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10 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Verbal Reports:interviews,questionnaires/surveys,personalityscales,ability/achievement tests |
Pros •Questions are asked inexactly the same order so responses can be directly compared. Cons •Cannot be used with infants and young children; •Different ages understand the questions differently; •Participants represent themselves in a postive or socially desirable light. |
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Behavioural Observation: observing people in their everyday (natural) surroundings. |
Pros •Infants and young children who lack verbal skills forquestionnaires can be studied. Cons •Some behaviours (e.g., heroic effort to help in emergencies) occur infrequentlyand unexpectedly; •Difficult to isolate the cause of the behaviour as many eventshappen at the same time; •Presence of an observer may affect behaviour. |
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Physiological Measurements: using electrodes orfMRI to measure activity in the brain |
Pros •Can determine which areas of the brain are involved in particularcognitive activities; •Hard to fake results. Cons •Very expensive and time-consuming (particularly fMRI); •Not always clear what is being assessed. |
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How is development studied? |
Experimental Correlation (most common) Case study |
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Research Designs Cross-sectionalDesigns – sampling acrossages at one point in time. |
Pros •Measurements of several different age groups can be made at asingle time-point Cons •Cohort effects (being born into aparticular historical context) can confound the results. •The person is measured at one point – the results are silent on thedevelopmental trajectory of that person. |
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LongitudinalDesigns – sampling the sameindividuals across a span of time. |
Pros •Can measure developmental changes in specific individuals acrosstime. •Determines whether characteristics are constant or changing. Cons •Participants drop out. •Participants affected by repeatedtesting. •May not be possible to generalise results to individuals of otherage cohorts. |
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SequentialDesigns– sampling different ages and followed across time. |
Pros •Can tell researchers: (1) which age-related trends are trulydevelopmental in nature and reflects how most people, regardlessof cohort, can be expected to changeover time; (2) which age trends differ from cohort to cohort; and (3) whichtrends suggest that a specific period of history similarly effect all cohorts. Cons Extremely complex andtime-consuming |
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Microgeneticdesigns – multiple observations over a short time to document change as ithappens. |
Pros •Measures learning as it occurs. •Reveals different responses to the same stimulus in individuals.• Cons •Very labour-intensive and time consuming.• |
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Psychoanalytic Theories |
•Freud: Behaviour is driven by theneed to satisfy drives and motives that are largely unconscious. |
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Psychoanalytic Theories |
•Erikson: Development isdriven by a series of age-related developmental tasks that individuals mustresolve to achieve healthy development. |
