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12 Cards in this Set

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Where can protein synthesis take place?
1.) free floating ribosomes for proteins that function in the cytosol
2.) ER lumen- for membrane bound proteins of the nuclear envelope, ER, golgi, lysosomes, plasma membrane or secreted by the cell
How does a ribosome attack to the ER?
A signal peptid at the beginning of the translated polypeptide may direct the ribosome to attach to the ER. THen the polypeptides is injected into the lumen. They are secreted fromt he cell via the Golgi or may remain partially attached to the membrane.
What is a forward mutation?
Mutating an already mutated organism changing it even more from its original state.
What is a reverse mutation?
Changing something that is mutated back to its original state. (wild type)
What is complimentary DNA/ cDNA?
mRNA is reverse transcribed using reverse transcriptase to make DNA with no introns. This single strand can replicate with DNA polymerase.
What is the charge of an anode?
Anode- + charged
What is the charge of a cathode?
Cathode - charged
What are linked genes?
Genes located close together on a chromosome and are more likely to cross over.
How does negative feedback work?
Product downstream of a reaction shuts of the enzyme.
What are allosteric interactions?
Modification of the enzyme configuration via binding of an activator or inhibitor.
What are the stages of transcription?
1.) initiation with promoter
2.) elongation
3.) termination which requires termination sequence
Describe secondary spermatocytes and secondary oocytes?
After telophase I, cells are haploid with 23 replicated chromosomes.

Females polar body degenerates