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122 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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free radicles
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molecules with one unpaired e
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oxygen free radicals: triplet vs singlet state
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triplet: not reactive b/c each free electron has same spin
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types of oxygen free radicals
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1. superoxide anion radical- breaks down to peroxide, produced by Ubsemi reacts with O2 when mito is damaged
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sequential reduction
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occurs normally in mirto respiration
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Rxn which create free radicals
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1. haber weiss
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Free radicals react with
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1. aormatic aa--> protein carbonyl (disrupts protein structure, triggers immune response)
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free radical+ phospholipids
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break downs to lipid protein alduct
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steps of lipid oxidations
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1. Initiation- lipid reacts with free radical, makes variety of lipids radicals
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Uses of Free radicals
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1. NADPH oxidase- use radicals against foreign things
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Wayst to remove oxyradical/ antioxidents
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1. superoxide dismutase
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Superoxide dismutase
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produces H20 and O2
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Glutathium peroxidase
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major substrate= GSH
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essential AA
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Phe, Val, W, Thr, Ile, Met, His, arg, cys, Leu
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nitrogen balance
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daily body breaks down and makes ~400G OF PROTEINS A DAY
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Where does excess nitrogen go?
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1. syn of nitorgen compounds
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Transamination
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breakdown of AA into alpha keot acid or glu
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enzyme of transamination
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tranaminase
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mechansism of transamination
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1. aa links to pyrodoxl p to form shift base
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break down of Ala and Asp
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ala+ alpha kg--> pyruvate +glu ( GPT)
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enzymes of AA breakdown
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1. decarboxylase-- remove co2 uses B6 (histidine-->histamine)
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regeneration of alpha kg
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LIVER: glu +NAD/NADP--> alpha kg+ amonia (enzyme- glutamic DH)
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enzymes of urea cycle
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CPS1
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CPS1
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activates amonia, irreversible
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Reasons why amonia is toxic
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1. Basic--> increase blood pH
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methylation is important for
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epi, creatin, metaio of RNA and DNA
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Active methyl cylce
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breaks 3 high energy bond
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Transulfuration
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promotedn by Increase met
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Key points about folic acid
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part of b-family
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follica acid active form
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THF
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carbon donors to follic acid
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1. serine--> methylene THF
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Pathways which use folic acid metabolites
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1. met synthase methyl
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methotrexate
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prevent regeneration of THF used by thymidylate synthase
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Hydroxy B12: major sturtal component
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Co
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deoxyadenoylin B 12
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need for break down of l-methyl malony co A
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Steps of purine syn
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1. activate ribose @ C1
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Donors of nitrogen and carbon to purine
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gly, asp, gln, CO2, Methenyl THF
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Salvage pathway
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avoids making purines devonv
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phosphoribosyl tranferase
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A+PP-->AMP
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major steps of pyr syn
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1. productoion fo carbonyl p glu-->gln
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Ribonucleotide reductase
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enzyme responible for convertin NTP--->dNTP
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hydroxiureas
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disroys radical made in ribonucleotide reductase associated with tyr
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Specificity of Ribonucleotide reductase
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dpends on what binds to specificy site
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breakdown of AA
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1. succinal CoA family
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succinyl CoA family breakdown
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met/ ile/val/thr--> PCoA--> malonyl CoA--> succinyl CoA
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C5 family aa break down
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gln/his/arg/pro--> glu--> alpha kg+ NH3
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Branch chain aa break down
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val/ile/leu--> alpha keto CoA
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Conversion of phe-->tyr
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phenalaine hydroxos (THB made form GTP)
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Syn of non essential
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gln<---glu
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important N2 containing compounds
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1. proteins
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creatine
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made up of : gly, arg, and methyl from SAM
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N compoiunds in urine
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1. urea
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Histamine
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made from His by his decarboxylase (V6)
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GABA
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made from glu by glu decarboxylase (V6)
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Phosphotidyl ethanolamine
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made from ser ser decarboxylase (V6)
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spermin
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Made from ornitine by ODC (V6)
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Heme; funciton
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deliever oxygen
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heme structure
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4 porphrin rings with iron core
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heme syn
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made from val, odd chain A, met, ilue, thr-->succinyl CoA
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Heme break
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Major enzyme: HO
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energy is stored as
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triglycerol, gylcogen, protein
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free radicles
|
"molecules with one unpaired e
|
|
|
oxygen free radicals: triplet vs singlet state
|
"triplet: not reactive b/c each free electron has same spin
|
|
|
types of oxygen free radicals
|
"1. superoxide anion radical- breaks down to peroxide, produced by Ubsemi reacts with O2 when mito is damaged
|
|
|
sequential reduction
|
"occurs normally in mirto respiration
|
|
|
Rxn which create free radicals
|
"1. haber weiss
|
|
|
Free radicals react with
|
"1. aormatic aa--> protein carbonyl (disrupts protein structure, triggers immune response)
|
|
|
free radical+ phospholipids
|
"break downs to lipid protein alduct
|
|
|
steps of lipid oxidations
|
"1. Initiation- lipid reacts with free radical, makes variety of lipids radicals
|
|
|
Uses of Free radicals
|
"1. NADPH oxidase- use radicals against foreign things
|
|
|
Wayst to remove oxyradical/ antioxidents
|
"1. superoxide dismutase
|
|
|
Superoxide dismutase
|
"produces H20 and O2
|
|
|
Glutathium peroxidase
|
"major substrate= GSH
|
|
|
essential AA
|
Phe, Val, W, Thr, Ile, Met, His, arg, cys, Leu
|
|
|
nitrogen balance
|
"daily body breaks down and makes ~400G OF PROTEINS A DAY
|
|
|
Where does excess nitrogen go?
