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35 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Describe the following forms of microscopy (type of specimen, requirements):
Compound Light
Phase Contrast
Electron Microscope
Cmpd: Dead specimen, requires dyes
Phase contrast: light microsc for living specimen
Electron: 1000 times more powerful, specimen must be dead and fixed
What is the total magnification for a compound light microscope?
Eyepiece magnification x Objective Lens (selected lens)
What if the function of the following parts of a compound light microscope?
Diaphragm
Course adjustment knob
Fine adjustment knob
Diaphram: controls light passing through specimen
Course: Rough focus
Fine: sharp focus
Describe autoradiography.
Cells are exposed to radioactive molecules which are then traced to identify structures
Describe centrifugation.
Spin speeds separate cell types/structures (heavy to bottom, ex: ribosomes; light to top, ex: mitochondria)
What organisms make up prokaryotes? What are their characteristic features?
bacteria, cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)

Unicellular, outermembrane (cell wall in bacteria), sometimes flagella, NO organelles, single circular molecule of DNA in NUCLEOID REGION; may have PLASMIDS which replicate independently of chromosome that allow survival in adverse conds
What organisms make up eukaryotes? What are their characteristic features? How do they differ between plants and animals?
All multicellular orgs and nobact unicell orgs

DNA organized in chromosomes in nucleus

PLANTS have cell wall AND chloroplasts

Animals have CENTRIOLES but plants DO NOT
Describe cytosol
aq. soln with free proteins, nutrients, solutes
Describe cytoskeleton
MTs, microfils, IM fibers, give cell shape, anhor organelles
What is the purpose of the cell membrane.
Describe the fluid mosaic model.
What is the effect of cholesterol in the cell membrane?
Enclose cell; selectively permeable

Fluid mosaic model states that phospholipid-bilaryer has proteins embedded throguhout; lipids/prots move freely w/in membrane
Cholesterol in HPhobic region contributes to its fluidity
What is the role of transmembrane proteins?
Transport certain polar/ionic molecs across membrane.
What is the role of cell adhesion molecules?
Prots taht contribute to cel recognition and adhesion
What are cell membranes readily permeable to?
Small NP molecs like O2 and small polar molecs like H2O
Describe the nucleus.
Controls cell activity, pores allow selective exchange of materials between nucleus and cytoplasm, contains DNA
What is the role of histones?
Histones interact with DNA to form chromosomes within nucleus.
Describe nucleolus.
Site where rRNA synthesis occurs.
Describe ribosomes.
Site of protein synthesis, comprised of rRNA and proteins.

Free ribosomes loc't in cytoplasm; also bound to outer membrane of ER
What is the difference between rough and smooth ER? Describe how the two structures work together.
Roguh ER have ribosomes lining outside

Smooth ER lack ribosomes

Smooth ER involved in lipid synthesis and detox

Rough ER involved in prot synthesis: ribosomes cross into cisternae, undergo chem mod, go to sER, packed into vesicles and sent to golgi app
Describe golgi apparatus.
Stack of sacs; receives vesicles from sER, mods them, repacks and distributes; can also release contents to outside env via secretory vesicles and EXOCYTOSIS
Describe vacuoles.
Larger than vesicles; likely found in oplants
Describe lysosomes.
Vesicles with hydrolytic enzymes for intracellular digestion (of ingested material, old components, or suicide--AKA AUTOLYSIS)
List and describe a type of microsome.
Peroxisomes: contain enzymes that help make H2O2, which break down fat and detox
Describe mitochondria.
site of aerobic resprn, supply energy
Outer layer = sieve (pass by size)
Innter layer has cristae (convolutions) for ETC, which encloses mito matrix
How is the mitochondria semiautonomous?
Contains its own circular DNA and ribisomes (may have been early prok cells that evolved symb relationship w/euk cells)
Describe chlroplasts.
AKA plastids; foudn in algae, plants, contain chlorophyll for PS
Describe cell wall. How does it differ between plants, fungi and animals?
Protection from external stimuli.

Plants have cellulose wall
Fungi have chitin
Animals don't have one!
Describe centrioles.
Specialized MTs for spindle organization, no membrane; found in pairs in animals

PLANTS DONT HAVE!
Describe the various fibers that make up the cytoskeleton. How does each differ in its role?
Microtubules: hollow rods of tubulin for framework; movement; make up flagellae
Microfilaments: solid rods of actin for movement and support; movement of materials across membrane
Intermediate Fils: maintain cytoskeleton
Describe:
Passive Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Active Transport
Passive Diffusion: move along concentration gradient, high to low, no energy
Facilitated: AKA passive transport, same as passive diffusion except needs carrier
Active Transprot: move against conc grad; need transport ports and energy
Describe endocytosis and its two subcategories.
Cell memb invaginates, enclosing EC medium in vesicle:
PINOCYTOSIS: fluid/small molecule ingestion
PHAGOCYTOSIS: large molec ingestion
Describe:
Epithelial Tissue
Connective Tissue
Nervous Tissue
Muscle Tissue
Epi: covers body, lines cavities, protects against injuries, absorption, secretion, sensation

Connective: Support, bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose, bone

Nervous: Neurons

Muscle: body mvm't, skeletal, cardiac smooth
Describe the characteristics of viruses.
Acellular, MUCH smaller than prok/euk, nucleic acid can be linear or circular (ssDNA, dsDNA, ssRNA)
Why are viruses obligate intracellular parasites?
Express genes and produce only within living host cell
What are virions?
What leave host cells in search of new hosts
What are bacteriophage?
Viruses that exclusively infect bacteria.