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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Describe the following forms of microscopy (type of specimen, requirements):
Compound Light Phase Contrast Electron Microscope |
Cmpd: Dead specimen, requires dyes
Phase contrast: light microsc for living specimen Electron: 1000 times more powerful, specimen must be dead and fixed |
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What is the total magnification for a compound light microscope?
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Eyepiece magnification x Objective Lens (selected lens)
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What if the function of the following parts of a compound light microscope?
Diaphragm Course adjustment knob Fine adjustment knob |
Diaphram: controls light passing through specimen
Course: Rough focus Fine: sharp focus |
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Describe autoradiography.
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Cells are exposed to radioactive molecules which are then traced to identify structures
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Describe centrifugation.
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Spin speeds separate cell types/structures (heavy to bottom, ex: ribosomes; light to top, ex: mitochondria)
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What organisms make up prokaryotes? What are their characteristic features?
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bacteria, cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)
Unicellular, outermembrane (cell wall in bacteria), sometimes flagella, NO organelles, single circular molecule of DNA in NUCLEOID REGION; may have PLASMIDS which replicate independently of chromosome that allow survival in adverse conds |
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What organisms make up eukaryotes? What are their characteristic features? How do they differ between plants and animals?
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All multicellular orgs and nobact unicell orgs
DNA organized in chromosomes in nucleus PLANTS have cell wall AND chloroplasts Animals have CENTRIOLES but plants DO NOT |
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Describe cytosol
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aq. soln with free proteins, nutrients, solutes
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Describe cytoskeleton
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MTs, microfils, IM fibers, give cell shape, anhor organelles
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What is the purpose of the cell membrane.
Describe the fluid mosaic model. What is the effect of cholesterol in the cell membrane? |
Enclose cell; selectively permeable
Fluid mosaic model states that phospholipid-bilaryer has proteins embedded throguhout; lipids/prots move freely w/in membrane Cholesterol in HPhobic region contributes to its fluidity |
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What is the role of transmembrane proteins?
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Transport certain polar/ionic molecs across membrane.
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What is the role of cell adhesion molecules?
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Prots taht contribute to cel recognition and adhesion
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What are cell membranes readily permeable to?
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Small NP molecs like O2 and small polar molecs like H2O
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Describe the nucleus.
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Controls cell activity, pores allow selective exchange of materials between nucleus and cytoplasm, contains DNA
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What is the role of histones?
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Histones interact with DNA to form chromosomes within nucleus.
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Describe nucleolus.
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Site where rRNA synthesis occurs.
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Describe ribosomes.
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Site of protein synthesis, comprised of rRNA and proteins.
Free ribosomes loc't in cytoplasm; also bound to outer membrane of ER |
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What is the difference between rough and smooth ER? Describe how the two structures work together.
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Roguh ER have ribosomes lining outside
Smooth ER lack ribosomes Smooth ER involved in lipid synthesis and detox Rough ER involved in prot synthesis: ribosomes cross into cisternae, undergo chem mod, go to sER, packed into vesicles and sent to golgi app |
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Describe golgi apparatus.
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Stack of sacs; receives vesicles from sER, mods them, repacks and distributes; can also release contents to outside env via secretory vesicles and EXOCYTOSIS
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Describe vacuoles.
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Larger than vesicles; likely found in oplants
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Describe lysosomes.
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Vesicles with hydrolytic enzymes for intracellular digestion (of ingested material, old components, or suicide--AKA AUTOLYSIS)
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List and describe a type of microsome.
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Peroxisomes: contain enzymes that help make H2O2, which break down fat and detox
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Describe mitochondria.
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site of aerobic resprn, supply energy
Outer layer = sieve (pass by size) Innter layer has cristae (convolutions) for ETC, which encloses mito matrix |
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How is the mitochondria semiautonomous?
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Contains its own circular DNA and ribisomes (may have been early prok cells that evolved symb relationship w/euk cells)
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Describe chlroplasts.
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AKA plastids; foudn in algae, plants, contain chlorophyll for PS
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Describe cell wall. How does it differ between plants, fungi and animals?
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Protection from external stimuli.
Plants have cellulose wall Fungi have chitin Animals don't have one! |
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Describe centrioles.
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Specialized MTs for spindle organization, no membrane; found in pairs in animals
PLANTS DONT HAVE! |
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Describe the various fibers that make up the cytoskeleton. How does each differ in its role?
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Microtubules: hollow rods of tubulin for framework; movement; make up flagellae
Microfilaments: solid rods of actin for movement and support; movement of materials across membrane Intermediate Fils: maintain cytoskeleton |
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Describe:
Passive Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion Active Transport |
Passive Diffusion: move along concentration gradient, high to low, no energy
Facilitated: AKA passive transport, same as passive diffusion except needs carrier Active Transprot: move against conc grad; need transport ports and energy |
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Describe endocytosis and its two subcategories.
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Cell memb invaginates, enclosing EC medium in vesicle:
PINOCYTOSIS: fluid/small molecule ingestion PHAGOCYTOSIS: large molec ingestion |
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Describe:
Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue Nervous Tissue Muscle Tissue |
Epi: covers body, lines cavities, protects against injuries, absorption, secretion, sensation
Connective: Support, bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose, bone Nervous: Neurons Muscle: body mvm't, skeletal, cardiac smooth |
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Describe the characteristics of viruses.
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Acellular, MUCH smaller than prok/euk, nucleic acid can be linear or circular (ssDNA, dsDNA, ssRNA)
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Why are viruses obligate intracellular parasites?
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Express genes and produce only within living host cell
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What are virions?
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What leave host cells in search of new hosts
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What are bacteriophage?
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Viruses that exclusively infect bacteria.
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