Mcat

Front 1

the total # of (Osmoles/Liter) gives

Back 1

OSMOLARITY

Front 2

anything LEAVING the Enteric Nervous Sys. is?

Back 2

POSTganglionic

Front 3

Autonomic...composed of:

Back 3

Nerve Fibers that send impulses from CNS (brain + spinal cord) to--->SMOOTH Muscle, CARDIAC Mus., & GLANDS

Front 4

Axon Terminal

Back 4

where the NERVE meets the MUSCLE CELLS @ the POSTsynaptic Gap.

Front 5

WHITE MATTER contains ____ ____ which Ascend/Descend the Spinal Cord

Back 5

Spinal Tracts

Front 6

WHITE Matter contains:

Back 6

AXON FIBERS (ascending & descending) OUTER part of spinal cord.

Front 7

Caudal Equina

Back 7

DESCENDING Peripheral (PNS) NERVES

Front 8

(UMN) Upper Motor Neuron

Back 8

arise from the VOLUNTARY Motor Area of the Cereb. CORTEX

Front 9

Nerve Tract

Back 9

bundles of PARALLEL AXONS with their associated Sheaths (in CNS-brain/spinal cord)

Front 10

What is primary NT for POSTganglionic SYMPATHETIC (SNS) Neurons?

Back 10

NE (norepinephrine)

Front 11

_____Matter surrounds ______Matter in the Spinal Cord

Back 11

WHITE matter surrounds GRAY

Front 12

AXONS (of MOTOR NEURONS) travel through the cord through the _____ ROOT

Back 12

Ventral

Front 13

Gray Matter

Back 13

clumps of CELL BODIES;
CENTRAL part of Spinal Cord VENTRAL HORN

Front 14

Sensory Neurons have their CELL BODIES in the ______ of the Spin.Cord

Back 14

Spinal (Dorsal Root) Ganglion

Front 15

Dorsal Ramus

Back 15

provides necessary Sensory Innervation from Motor innerv. TO--specific segments of Skin & muscles (of BACK)

Front 16

G-Protein:

Back 16

part of G-prot.-linked-reception (that is on or off) depending on which of the 2 GUANINE NUCLEOTIDES are attached

Front 17

G-Protein-linked Receptor

Back 17

a Plasma Membrane (rec.) that works w/ help of G-protein;
contain 7-ALPHA-HELICES (spanning membrane)

Front 18

neuroBLAST:

Back 18

(blast=germ)
EMBRYONIC CELL
derived from: Neural TUBE & CREST
giving rise to-- NEURON

Front 19

what Biogenic Amine is in HIGH [ ]'s (concentrations) in BRAIN STEM CELLS?

Back 19

Seratonin

Front 20

HydroPHILLIC hormones:
(Water-Soluble)

Back 20

-A.A.'s (Amino Acids) & Small Peptides
-bind to membrane receptors 2ND MESSENGERS

Front 21

regulation of ECF (Extracellular Fluid) VOLUME?

Back 21

mechanism:
-Neural
-Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone
-(ANP) Atrial Natriuretic Peptide/Hormone
-(ADH) Anti-diuretic Hormone

Front 22

Beta Cells:

Back 22

1) BASOPHILIC Cells in ANTER. Lobe of Pituitary

2) insulin-SECRETING cells of the Islets of Langerhans *PANCREAS

Front 23

D2 receptors:

Back 23

MODULATES transmitter-Release (especially IN BRAIN)

Front 24

Fate of Proteins that are TRANSLATED in the ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum):

Back 24

-Secretion
-Storage in SECRETORY VESICLES
-Plasma Membrane
-ER
-Golgi
-Lysosome

Front 25

Dorsal Root:

Back 25

connects the SPINAL NERVE to the SPINAL CORD

contains: "SENSORY FIBERS" arising from CELL BODIES in the DORSAL ROOT GANGLION

Front 26

NeuroHORMONES:

Back 26

-horm.'s RELEASED (from Neurons)
-FASTER release than simple Endocrine Hormones

Effect: like other hormones, they depend on diff. cell's RECEPTORS

Front 27

Ventral Root:

Back 27

connects: SPINAL NERVE to SPINAL CORD
(ea. root forms from series of Rootlets)

contains: "MOTOR FIBERS" arising from VENTRAL GRAY COLUMN (of Spin. Cord)

Front 28

NeuroPHYSIN:

Back 28

(Protein) secreted by the HYPOTHALAMUS that are involved in the transport of OXYTOCIN & ADH (Vasopressin)

Front 29

INTRAcellular-Signaling Proteins:

Back 29

acts as molecular switches (apart from a few small mol.'s) like CYCLIC-GMP,AMP, Ca++.
intracell.signaling mol's=PROTEINS. Some serve as CHEM. TRANSDUCERS and others as MESSENGERS

2 categories:
1)proteins turned on/off by PHOSPHORYLATION
2)GTP-Binding Proteins

Front 30

2 categories of Intracell.-Signaling Proteins:

Back 30

1. proteins turned on.off by Phosphorylation
2. GTP-Binding proteins

Front 31

Adherence Junctions:

Back 31

structural integrity
-link cells into functional units
-organize Cell Polarity
-assoc. w/ INTERCELL. Signaling Proteins
-made of: CADHERINS anchored to---ACTIN

Front 32

SNS (sympathetic-fight/flight) NTs:

Back 32

PREganglionic=ACh (NICOTINIC)

POSTgang.= (ADRENERGIC)

sweat glands= controlled by sympath. & have ACh as POSTganglionic NT

Front 33

Metabotropic Receptors:

Back 33

1. G-protein coupled
2. Ion-Channel OPENING= induced by 2nd Messenger
3. gives SLOW, Sustained response

Front 34

BETA-1 (B1) Sympathetic (SNS) Receptors located?

Back 34

AV & SA-Nodes of HEART

Front 35

PARAsympathetic (PNS) NT's

Back 35

PREgang.=ACh (NICOTINIC)

POSTgang.=ACh (MUSCARINIC)

Front 36

what way does VAGUS Nerve DIRECTLY STIMULATE ---> H (secret./conserv.) From the PARIETAL CELLS?

Back 36

ACh (Acetylcholine)-Released (From VAGUS) Binds to---> Parietal MUSCARINIC Receptors & via: IP3/Ca ---initiates H (hydrogen) SECRETION

Front 37

H+ (Hydrogen Ions):

Back 37

SECRETED through ANTI-PORT system (w/ Na+, Sodium)
=driven by: Na+ CONCENTRATION-GRADIENT
-the H+/Na+ Anti-port sys= similar to that of GLUCOSE w/ Na+(Sodium)...EXCEPT- that Proton (+) crosses the membrane in OPPOSITE direction to Sodium (Na+)

Front 38

Effect NE has on MYOCARDIUM:

Back 38

Enhances VELOCITY of SARCOMERE-Shortening

Front 39

M3 Receptors:

Back 39

INCREASE EXOCRINE GLAND SECRETION

Front 40

Receptor-type Stimulating NO(Nitric Oxide)-Release?

Back 40

M3

Front 41

Receptor type DECREASING H.R.?

Back 41

M2

Front 42

OsmoLALity:
(ECF)

Back 42

-adding/removing Water changes Osmolality

INCREASING OSMOLAL. triggers--thirst & ADH SECRETION

DECREASING OSMOLAL= (Dec. SALT, Incr. H20)---INHIBITS: thirst, and ADH secretion...Urine Output INCREASES, Water stays in the urine and DILUTES it.