|
"1. syn of nitorgen compounds
|
|
|
Transamination
|
breakdown of AA into alpha keot acid or glu
|
|
|
enzyme of transamination
|
"tranaminase
|
|
|
mechansism of transamination
|
"1. aa links to pyrodoxl p to form shift base
|
|
|
break down of Ala and Asp
|
"ala+ alpha kg--> pyruvate +glu ( GPT)
|
|
|
enzymes of AA breakdown
|
"1. decarboxylase-- remove co2 uses B6 (histidine-->histamine)
|
|
|
regeneration of alpha kg
|
"LIVER: glu +NAD/NADP--> alpha kg+ amonia (enzyme- glutamic DH)
|
|
|
enzymes of urea cycle
|
"CPS1
|
|
|
CPS1
|
"activates amonia, irreversible
|
|
|
Reasons why amonia is toxic
|
"1. Basic--> increase blood pH
|
|
|
methylation is important for
|
epi, creatin, metaio of RNA and DNA
|
|
|
Active methyl cylce
|
"breaks 3 high energy bond
|
|
|
Transulfuration
|
"promotedn by Increase met
|
|
|
Key points about folic acid
|
"part of b-family
|
|
|
follica acid active form
|
"THF
|
|
|
carbon donors to follic acid
|
"1. serine--> methylene THF
|
|
|
Pathways which use folic acid metabolites
|
"1. met synthase methyl
|
|
|
methotrexate
|
"prevent regeneration of THF used by thymidylate synthase
|
|
|
Hydroxy B12: major sturtal component
|
"Co
|
|
|
deoxyadenoylin B 12
|
"need for break down of l-methyl malony co A
|
|
|
Steps of purine syn
|
"1. activate ribose @ C1
|
|
|
Donors of nitrogen and carbon to purine
|
gly, asp, gln, CO2, Methenyl THF
|
|
|
Salvage pathway
|
"avoids making purines devonv
|
|
|
phosphoribosyl tranferase
|
"A+PP-->AMP
|
|
|
major steps of pyr syn
|
"1. productoion fo carbonyl p glu-->gln
|
|
|
Ribonucleotide reductase
|
"enzyme responible for convertin NTP--->dNTP
|
|
|
hydroxiureas
|
"disroys radical made in ribonucleotide reductase associated with tyr
|
|
|
Specificity of Ribonucleotide reductase
|
"dpends on what binds to specificy site
|
|
|
breakdown of AA
|
"1. succinal CoA family
|
|
|
succinyl CoA family breakdown
|
met/ ile/val/thr--> PCoA--> malonyl CoA--> succinyl CoA
|
|
|
C5 family aa break down
|
"gln/his/arg/pro--> glu--> alpha kg+ NH3
|
|
|
Branch chain aa break down
|
"val/ile/leu--> alpha keto CoA
|
|
|
Conversion of phe-->tyr
|
phenalaine hydroxos (THB made form GTP)
|
|
|
Syn of non essential
|
"gln<---glu
|
|
|
important N2 containing compounds
|
"1. proteins
|
|
|
creatine
|
"made up of : gly, arg, and methyl from SAM
|
|
|
N compoiunds in urine
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"1. urea
|
|
|
Histamine
|
"made from His by his decarboxylase (V6)
|
|
|
GABA
|
"made from glu by glu decarboxylase (V6)
|
|
|
Phosphotidyl ethanolamine
|
"made from ser ser decarboxylase (V6)
|
|
|
spermin
|
"Made from ornitine by ODC (V6)
|
|
|
Heme; funciton
|
"deliever oxygen
|
|
|
heme structure
|
4 porphrin rings with iron core
|
|
|
heme syn
|
"made from val, odd chain A, met, ilue, thr-->succinyl CoA
|
|
|
Heme break
|
"Major enzyme: HO
|
|
|
energy is stored as
|
triglycerol, gylcogen, protein
|
