Mcat Biology Lecture 9

Front 1

Chordata, at some stage in their development they posses:

Back 1

MDNP
A muscular post-anal tail
Dorsal hollow nerve cord
Notochord - develops into
vertebrates for vertebrates
Pharyngeal slits or gills

Front 2

Chordates have a ____ (a ___ within mesodermal tissue)

Back 2

coelom
body cavity

Front 3

Chordata are ____, meaning their anus develops from or near the ____.

Back 3

deuterostomes
blastopore

Front 4

The earliest organisms were probably heterotrophs subsisting on preformed organic compounds in their immediate surroundings. Fossils of these organisms have been dates at ____.

Back 4

3.6 billion years old

Front 5

Binomial theorem

Back 5

p2 + (2pq) + q2
(2) alleles & p + q = 1

Front 6

Small populations are subject to ____, where one allele may be permanently lost due the death of all members having that allele.

Back 6

genetic drift

Front 7

____ exists when 2 or more species evolving from the same group maintain a similar structure form the common ancestor.

Back 7

divergent evolution

Front 8

A species may face a crisis so sever as to case a shift in the allelic frequencies of the survivors, this is called an _____.

Back 8

evolutionary bottleneck

Front 9

A ____ is a relationship between 2 species. The relationship can be beneficial for both called ____, beneficial for one and not the affect the other called ____ or beneficial for one and detrimental to the other called ____.

Back 9

symbiosis
mutualism
commensialism
parasitism

Front 10

2 species may independently evolve similar structures in ____.

Back 10

convergent evolution

Front 11

____ - no change in the gene pool of a sexually reproducing population, with certain assumptions.

Back 11

Hardy-weinberg equilibrium

Front 12

Hardy-weinberg equilibrium "assumptions" -

Back 12

NIRML
No selection for the fittest organism
immigration or emigration must not change gene pool
random mating
mutational equilibrium
large population

Front 13

The way in which a species exploits its environment is called its ____.

Back 13

niche

Front 14

The theory of ____, predicts that one species will exploit the environment more efficiently, leading to the demise of the other w/ the same niche.

Back 14

survival of the fittest

Front 15

The definition of the ____ organism in the ____ theory is the organism which can best survive to reproduce offspring etc, etc.

Back 15

fittest
survival of the fittest

Front 16

2 opposing reproductive strategies

Back 16

r- selection, lots of young no parental care
k-selection, less young, slow maturing and strong parental care

Front 17

K-strategists tend to have a ____ growth curve which levels off at the ___.

Back 17

sigmoidal
carrying capacity

Front 18

____ - is the process by which new species are formed.

Back 18

speciation

Front 19

_____ occurs when several separate species arise from a single ancestral species.

Back 19

adaptive radiation

Front 20

_____ is loosely limited too, but inclusive of, all organisms that can reproduce fertile offspring w/ each other.

Back 20

species

Front 21

ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny

Back 21

The course of development of an organism from embryo to adult reflects its evolutionary history.
For instance, the human fetus has pharyngeal slits reflecting a gilled ancestor.

Front 22

"superkingdoms"

Back 22

Domains
Archaea
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes

Front 23

classification system specific grouping order.

Back 23

Dear King Phillip Came Over From Germany Starving.

(plants & fungi use divisions instead of phylum)

Front 24

Major subgroup important for Mcat ____ -

Back 24

vertebrata, subphylum in phylum chordata

Front 25

since organisms within the same group have similiar genetic structures, they probably share similar ____ (evolutionary histories)

All mammals belong to the class ___ & the phylum ____, birds ___ & ___

Back 25

phylogenies
mammalia
Chordata
aves
chordata

Front 26

____ is a change in the gene pool.

Back 26

evolution

Front 27

The ____ is the total of all alleles in a population.

Back 27

gene pool

Front 28

In most somatic cells, one of the X chromosomes will condense & most of its genes will become inactive. The tiny dark object formed is called a ___.

Back 28

barr body

Front 29

When a gene is found on the sex chromosome it is called ____.

Back 29

sex-linked

Front 30

Karyotype -

Back 30

a map of the chromosomes

Front 31

Homozygous -
Heterozygous -

Back 31

2 recessive or dominant allele's
1 dominant & recessive allele, also called a hybrid

Front 32

allele -

Back 32

PP, Pp & pp - each p is an allele

Front 33

complete dominance -

Back 33

homologous

Front 34

locus

Back 34

position on respective chromosomes

Front 35

Mendel's 2nd law of heredity the ____ states that genes that code for different traits (such as peas shape & pea color) when located on different chromosomes, do not affect each other during gamete formation.

Back 35

law of independent assortment

Front 36

In humans, the 23rd pair of chromosomes establishes the sex of the individual, and each partner is called a ____.

Back 36

sex chromosome

Front 37

The occurrence of distinct phenotypic forms is called ____.

Back 37

polymorphism

Front 38

A female may carry a recessive trait on her 23rd pair of chromosomes without expressing it. If she does she is said be a ____ for the trait.

Back 38

carrier

Front 39

Mendel's 1st law of heredity, the ____ states that alleles segregate independently of each other when forming gametes. Any gamete is equally likely to posses any allele. Also, the phenotypic expression of the alleles is not a blend of the 2, but an expression of the dominant allele.

Back 39

law of segregation

Front 40

phenotypic ratio of a dihybird cross -

Back 40

9:3:3:1

Front 41

The expression of a trait is the ____, and an individual's genetic makeup is the ____.

Back 41

phenotype
genotype

Front 42

phenotype -
genotype-

Back 42

flower color
PP, Pp or pp

Front 43

The mendellian ratio -

Back 43

3 to 1 ratio of dominant to recessive

(result of 2 heterozygous parents)

Front 44

Mendel found that when he crossed purple flowered plants w/ white flowered plants the ____ or ____ produced purple flowers. He called the purple trait ___ and the white trait ___.

Back 44

first filial
f1 generation
dominant
recessive

Front 45

Experiments attempting to recreate the atmosphere of early earth have resulted in the autosynthesis of molecules such as urea, amino acids And even adenine. The ____ was one of the early experiments to make such an attempt.

Back 45

urey-miller experiment

Front 46

The first cells are thought to have evolved from ___, lipid or protein bilayer bubbles. These spontaneously for and grow form fat molecules suspended in water.

Back 46

coacervates

Front 47

____ is the phylum containing humans. It does not mean backbone, all ____ have bilateral symmetry.

Back 47

Chordata
chordata

Front 48

Around 2.3 billion years ago, the ancestors of cyanobacteria evolved. They were able to use sunlight and water to reduce CO2. These were the first oxygen producing ____. The atmosphere began to fill w/ oxygen.

Back 48

photosynthetic bacteria

Front 49

____ or ____ is mating of nonrelatives which produces hybrids or heterozygotes.

Back 49

outbreeding or outcrossing

Front 50

Mating relatives is called ___ & does not change the frequency of alleles, but does increase the # of homozygous individuals within a population.

Back 50

inbreeding

Front 51

An individual with a genotype havig one dominant & one recessive allele is said to be ____ for the trait, and is called a ____.

Back 51

heterozygous
hybrid

Front 52

Members from the subphylum ____ have their notochord replaced by a segmented cartilage or bone structure.

Back 52

vertebrata