Front 43

Process by which LIPID-SOLUBLE Hormones are SECRETED into the bloodstreem and signal other cells:

Back 43

DIFFUSION;
INTRAcellular Receptor

Front 44

Basement Membrane:

Back 44

Basal Lamina + Reticular Lamina

Front 45

4 Amine Hormones:

Back 45

1. Epinephrine (water-soluble)
2. NE
3. Seratonin
4. Thyroxine (Lipid-Soluble)

Front 46

M1 Receptors:

Back 46

CNS

Front 47

Which biogenic AMINE= present in the NEURONS of the HYPOTHALAMUS?

Back 47

Histamine

Front 48

2nd Messenger:

Back 48

-Small, Non-protein, Water-Soluble (Molecule or Ions);
-small size=facilitates the DIFFUSION of 2nd mess. throughout cell;

*cAMP & Ca++= MOST COMMON

Front 49

Passive Electrical properties of Neurons:

Back 49

1. membrane composition
2. passive ion-channels & Gradient
3. Nernst equation
4. GHK eqn.

Front 50

Potentiating effects of: ACh, Histamine, & Gastrin on PARIETAL CELLS:

Back 50

-Histamine potentiates action of ACh and Gastrin
-ACh potent's actn. of Histamine & Gastrin

Gastrin= does NOT potentiate other 2

Front 51

Cell-Cycle is regulated by:
(4 things)

Back 51

1. CDK's (cyclin-dependant Kinase)
2. cyclins (activate--->CDKs)
3. cyclin-CDK Complexes
4. Tumor-Suppressors (Rb, p53)

Front 52

(ACh) ACETYLCHOLINE:

Back 52

a NT; derivative of: Choline
-found in: nerve terminals, nerve-muscle synapses, & CNS
-fxn: when a Heart Muscle=exposed to ACh, the RATE & FORCE of contraction DECREASE
but when Salivary Gland=exposed to ACh...it SECRETES components of Saliva.
Bind to diff. type of Receptor Protein (Skel. muscle cells) causes-->CONTRACTION

Front 53

Sensory Receptors:

Back 53

ENDINGS of NERVE CELLS
or
separate, specialized cells that detect: temp, pain, touch, pressure, light sound, odors, and other stimuli

Front 54

NeuroFIBRIL:

Back 54

-any of the MANY TINY FIBERS that extend in every direction of the CYTOPLASM of Neuron CELL BODY
-maintains SHAPE of neuron
-neurofibril extend INTO-->AXON

Front 55

where can you find EFFERENT (motor) Neuron Cell Body of the SOMATIC divis. of the PERIPHERAL nerv.sys. (PNS)

Back 55

VENTRAL (anter.) HORN of spin.cord

Front 56

SOMATIC Nervous System:

Back 56

composed of NERVE FIBERS that SEND IMPULSES (from CNS to--->Skeletal Muscle)

Front 57

PROJECTION Nerve Fibers:

Back 57

1) a nerve fiber arising in the DIENCEPHALON and passing to--->CEREBRAL CORTEX
2)n.f. arising in CEREB.CORTEX and TERMINATING IN---> LOWER portions of BRAIN and SPIN CORD

Front 58

CHOLINERGIC Nerve Fiber:

Back 58

releases: ACh (acetylcholine) @ SYNAPSE when impulse transmitted;
-Symp/Para. PREgang. FIBERS;
-Parasymp(PNS) POSTgang. fibers;
-EFFERENT (Somatic Fibers) ENDING in --->Skeletal Muscle

Front 59

DECREASE ECF (less H20 around) does what?

Back 59

-Increases ALDOSTERONE
-Decr. ANP(ANH)
-Inc. ADH
-Inc. SYMPATHETIC STIMULATION

Front 60

Ion-Channel (structure):

Back 60

-s4= voltage sensor
-channel-pore loop
-toxin binding-site
-4 domains = 1 channel

Front 61

Integrins:

Back 61

-Calcium-Ion INDEPENDANT
-unique, cause Bind to inside/outside of cell
-helps Embryonic cell-MIGRATION & cell-to-cell interactions

Front 62

Pinocytosis:

Back 62

in Pinocyt., (ECF) Extracell. Fluid= engulfed by small invaginations of the Cell Membrane
(NON-selective process)

Front 63

B1 (BETA-1) Receptors:
(5 protein-linked 2nd Mess.)

