Mcat Biology Lecture 6

Front 1

Filtration occurs in the ____
reabsorbtion and secretion mostly in the ____
the loop of henle concentrates solute in the ____
the distal tubule empties into the ____
the ____ concentrates the urine

Back 1

renal cropuscle
proximal tubule
medulla
collecting duct
collecting duct

Front 2

ADH

Back 2

ADH is "always digging holes" in the collecting duct.

Front 3

2 kidneys
Each kidney is a fist sized organ made up of an outer ____ and an inner ____. Urine is created by the kidney and emptied into the ____. The ____ is empties by the ____, which carries urine to the ____. The ____ is drained by the ____.

Back 3

cortex
medulla
renal pelvis
renal pelvis
ureter
bladder
bladder
urethra

Front 4

kidney "big picture"

Back 4

the function of the kidney is homeostasis

Front 5

The function of the ____ is to increase the solute concentration, and thus the osmotic pressure, of the medulla.

Back 5

loop of henle

Front 6

prothrombin and fibrinogen are two important ____. Albumin is the major ____ protein in the blood.

Back 6

clotting factors
osmoregulatory

Front 7

for the Mcat, ____=efficient long term energy storage, lots of calories (energy) w/ little weight

Back 7

fat

Front 8

Virtually all dietary protein is completely broken down to its ____ before being absorbed into the blood.
Any protein not broken down completely may cause allergic rxns.
When you think ____, think nitrogen.

Back 8

amino acids
proteins

Front 9

protein = ___ kCal/gram
fat =
carbs =

Back 9

4
9
4

Front 10

Nearly all ___ is converted to urea by the liver and then excreted in the urine by the kidney.

Back 10

Ammonia

Front 11

The formation of glycogen is called ____.
When the blood glucose level decreases, _____ takes place in the liver & glucose is returned to the blood.

Back 11

glycogenesis
glycogenolysis

Front 12

Large Intestine (parts)

Back 12

Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon

Front 13

small intestine (parts)

Back 13

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

Front 14

Chyme is moved through the intestines by ____.

Back 14

peristalsis

Front 15

emulsify

Back 15

break up into small particles w/o changing it chemically
--------------------------------------
Bile emulsifies fat

Front 16

Bile is produced in the ____ & stored in the _____.

Back 16

Liver
gall bladder

Front 17

Liver functions

Back 17

BBCDEFPV
Blood storage
Blood filtration
Carb metabolism
Detoxification
Erythrocyte destruction
Fat metabolism
Protein metabolism
Vitamin storage

Front 18

____ digests fat, specifically triglycerides.

Back 18

Lipase

Front 19

The major functions of the large intestine are ____ & _____.
The LI also contains the bacteria e.coli, that produces the vitamins.

Back 19

water absorption
electrolyte absorption
K,B12,thiamin & riboflavin

Front 20

large intestine question on the Mcat

Back 20

!think water reabsorption
diarrhea often results when there is a problem w/ the large intestine
mutualistic symbiosis between humans and bacteria in the large intestine - bacteria get leftover - we get certain vitamins

Front 21

bile ____ the ____ of fat, but it does not ____ the fat

Back 21

increases
surface
digest

Front 22

The ____ is where the action is in digestion and absorption.

Back 22

small intestine

Front 23

The semifluid ____ is squeezed out of the stomach and into the ____.

Back 23

chyme
duodenum

Front 24

pancreatic amylase

Back 24

hydrolyzes polysaccharides to disaccharides and trisaccharides and much more powerful than salivary amylase

Front 25

____ and ____ degrade proteins into small polypeptides.

Back 25

trypsin and chymotrypsin

Front 26

The fluid inside the duodenum has a ph of ____ due mainly to ____ secreted by the ____.

Back 26

6
bicarbonate ion
pancreas

Front 27

on the apical (lumen side) surface of the cells of each villus are much smaller finger-like projections called ____.

Back 27

microvilli

Front 28

The wall of the small intestine is similar to the wall of the stomach except that the outermost layer contains fingerlike projections called ____.

