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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What part of the Cell Cycle is there 2n?
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This occurs at the G1 phase and this is where there is growth phase
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What phase do the centrioles replicate?
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They replicate in G1
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What phase do nerve cells halt there growth?
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In the Go phase
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What phase do the cells replicate?
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The S phase- 2n*2
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What phase of the cell cycle do cells grow and prep for division?
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The G2 Phase
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What cell types are stuck in the Go phase?
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Neurons, skin, blood cells.
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What occurs in prophase?
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The nuclear membrane disappears, centrioles migrate to poles of cells and DNA condenses, spindle fibers appear
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What happens in metaphase?
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The homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of the plate due to the centrioles
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What happens in anaphase?
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The spindle fibers are shortened and the chromosomes are pulled apart
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What happens in Telophase?
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Nuclear membrane visable, DNA decondenses
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What is an example of incomplete dominance>
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The pink flower
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What is an example of codominance?
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This is with blood type
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What is an example of polygenism?
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This is when a trait is affected by many genes
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What is pleiotropism?
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This is when alteration of a gene can effect many other traits which seem to be unrelated
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What happens inEpistasis?
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This is when one genes expression is determined by another gene
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What happens in Prophase 1
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This is where crossing over occurs, the nuclear membrane disapperas and DNA condenses, synapsis also occurs
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What happens in Metaphase 1
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The tetrads line up
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What happens in Anaphase 1
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The homos will separate but the sister chromatids stay together
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What happens in Telophase 1
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The cleavage furrow is formed
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What is responsible for the formation of the clevage furrow?
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The microfillaments
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What is produced at the end of mitosis?
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Two diploid cells
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What is produced at the end of Meoisis 1
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Two haploid cells
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What is produced at the end of Meosis 2
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Four haploid cells
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What happens in Prophase 2
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• Centrioles migrate to either pole of cell and form spindle fibers
o Spindle fibers are microtubules • Nuclear membrane disappears • DNA Condenses |
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What happens in Metaphase 2
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The chromosomes line up
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What happens in anaphase 2
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• Microtubules (shorten) and pull chromosomes to either side of the cell
o Chromosome will divide |
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What happens in telophase 2
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The clevage furrow is formed
The nuclear membrane is appear The DNA decondenses |
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When is the rule of multiplication used?
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When determining the probability of either event happening alone- struck by lighting and wwining the lottery
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When is the rule of addition used?
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The chance of either two events happening
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What are the five laws in hardy weinberg
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No mutation
No genetic drift-because pop is large No natural selection No random mating No migration |
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What are the equations used in the hardy weinberg?
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p2 + q2 + 2pq= 1
P + Q = 1 |
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What is the esscence of natural selection?
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You can produce more offspring
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What are the microtubules used for?
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Cell movement -Compose flagella and cilia
• “9 +2”- 9 External pairs and two centrioles • Flagella – sperm • Cilia- Respiratory system (mucus), fallopian tube o Hope push along Form the spindle fibers Chromosome movement Organelle movement |
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What are the microfillaments used for?
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Composed of two chains of actin proteins
Actin is seen in the muscle • Compose the thin filaments in muscle Cytokinesis • Breaking apart two cells Important for cytoplasmic streaming Ameboid motion |
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What are the intermediate fillaments used for
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Long lasting, mix of proteins which compose the I. F
Their shape is more permanent Anchor our nucleus |
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What is lysozymes used for?
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Digest old proteins and organelles
Acid interior with acidic hydrolases • Have an optimal pH in which to make sure doesn’t rupture Apoptosis • Help all cells to rupture |
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What are perioxsomes used for
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o Perioxisomes
Detoxification • Produce H2O2 turns into a free radical= OH (2 are produced) o These free radicals neutralize other free radicals Breakdown of fats |
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If you are more unsaturated and longer chain are you less or more fluid?
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More fluid
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What does cholesterol do to cell membrane?
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• Expand the range of fluidity of the membrane at lower temps.
• Inserts into cell memebrane and compensates for unsaturated fatty acid tails |
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How do you create alleles
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A mutation must occur
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How do you change allele frequency
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Genetic drift and non radom mating
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What is analogous structures
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Structures which serve the same function in two different species BUT not from a common ancestor
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What is homologus structures
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Physical features shared by two diifferent species as a result of a common ancestor
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What is convergent evolution?
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Two species have many analogous structures due to same selective pressures
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What is diergent evolution?
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Two different speicies coming from one species.
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What can create speciation?
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Random mating, climate changes, geo isolation
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What is a difference between fungi and plant
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Plant have cellulose
Fungi have chitin |
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Do animals have cell walls
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No
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