Back 63

INCREASES:
HR,
Contractility
Renin-Release
LipoLYSIS
aqueous humor formation

Front 64

Reticular Lamina:

Back 64

formed by: FIBROBLASTS (in CT)

control of: PRECAPILLARY SPHINCTER

Front 65

2 receptors INCREASING Arteriolar VasoDILATION:

Back 65

B2 (Beta-2)
& M3

Front 66

(3)Amino Acid (AA) NTs:

Back 66

1.Glutamate
2. GABA
3. Glycine

Front 67

ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum):

Back 67

LACKS Ribosomes in SMOOTH ER (AGRANULAR);

Smooth ER-tends to be TUBULAR and contains: glucose-6-phosphatASE (an Enzyme used in the LIVER)

Front 68

V2 Receptors:

Back 68

INCR. Water-PERMEABILITY& ABSORPTION (in the COLLECTING DUCTS)

Front 69

3 Stimuli for (secr./conserv) of GASTRIN by G-CELLS:

Back 69

1. Vagus (GRP-Gastrin Releasing Peptide);
2. SMALL Peptides;
3. DISTENSION of STOMACH

Front 70

Basement Membrane:

Back 70

-structural support;
-selective barrier (btwn Epithelia & CT);
-as a FILTER in: GLOMERULUS
-Gas-Exchanger (in cells)

Front 71

G-Cells
Located in? Secrete?

Back 71

-loc.in: ANTRUM (Stomach)

-secrete: GASTRIN

Front 72

Positive Cooperativity:

Back 72

initial binding of SUBSTRATE allows other substrates to bind more easily

Front 73

FIBRINOGEN:

Back 73

4% (of Total Plasma)
used in Blood Clotting,
and changes into-->FIBRIN when clots

Front 74

Cell Source of INTRINSIC FACTOR?

Back 74

PARIETAL CELLS
found:Body, Fundus of STOMACH

Front 75

IP3 causes:
(2nd Messenger)

Back 75

RELEASE of Ca++ From: (SR) Sarcoplasmic Reticulum.
-SA=derived from ER

Front 76

Rb & p53 control what?

Back 76

what enters S-PHASE (cell cycle)

Front 77

5 Biogenic AMINES NTs:

Back 77

1. ACh (Acetylcholine)
2. Dopamine
3. NE
4. Serotonin
5. Histamine

Front 78

CENTRIOLES fxn?

Back 78

production of CILIA/FLAGELLA
-but NOT nec. microtubule production

Front 79

Parietal Cells:

Back 79

w/ the MANY MITOCHONDRIA needed to produce sufficient ATP to establish PROTON GRADIENT

Front 80

Basal Lamina:

Back 80

direct contact with the PLASMA MEMBRANE;
-LAMININ= made by: EPITHEL. Cells;
-helps in FILTERING mech. (KIDNEY)

Front 81

NO (Nitric Oxide):

Back 81

INSIDE many Target Cells, NO binds to--->enzyme (GUANALYL CYCLASE)...STIMUL--->formation of CYCLIC AMP (cAMP)

Front 82

cAMP (2nd Messenger):
(cyclic AMP)

Back 82

Activates--> KINASE (add+ PHOSPHATE to molecules)
-Kinase= amplify signal to Activate---> Cascade Pathways (1-10-100)

Front 83

Parietal Cell major fxn?

