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48 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What part of the Cell Cycle is there 2n?
This occurs at the G1 phase and this is where there is growth phase
What phase do the centrioles replicate?
They replicate in G1
What phase do nerve cells halt there growth?
In the Go phase
What phase do the cells replicate?
The S phase- 2n*2
What phase of the cell cycle do cells grow and prep for division?
The G2 Phase
What cell types are stuck in the Go phase?
Neurons, skin, blood cells.
What occurs in prophase?
The nuclear membrane disappears, centrioles migrate to poles of cells and DNA condenses, spindle fibers appear
What happens in metaphase?
The homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of the plate due to the centrioles
What happens in anaphase?
The spindle fibers are shortened and the chromosomes are pulled apart
What happens in Telophase?
Nuclear membrane visable, DNA decondenses
What is an example of incomplete dominance>
The pink flower
What is an example of codominance?
This is with blood type
What is an example of polygenism?
This is when a trait is affected by many genes
What is pleiotropism?
This is when alteration of a gene can effect many other traits which seem to be unrelated
What happens inEpistasis?
This is when one genes expression is determined by another gene
What happens in Prophase 1
This is where crossing over occurs, the nuclear membrane disapperas and DNA condenses, synapsis also occurs
What happens in Metaphase 1
The tetrads line up
What happens in Anaphase 1
The homos will separate but the sister chromatids stay together
What happens in Telophase 1
The cleavage furrow is formed
What is responsible for the formation of the clevage furrow?
The microfillaments
What is produced at the end of mitosis?
Two diploid cells
What is produced at the end of Meoisis 1
Two haploid cells
What is produced at the end of Meosis 2
Four haploid cells
What happens in Prophase 2
• Centrioles migrate to either pole of cell and form spindle fibers

o Spindle fibers are microtubules

• Nuclear membrane disappears

• DNA Condenses
What happens in Metaphase 2
The chromosomes line up
What happens in anaphase 2
• Microtubules (shorten) and pull chromosomes to either side of the cell
o Chromosome will divide
What happens in telophase 2
The clevage furrow is formed
The nuclear membrane is appear
The DNA decondenses
When is the rule of multiplication used?
When determining the probability of either event happening alone- struck by lighting and wwining the lottery
When is the rule of addition used?
The chance of either two events happening
What are the five laws in hardy weinberg
No mutation
No genetic drift-because pop is large
No natural selection
No random mating
No migration
What are the equations used in the hardy weinberg?
p2 + q2 + 2pq= 1
P + Q = 1
What is the esscence of natural selection?
You can produce more offspring
What are the microtubules used for?
 Cell movement -Compose flagella and cilia
• “9 +2”- 9 External pairs and two centrioles
• Flagella – sperm
• Cilia- Respiratory system (mucus), fallopian tube
o Hope push along
 Form the spindle fibers
 Chromosome movement
 Organelle movement
What are the microfillaments used for?
 Composed of two chains of actin proteins
 Actin is seen in the muscle
• Compose the thin filaments in muscle
 Cytokinesis
• Breaking apart two cells
 Important for cytoplasmic streaming
 Ameboid motion
What are the intermediate fillaments used for
 Long lasting, mix of proteins which compose the I. F
 Their shape is more permanent
 Anchor our nucleus
What is lysozymes used for?
 Digest old proteins and organelles
 Acid interior with acidic hydrolases
• Have an optimal pH in which to make sure doesn’t rupture
 Apoptosis
• Help all cells to rupture
What are perioxsomes used for
o Perioxisomes
 Detoxification
• Produce H2O2 turns into a free radical= OH (2 are produced)
o These free radicals neutralize other free radicals
 Breakdown of fats
If you are more unsaturated and longer chain are you less or more fluid?
More fluid
What does cholesterol do to cell membrane?
• Expand the range of fluidity of the membrane at lower temps.
• Inserts into cell memebrane and compensates for unsaturated fatty acid tails
How do you create alleles
A mutation must occur
How do you change allele frequency
Genetic drift and non radom mating
What is analogous structures
Structures which serve the same function in two different species BUT not from a common ancestor
What is homologus structures
Physical features shared by two diifferent species as a result of a common ancestor
What is convergent evolution?
Two species have many analogous structures due to same selective pressures
What is diergent evolution?
Two different speicies coming from one species.
What can create speciation?
Random mating, climate changes, geo isolation
What is a difference between fungi and plant
Plant have cellulose
Fungi have chitin
Do animals have cell walls
No