 2

tail, base plate, and tail fibers for most.

Front 3

Viruses are very small...

Back 3

smaller than bacteria

Front 4

Bacterium are about the size of?

Back 4

mitochondrion

Front 5

Lysogenic Infection:

Back 5

The Viral DNA is incorporated into the host genome. Can lay dormant until activated by stress. Examples of stress: carcinogens or ultra violet light.It is a longer cycle than the lytic cycle.

Front 6

Lytic Infection

Back 6

Takes over the cell's reproductive machinery and makes new viruses.

Front 7

Latent Period:

Back 7

Time between infection and lysis.

Front 8

Steps of adsorption and Injection of a virus:

Back 8

Landing, Attachment, Tail Contraction, Penetration and Injection.

Front 9

A virion may contain:

Back 9

a capsid, an envelope made from a phospholipid bilayer, and core proteins. But never Both DNA and RNA.

Front 10

Prior to infecting a bacterium, a bacteriophage must:

Back 10

The first step is the attachment of the phage tail to a specific receptor on the host cell membrane. The capsid does not enter the host cell.

Front 11

Most Viruses that infect animals:

Back 11

Enter the host cell via endocytosis.

Front 12

Viruses most closely resemble:

Back 12

parasites

Front 13

A bacteriophage is easily recognizable due to:

Back 13

tail and fibers

Front 14

What would never be found in the capsid of a virion?

Back 14

Ribosomes

Front 15

Prokaryotes:

Back 15

Do not have a membrane bound nucleus. Split into two domains: Bacteria and Archaea;

Front 16

Archaea and Bacteria are Prokaryotes

Back 16

Archaea have similarities to Eukaryotes.

Front 17

Fixing CO2

Back 17

Reducing t and using the carbon to create organic molecules usually through a process called the Calvin Cycle.

Front 18

Autotrophs

Back 18

Organisms capable of using CO2 as their sole source of carbon.

Front 19

Heterotrophs

Back 19

Use preformed, organic molecules as their source of carbon.

Front 20

Phototrophs

Back 20

Organisms that use light as their energy source.

Front 21

Chemotrophs

Back 21

Those that use oxidation of organic or inorganic matter.

Front 22

Prokaryotes is:

Back 22

Simpler than that of eukaryotes. They don't have a nucleus and eukaryotes always have at least 1.

Front 23

nucleoid

Back 23

the DNA, RNA, and protein complex in prokaryotes.

Front 24

Recognize that the name of bacteria often reveals the shape:

Back 24

spiroplama, staphylococcus or pneumococcus.

Front 25

cocci

Back 25

round

Front 26

bacilli

Back 26

rod shaped

Front 27

Prokaryotes lack a nuclues

Back 27

Don't contain any complex, membrane-bound organelles. Do contain: ribosomes, nucleoid, mesosomes.

Front 28

Plasma Membrae

Back 28

Phospholipid bilayer that surrounds cytosol of nearly all prokaryotes.

Front 29

Phospholipid is composed of:

Back 29

phosphate group, two fatty acids, and a glycerol backbone. Ampipathic: fatty acids=non polar; phosphate group=polar

Front 30

Micelle

Back 30

When amipathic molecules are placed in water, their polar ends are pointed toward solution and nonpolar toward each other.

Front 31

Integral or Intrinsic Proteins

Back 31

Ampipathic Proteins that traverse the membrane from the inside to the ouside of a cell

Front 32

Fluie Mosaic Model

Back 32

A model used to conceptualise cell membranes, in it, the membranes are described as a structually and functionally asymmetric lipid bilayer studded with embedded proteins that aid in cross-membrane transport.

Front 33

Passive Diffusion

Back 33

depends on lipid solubility: are you nonpolar enough to slide through bilayer? and size: can u fit through the cracks of the integral proteins?

Front 34

If you are big and polar

Back 34

Must go through by faciliated diffusion: a helper protein to open up a space designed just for you.

Front 35

Active Transport

Back 35

Only can it make something Move against electrochemical gradient: doesn't matter if big, small, polar or nonpolar...needs active transport

Front 36

Gram-Positive Bacteria:

Back 36

its thick peptidoglycan cell wall prevents the gram stain from leaking out. These cells show up purple.

Front 37

Gram-Negative Bacteria:

Back 37

Appear Pink when gram stained. Thin cell walls allow the gram stained to be washed out.

Front 38

Flagella

Back 38

Long, hollow, rigid, helical cylinders made from a globular protein.

Front 39

Bacterial Reproduction: can't reproduce sexually

Back 39

Genetic recombination: conjugation, transformation, and transduction. and Binary diffusion

Front 40

Conjugation

Back 40

Uses plasmids transferred through the sex plasmid which is a hollow tube that connects the two dna.

Front 41

R Plasmid

Back 41

provides different resistances to antibiotics

Front 42

F plasmid or F factor

Back 42

if the F factor is in the chromosome some or all of the chromosome can be replicated and transferred.

Front 43

Transformation

Back 43

the process by which bacteria may incorpoarte DNA from their environment into their genome.

Front 44

Structures that can be found in prokaryotes:

Back 44

cell wall contains peptidoglycan, ribosomes, and a plasma membrane without cholesterol.

Front 45

Transduction

Back 45

The transfer of DNA via a virus

Front 46

The lipopolysaccharide layer outside the peptidoglycan cell wall of a gram negative bacterium:

Back 46

protects the bacterium against certain antibodies.

Front 47

Fungi

Back 47

eukaryotic Heterotrophs and spend most of their lives in the haploid state. They can reproduce sexually or asexually.

Front 48

Asexual

Back 48

budding, in which a smaller cell pinches off from a parent cell

Front 49

sexual fungi reproductionm

Back 49

occurs between hyphae from two mycelia of different mating types:+ and -

Front 50

Fungi

Back 50

Digest their food outside their body, heterotrophs, cells like humans