Back 83

HCL SECRETION!
-ACIDIFIES the LUMEN (Stomach)
-convert:PEPSINOGEN-->PEPSIN

Front 84

(PRGs) Primary Response Genes:

Back 84

gene influenced by TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS and generated in response to 1st messengers

Front 85

ACTH:

Back 85

Peptide;
STIM-->Adrenal Cortex to Release GLUCOCORTICOIDS via 2nd mess. sys using cAMP;

Release of ACTH = STIM by many types of STRESS
-Glucocoritcoids= STRESS HORMONES

Front 86

Primary Active Transport:

Back 86

energy (ATP) Released by: ATP-Hydrolysis --> drives SOLUTE movement AGAINST Gradient

Front 87

Chief Cells
located? secrete?

Back 87

loc.in: BODY of Stomach

secrete: PEPSINOGEN

Front 88

process by which SOLUBLE-Hormones are SECRETED Into bloodstream and signal other Cells?

Back 88

EXOCYTOSIS;
Cell-Surface RECEPTORS

Front 89

Receptor-Mediated ENDOcytosis:

Back 89

-specific UPTAKE of Macromolec.'s such as: hormones & nutrients
-in process, LIGAND binds to--> Receptor Protein (on Cell Memb.) & then moves to a CLATHRIN-COATED PIT

clathrin = (Protein) tht forms a POLYMER- Adding structure to UNDERSIDE (of COATED PIT)

coated pit: invaginates to form a COATED VESICLE

Front 90

Receptors in Gs class:
(5)

Back 90

B1
B2
D1
H2
V2

Front 91

in what region of HYPOTHALAMUS is (GnRH) Produced?

Back 91

PREoptic Nucleus

Front 92

Isolated System:
(Thermodynamic sys.)

Back 92

NO exchange of: Heat, Work, or Matter (with surroundings)

Front 93

Enterocytes:

Back 93

-cells exposed to LUMEN of INTESTINE in VILLI
-Absorb & Breakdown SMALL POLYMERS

Front 94

Desmosomes:

Back 94

1. link cells
2. resist mechanical stress
3. made of: CADHERINS & IF-KERATINS

Front 95

Albumin:

Back 95

-carrier molecule to move FAs through blood
-can take up to 30, usually 3 FAs

Front 96

Gastrin: released by? in response?

Back 96

G-Cells
-in response to SMALL PEPTIDES

Front 97

Sodium-Potassium Pump:
(Na+/K+)

Back 97

3 Na+ OUT
2 K+ IN
Net POSITIVE= OUT
-cause: membrane to be MORE NEG. on INSIDE (NEG. MEMBRANE POTENTIAL)

Front 98

NeuroPODIUM:

Back 98

the expanded TIPS of AXON TERMINALS @ the SYNAPSE

Front 99

DNA POLYMERASE requires an ___ ____ to get started

Back 99

RNA Primer

Front 100

Arginine:

Back 100

AA involved in NO (nitric oxide) SYNTHESIS

Front 101

cardiac MYOCYTES:

Back 101

1. CONTRACT thru intrinsic generated APs
2. it is then passed on to neighboring myocytes by:GAP jxns

Front 102

myofilaments:

Back 102

CONTRACTILE PROTEINS (in muscle)

Front 103

POSTganglionic Nerve Fibers:

Back 103

(ANS) AUTONOMIC that terminate in Smooth or Cardiac Mus. (or in Glands)
-its CELL BODY lies in AUTONOMIC GANGLION

Front 104

PREganglionic Nerve Fibers:

Back 104

(ANS) AUNTONOM. that TERMINATE & SYNAPSE in 1 of the AUTONOM. GANGLIA(ANS)
-its CELL BODY lies in: Brain & Spinal Cord

Front 105

Nerve (cranial,spinal):

Back 105

group of AXONS (PNS) Peripheral

Front 106

NeuroGANGLION:

Back 106

a group of NEURON CELL BODIES
located: OUTSIDE of CNS

Front 107

Salivary DUCTS modify saliva by:

Back 107

-REABSORPTION of (Na+,Cl-)
-SECRETE--> (K*, HCO3-)

