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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where do biofilms grow?
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Biofilms are complex groups of microbes that grow on many different surfaces.
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What are some different substrates that biofilms are found on?
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soil particles, rocks, pipes, teeth, contact lenses, catheters, and pet's water dishes
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When can biofilms cause serious problems?
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when they form on medical equipment
for example: urinary catheters with biofilms can cause somebody to have a serious urinary tract infection |
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Are microbes that are introduced during the processing of food harmful to humans?
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Most of the time these microbes are not harmful; however, some of them can cause gastrointestinal infections or intoxication.
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Selective Media
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contains substances that selects for the bacteria that one wishes to grow
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Differential Media
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contains substances that indicate the presence of certain bacterial typically by changing color
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Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA)
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-contain high concentration of sodium chloride
-selective for gram positive bacteria -uses sugar as an energy source -fermentation of Mannitol produces acid which turns anywhere from pink to yellow -S. aureus can be identified by the yellow surrounding the bacterial colonies |
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Eosine Methylene Blue Agar
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-eosine and methylene blue dyes
-gram negative bacteria -capable of breakdown and fermentation of lactose and/or sucrose -metallic green |
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Action levels
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maximum levels of natural or unavoidable defeats in foods that represent no health hazards for humans
(Bacteria differ in their ability to cause disease in humans; therefore, different species of bacteria will have different actions levels) |
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UV light
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is a form of non-ionizing radiation that can be used for germ control.
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What happens when microbes are exposed to UV light?
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the DNA is damaged and the the cells will die
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What determines the characteristics of all living cells?
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the types of proteins that are produced by the individual cells
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Where are proteins found?
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in every human cell
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Fermentation
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metabolic pathways that produce incomplete oxidation of organic matter and produce a short-chain organic acids or alcohol.
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What type of condition does fermentation take place under?
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anaerobic
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How is a common fermentation preformed?
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yeast converts into glucose to ethyl alcohol (important to the production of bread and alcoholic beverages)
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Industrial Fermentation
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any chemical transformation of organic compounds carried out by using microorganisms and their enzymes
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Starter Culture
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raw materials (substrates) and microorganisms(specific strains of organism)
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How do viruses spread?
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in respiratory secretions, contaminated foods or utensils, sexual contact, etc
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Which two methods are used to evaluate the effectiveness of a particular antibiotic?
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1) test tube dilution method
2) the agar diffusion method Both are part of the Kirby-Bauer test |
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Kirby-Bauer test
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determines the lowest concentration of an antibiotic that will inhibit growth of the bacterium; degrees of sensitivity or resistance to a number of antibiotics
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"the lowest concentration of an antibiotic that will inhibit growth of the bacterium"
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the concentration that is referred to as the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)
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Cidal
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procedure that leads to the death of cells
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Static
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procedure that inhibits growth of the cells
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Bactericidal
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the organism that is being killed is a bacterium
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Fungicidal
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the killing of a fungus
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Antiseptics
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are chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms and are safe to use on animal tissue
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Disinfectants
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chemicals that are able to kill microorganisms which are generally not safe for animal tissue
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What does it mean when EMB is negative for fermentation?
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the microbes didn't turn pink
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Qualitative
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the types of microbes that are present
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Quantitative
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number of microbes
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Good Pathogens
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helps to make food
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Bad Pathogens
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can cause food borne illnesses; kidney failure
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What are UV lights used for?
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they are used to kill bacteria in many different settings like a hospital, water treatment plant, laboratory hoods, etc
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UV lights damage DNA cells causing what?
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Mutagens
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E. Coli
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more sensitive to UV lights
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B. Subtilis
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more resistant to UV lights because of their endospores in the cell wall
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Fermented Foods
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combining raw materials with starter cultures of bacteria or fungi (yeast)
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GFP (Green Fluorescent)
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protein that is found in Jelly Fish
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Arabinose
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promoter that binds to DNA and turns on for GFP; genes are being turned on and off
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Epidemiology
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the study of the spread of disease; protects the population from outbreaks (controls)
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Transmission
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1) Contact
2) Vehicle 3) Vector |
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Contact
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direct/indirect; touch, sex, respiratory droplets
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Vehicle
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food, water, and air (dust particles)
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Vector
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insects, needles, and bites
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Oxidase
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sterile swab's tip turned purple when it is positive
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Indole
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Kovac's test in the test tubes; red ring at the top of tube when it is positive; yellow ring when it is negative
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Colony Morphology
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breaks down red blood cells (hemolysis); negative= no break down
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Paper discs
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impregnated w/ specific dose of a drug
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How does the drug in the paper disc move?
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by osmosis into media
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Zone of Inhibition
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the zone where to bacteria does not grow
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How do antibiotics work?
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Penicillin=> inhibits peptidoglycan (narrow)
Chloramphenical=> prevents protein synthesis (broad) |
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What are the proper ways to use an antibiotic?
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-bacterial infections
-if you skip a dose, continue without doubling up -only use when needed (don't want to build up resistance) -take the entire dose *Kills the sensitive types but leaves the resistant types if you don't finish the dose* |
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What are some mechanisms of resistance?
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-antibiotics are blocked from entering
-drug enters and it is pumped out -neutralization *prescribed when it should not be prescribed* |
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Explain the antibiotic resistance in gonorrhea...
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-resistance to penicillin
-strains form together (mutating) -drug cocktail (combination of drugs) -damages reproductive tissues -causes blindness to babies during birth |
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Explain the antibiotic resistance in Klebsiella (pneumoniae)....
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-gram negative
- mouth, skin, and intestines -transmitted in hospitals -damages lungs -red jelly-like substance -resistance to ampicillian |
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Explain multi-drug resistant tuberculosis...(MDR and XDR-TB)
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-spreads through the air
-extremely contagious (consumption) MDR-TB: Multi-drug ->one of the 1st tier drugs XDR-TB: more resistant -> both 1st tier drugs |
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What is CDC and how do they track antibiotic resistance?
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Center for disease control; they try to handle/prevent the spread of outbreaks
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How can different characteristics for bacterium identified?
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1) gram stains
2)morphology 3)metabolic capabilities |
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Pros to the BBL Crystal System
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saves time, money, and space
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Cons to the BBL Crystal System
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high cost to buy equipment, stills requires additional tests that are not on the panel, and some job loss could occur
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What major thing happens in the Catalase Test?
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hydrogren peroxide changes to water
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Gram negative
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perform indole and oxidase test
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Gram positive
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perform the catalase test
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