Back 28

villi

Front 29

The ____ increase the surface area of the intestinal wall allowing for greater digestion and absorption.

Back 29

villi

Front 30

____ secrete gastrin into the interstitium. The gastrin, a large peptide hormone, is absorbed into the blood and stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCL.

Back 30

G cells

Front 31

Under a light microscope the microvilli appear as a fuzzy covering. This fuzzy covering is called the ____.

Back 31

brush border

Front 32

mucous cells

Back 32

secrete mucous.

Front 33

____ lubricates the stomach wall and protects the epithelial lining from the acidic environment of the stomach.

Back 33

mucus

Front 34

no _____ occurs in the stomach.

Back 34

absorption

Front 35

chyme

Back 35

semifluid mass of food

Front 36

____ wave-like motion of smooth muscle that moves food through the digestive tract.

Back 36

peristalsis

Front 37

no digestion in the ___

Back 37

esophogus

Front 38

alpha-amylase

Back 38

contained in saliva
begins breakdown of starches into polysaccharides

Front 39

Digestive tract anatomy

Back 39

Mouth
Esophogus
Stomach
Small Intestine (DJI)
Large Intestine (ATDS)
Rectum
Anus

Front 40

____ are also found in the exocrine glands of the stomach. ____ secrete hydrochloric acid (HCL) which diffuses to the lumen.

Back 40

Parietal cells
Parietal cells

Front 41

SI
Some of the epithelial cells are ____ that secrete mucus to lubricate the intestine and help protect the brush border from mechanical and chemical damage.

Back 41

goblet cells

Front 42

The descending loop of henle is ____ to water and the ascending loop of henle is ____ to water and actively transports sodium into the kidney.

Back 42

permeable
impermeable

Front 43

Within each villus are a capillary network and a lymph vessel called a ____.

Back 43

lacteal

Front 44

The ___ ___ monitors filtrate pressure in the distal tubule.

Back 44

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Front 45

major enzymes released by the pancreas

Back 45

trypsin
chymotrypsin
pancreatic amylase
lipase
ribonuclease
deoxyribonuclease

Front 46

The functional unit of the kidney is the ____. Blood flows into the first capillary bed of the nephron called the ____.

Back 46

nephron
glomerulus

Front 47

Function of the kidney is:

Back 47

1. to excrete waste products, such as urea, uric acid, ammonia and phosphate
2. to maintain homeostasis of the body fluid volume and solute composition
3. to help control plasma pH

Front 48

(4) major cell types in the stomach

Back 48

1. mucous cells
2. chief (peptic) cells
3. parietal (oxyntic) cells
4. G cells

Front 49

Globulins are a group of ____ that include____
Antibodies are made by ___ cells.

Back 49

proteins
antibodies
plasma

Front 50

albumin

Back 50

a "fat carrier"
a single albumin molecule typically carries 3 fatty acid molecules, but is capable of caryring up to 30.

Front 51

____ ____ forces some plasma through ____ of the glomerular endothelium and into bowman's capsule.

Back 51

Hydrostatic pressure
fenestrations

Front 52

Together, ____ ____ and the glomerulus make up the _____.

Back 52

Bowman's capsule
renal corpuscle

Front 53

The ____ carries the filtrate into the highly osmotic medulla.

Back 53

collecting duct

Front 54

Filtrate moves from bowmans capsule to the ____. The ____ is where most ____ takes place.

Back 54

proximal tubule
proximal tubule
reabsorption

Front 55

The amount of filtrate is related to the hydrostatic pressure of the ____.

Back 55

glomerulus

Front 56

____ are found deep in the exocrine glands. They secrete pepsinogen, the zymogen precursor to pepsin. Pepsinogen is activated to pepsin by the low pH in the stomach, Once activated, pepsin begins protein digestion.

Back 56

chief cells

Front 57

The ____ reabsorbs NA+,CA2+, while secreting K+,H+ & HCO3-

Back 57

distal tubule