Front 108

3 major types 2nd MESSENGERS:

Back 108

1. Cyclic Nucleotides (cAMP & cGMP)
2. inositol triphosphate (IP3) & diacylglycerol (DAG)
3. Ca++ calcium ions

Front 109

A2 (ALPHA-2) Receptors:

Back 109

G-PROTEIN LINKED (2nd Mess.)
-DEC. SYMPATHETIC outflow
-DEC. Insulin resistance

Front 110

stimulus for (sec/cons) MUCOUS by Gastric Mucous Cells:

Back 110

VAGUS (ACh)

Front 111

Peripheral Chemoreceptors
located in?
stimulated by?

Back 111

in CAROTID BODIES (of the AORTIC BODIES)
LOW PO2 & HIGH [H+]

Front 112

(ADH) Anti-Diuretic Hormone:

Back 112

"VASOPRESSIN"
Small PEPTIDE Hormone, causes: COLLECTING DUCTS of Kidney to become Permeable to H20, REDUCING amt of Urine, and CONCENTRATING urine
-since fluid=REabsorbed; ADH also INCR. B.P.
-Coffee/Beer= ADH-BLOCKERS that INCR. Urine VOLUME

Front 113

Factors affecting ISF (interstitial fluid) Pressure:

Back 113

-B.P., Plasma OSMOTIC Pressure;
-Interstitial OSMOTIC Press;
-Permeability of Capillaries
like veins, LYMPH VESSELS= constructed w/ intermittent VALVES allow fluid flow in 1 direction

Front 114

Histamine
type?
found in?
fxn?

Back 114

-(Local)MEDIATOR, derivative of HistiDINE;
-in MAST CELLS (part of Immune Sys)and many other cells
-fxn by causing Blood Vessels to DILATE & become LEAKY, helping to cause INFLAMMATION

Front 115

source of EPINEPHRINE Hormone

Back 115

Adrenal Glands & Neurons

Front 116

4 components needed to progress into S-Phase:

Back 116

1) Cyclin E
2) DNA Polymerase
3) Thymidine Kinase
4)Dihydrofolate Reductase

Front 117

Gastrulation:

Back 117

process by which SINGLE-Layer BLASTULA becomes---> 3-layered GASTRULA

Front 118

Adrenergic Nerve Fibers:

Back 118

Release NE @ its Synapse when transmitting impulse
-most POSTganglionic Fibers of SNS(Sympathetic)=ADRENERGIC

Front 119

Tight Jxns:

Back 119

-selective permeabil. barrier to small mol's btwn:LUMEN & INTERcellular Space
-Regulate PARAcellular transport
-promote TRANScell. transport
-organize Cell Polarity
-maintain: electrical INSULATION/RESISTANCE

Front 120

Hemidesmosomes:

Back 120

attach Cells to--->BM
IF-Keratin

Front 121

Occluding Jxns:

Back 121

Zona Occludance
***TIGHT JXNS=hold cells togeth.

Front 122

Anchoring Jxns:

Back 122

zona adherance: goes AROUND Cell; BELOW zona Occlud.)
-Macula Adherance: spot ADHERINES, "Desmosomes"

Front 123

D1 Receptors cause:

Back 123

Renal VasoDILATION

Front 124

D2 Receptors:

Back 124

MODULATES transmitter-release (especially IN BRAIN)

Front 125

3 STIMULI for HCL Secret/conserv by PARIETAL CELLS?

Back 125

1.Vagus
2. Histamine
3. Gastrin

Front 126

Axon:

Back 126

decides whether info.=excit/inhib.

Front 127

NO:
type
found in
fxn

Back 127

(Local)Mediator, dissolved gas= made from ARGININE quickly converted to-->NITRATES/ITES (half life=5-10 secs) when it reacts with H20 and Oxygen)
-ENDOTHEL. Cells (LINING Blood Vessels, Nerve Cells)
-cause SMOOTH Mus. Cells to RELAX, can Reg. BP, reg's Nerve Cell activity

Front 128

How Histamine STIM.'s--> Parietal Cell H (s/c)?

