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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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spontaneous generation & Pasteur
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Swan neck flask experiment
• link b/t microbes and disease? 1857 - French wines turning sour What makes wine? Bacteria in sour wine Showed microbes have metabolic activities SG- life will arise from a single life force. Pastuer did an experiment to prove living things come from other living things |
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* why do many scientists believe viruses are not living organisms?
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Cannot survive without host
Are some bacteria that this is true of as well Do not possess metabolic activities *Do not reproduce independently* |
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what is the “Central Dogma” of biology? How does this relate to genetic engineering?
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In general, genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein.
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What is the “energy currency” of all living cells?
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ATP
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what are the products of fermentation?
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o Fermentation (2 types): recycles NAD for glycolisis. Gets rid of harmful pyruvate. In some prokaryotes: pyruvic acid into lactic acid
In yeast: pyruvic acid into ethanol |
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how much ATP would be generated
from one molecule of glucose by these growth mechanisms? (aerobic and anaerobic) |
yeast can grow aerobically (38 ATP) and anaerobically (2 ATP) –
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* How does the Gram stain help us know what antibiotics might be useful?
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If something is gram negative it will be harder to treat then gram positive, because gram negative has an outer membrane that makes it harder for things to pass through
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How does penicillin kill bacteria?
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A chemical is released by the mold and kills bacteria. Function during the synthesis, prevent the production of peptidoglycan causing the cell to burst.
Extract Gram-positive bacteria. Works on rapidly dividing cells. No effect on endospores. |
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Why don’t we treat viral infections with antibiotics?
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Antibiotics are used to solely treat bacterial infecterions.
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understand why antifungal medications have more side-effects
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Fungal cells are eukaryotes which are what human cells are, therefore the meds could have an effect on the human cells instead of the fungal cells it is actually intended for.
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What are extremophiles?
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Microorganisms belonging to the domains Bacteria and Archaea that can live and thrive in environments with extreme conditions such as high or low temperatures and pH levels, high salt concentrations, and high pressure.
* understand the stages of viral replication |
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* why is UV light used to control microbial growth?
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DNA gets damaged by UV light hits T and breaks vond between A and then covalently bonds to other T.
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How does UV light kill microbes?
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This damaged DNA the cell dies.
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understand how bacteria and fungi become resistant to antibiotics.
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Bacteria: Overpreschibing medications and antibiotics, microbe can change the target of the antibiotic.
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* define “broad spectrum” antibiotic
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An antibiotic having a wide range of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms
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what can be done to prevent antibiotic resistance?
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Stop overprescribing these meds for everything. Find methods to boost immune systems, use bascteriophage to inhibit certain species of bacteria, curbing the use of antibiotics and education of physicians and the public.
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* why is nitrogen so important for all living things & what role do microbes play in the nitrogen cycle?
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Need nitrogen for DNA, proteins, amino acids. Microbes are the only ones who can convert atmospheric nitrogen into working nitrogen
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* what happens to rivers/lakes if too much phosphate enters the ecosystem?
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Phosphate run off which can seriously damage rivers and other ecosystems
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* why is the “portal of entry” critical with microbial infections?
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Depending on where it enters, determines how sever the infection will be. i.e, if it enters through the lungs it most likely will be fatal as opposed to if it enters through the skin.
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