Back 128

released frm Gastric MAST CELLS
-bind to-->Parietal H2 Receptors
-via cAMP STIMUL-->H (s/c)

Front 129

Spinocerebellar TRACT:

Back 129

carries info about BODY POSITION to the-->CEREBELL.

Front 130

Acetyl CoA:

Back 130

COENZYME which transfers 2-C's (from PYRUVATE) to-->4-C (OXALOACETIC ACID)
*Coenzyme to BEGIN KREBS

Each TURN produces:
1 atp
3 NADH
1 FADH2

Front 131

Secretory Vesicles:

Back 131

continuously released by most cells in process-CONSTITUTIVE Secretion
-some of specialized cells can release secretory vesics in response to a CHEM or ELECTRICAL Stimulus=REGULATED secretion
-some Proteins=Activated W/IN Secretory vesicles...Ex. PROinsulin=cleaves into Insulin only after secretory ves's Bud-Off of GOLGI

Front 132

Lysosomes

Back 132

contain: ACID HYDROLASES (hydrolytic enzymes) tht fxn best @ acidic envir...Ex: (Proteases, Lipases, Nucleases, Glycosidases)
-tog. these enzymes=capable of brkDown all cells Intern. Macromolecules
-lysosome ph=5 (gen)
-they FUSE w/ ENDOcytotic vesicles (ves. formed by PHAGOCYT./PINocyt. & digest their contents
-any mater. NOT degraded by Lysosomes= EJECTED from cell in EXOCYTOSIS

Front 133

STIMULUS for VAGUS (sec.conserv) of PEPSINOGEN by gastric CHIEF CELLS?

Back 133

VAGUS ACh

Front 134

TSH

Back 134

"THYROTROPIN", a PEPTIDE
Stim.s-->Thyroid to RELEASE T3/T4 via: 2nd Mess. using cAMP
-on Thyroid, TSH Incr.'s SIZE of Thyroid Cell, #, & Rate of Secretion of T3/4
-[T3/4]'s have NEG.- FEEDBACK Effect on TSH Release, Both Anter. Pituitary & Hypothal.

Front 135

Fatty Acids (FAs)

Back 135

FAs converted into-->ACYL CoA along OUTER Memb. (MITOCHON.&ER)=expend 1 ATP
-they are then brought INTO MATRIX & 2C's @ a time=Cleaved from Acyl Coa to make-->ACETYL COA
- this Rxn. also produces FADH2 & NADH ; for every 2C's taken from orig. Fa...acetyl coa then ENTERS KREBS cycle
-Glycerol Backbone=converted to-->PGAL***

Front 136

Parietal Cells
located in?
secrete?

Back 136

Body (Stomach)
HCL & INTRINSIC FACTOR

Front 137

Proteins
structure
fxn.
Ex.'s

Back 137

POLYMERS of Amino Acids (AAs)
-enzymes, struc, communic, recognition, transport
-EXs:Hemoglobin,enzyme,keratin

Front 138

Receptors INCREASING HR:

Back 138

B1&B2 (BETA)receptors

Front 139

Submandibular Gland CELLS

Back 139

1. Serous; 2. Mucous cells

Front 140

3 other NTs:

Back 140

1. Peptides
2. NO/CO
3. Growth Factors (BDGF/NGF)

Front 141

how many ACETYL CoA (per GLUCOSE) ENTER TCA cycle?

Back 141

2
12 ATPs per ACETYL CoA

Front 142

4. ACTIVE electrical properties of NEURONS:

Back 142

1.Ligand/Voltage-Gated (Channels)
2. Voltage SENSORS & SELECTIVITY FIVERS
3. mech.s of activation/inactiv.
4. SALTATORY CONDUCTION

Front 143

Golgi Apparatus:

Back 143

ORGANIZES & CONCENTRATEs the Proteins as they're shuttled-off by Transport VESICLES progressively OUTWARD from 1 compartment (or CISTERNA OF GOLGI) to the next
-Proteins=distinguished by their SIGNAL SEQ& CARB CHAINS
-proteins NOT possessing Signal Seq=EXPELLED frm cell in process called: BULK FLOW

Front 144

Dorsal Root:

Back 144

connects Spinal NERVE to CORD
-contains: "SENSORY FIBERS" arising from CELL BODIES in the Dorsal Root GANGLION

Front 145

(LMN) Lower Motor Neuron:

Back 145

neurons coming OUT of Spin. Cord (PNS)

Front 146

Vertebral Column:

Back 146

meeting place for Sensory & Motor TRACTS

Front 147

(EGF) Epidermal Growth Factor:
class
found in
Fxn.

Back 147

(Local)Mediator, Protein
-in various cells
-STIMs Epidermal & many other cell types to PROLIFERATE

Front 148

(LMN) Lower Motor Neuron:

Back 148

PERIPHERAL neuron (PNS)
originates in: VENTRAL HORNS (GRAY MATTER of Spinal Cord)
terminate in: SKEL.Muscle

Front 149

Sublingual Gland cells:

Back 149

mucous cells

Front 150

AFFERENT Nerve Fibers:

Back 150

SEND impulses FROM Periphery (PNS) TO-->CNS(Brain/spin.cord)

Front 151

the AXONS of SENSORY NEURONS travel From DORSAL ROOT to the ____MATTER of the Spinal Cord?

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GRAY

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Protein Kinase:

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controls switch proteins by Phosphorylating them
-often organized into Phosphorylation CASCADES- act as SIGNAL PROTEINS themselves

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Ventral Root:
connects
contains

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Spinal NERVE to CORD
(Each ROOT forms frm Series of Rootlets)
-contains "MOTOR FIBERS" arising frm. Ventral GRAY COLUMN of spinal cord

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Reticular Lamina
formed by
type

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FIBROBLASTS in Conn.Tiss.
Type III COLLAGEN

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HydroPHOBIC(not very water-sol):

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-bound to-->Protein (in PLASMA)
-Diffuse INTO-->cells (Nucleus), which RAISES Protein SYNTH.
-many side-effects

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(PDGF)Platelet-Derived Growth Factor:
class
found in
fxn.

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(Local)Mediator, protein
various cells incl. blood PLATELET
STIMs-->CELL PROLIFERATION

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Indeterminate Cleavage:

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results in cells maintaining their TOTIOPOTENCY-ability to devel. into complete organism

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Central Chemoreceptors:

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loc.in: MEDULLA & respond to: changes in BRAIN ECF levels of PCO2.
INCR.PCO2 Stimul-->RESPIRAT.

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cGMP (2nd Messenger)

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GTP-->cGMP
Activates--->KINASE

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cGMP (cyclic GMP):

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-NO binds to--->GUANYL CYCLASE ...STIM.s-->Cyclic GMP formaton frm NUCLEOTIDE(GTP)
-small, INTRAcell.SIGNALING mol. that forms next link in signaling chain tht leads to cell's ultim. response.
Ex.Viagra enhances pen erect by BLOCKING the degrad. of cGMP, prolonging NO signal.
-very similar struc./mec. as cAMP

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Feedback Inhibition:

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PRODUCT of pathway INHIBITS it
Ex. HEXOKINASE-1st enzyme in GLYCOLYSIS=INHIB.by 1st Product:Glucose-6-Phosphate

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3. POSTtranscriptional modifications:

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1. 7-methyl guanine CAP (on 5'end)
2.Add. of POLY-A TAIL (3')
3. REMOVE INTRONS

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ALPHA-SUBUNIT

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-has an INTRINSIC GTP-HYDROLYZING (GTPase) activity