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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is epidemiology?
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the study of disease patterns in populations
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What are epidemiologists?
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--health detectives --they collect and compile data about sources of disease and risk factors |
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Epidemiologists are required to have some knowledge of the disciplines of:
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--public health --clinical medicine --pathophysiology (how it effects the body) --statistics --social sciences |
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How do you classify or categorize disease? |
--Communicable --Non-communicable |
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Communicable disease-- Are communicable diseases contagious? |
Yes
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Communicable disease-- How are communicable diseases transmitted? |
from one host to another
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Communicable disease-- How is transmission determined? |
--by interactions between host, pathogen, and environment --control of any of these factors may break infection cycle |
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Non-communicable disease-- Do non-communicable diseases spread from host to host? |
No
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Non-communicable disease-- What is an example of a non-communicable disease? |
botulism
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Rates of disease in a population-- What is the incidence rate? |
the number of new cases in a specific time period for a given population
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Rates of disease in a population-- What is prevalence? |
the total number of cases at any time or for a specific period in a given population
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Rates of disease in a population-- What does prevalence reflect? |
the overall impact of a disease on society because it includes old and new cases as well as duration of the disease
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Reservoirs of infection-- What is a reservoir of infection? |
the natural habitat in which a pathogen lives
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Reservoirs of infection-- ____________ is important in disease control. |
Identification
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Reservoirs of infection-- Human reservoirs are often... |
--easier to control because it is easier to set up prevention and control programs in humans than in wild animals --Smallpox is an example |
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Reservoirs of infection-- Human reservoirs can be... |
symptomatic or asymptomatic
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Non-human animal reservoirs-- Zoonoses (zoonotic disease) primarily exists in animals but... |
can be transmitted to humans
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Non-human animal reservoirs-- What are some examples of zoonotic diseases? |
--plague --rabies |
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Environmental reservoirs-- Environmental reservoirs are difficult or impossible to eliminate. What is an example? |
clostridium
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How an infection is established-- 1) Portals of entry: What are the portals of entry? |
--skin --gastrointestinal --respiratory tract |
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How an infection is established-- 1) Portals of entry: Does size matter? |
--when it comes to the infection it does --generally, the smaller the infective dose, the more virulent the microbe is |
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How an infection is established-- 1) Portals of entry: What does virulent mean? |
any characteristic of a microbe allowing it to enter the host, survive the immune system, and cause damage
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How an infection is established-- 2) Attaching to the host: What is required to attach to the host? |
--specific molecules on both the host and the pathogen --fimbriae, slime layers, capsules, spikes |
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How an infection is established-- 3) Surviving host defenses: What are antiphagocytic factors? |
type of virulence factor that allows the microbe to resist destruction via phagocytosis
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How an infection is established-- 4) Causing disease: How do virulence factors contribute to tissue damage? |
--directly through action of enzymes --directly through the action of toxins |
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How an infection is established-- 4) Causing disease: Where are exotoxins found? |
can be found in gram + or - |
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How an infection is established-- 4) Causing disease: What are exotoxins made of? |
protein
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How an infection is established-- 4) Causing disease: What do neurotoxins damage? |
the nervous system
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How an infection is established-- 4) Causing disease: What do enterotoxins cause? |
intestinal disturbance
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How an infection is established-- 4) Causing disease: What do cytotoxins damage? |
a variety of cell types
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How an infection is established-- 4) Causing disease: What are endotoxins also known as? |
LPS |
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How an infection is established-- 4) Causing disease: Where are endotoxins found? |
gram negative only
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How an infection is established-- 4) Causing disease: Are endotoxins heat sensitive? |
No
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How an infection is established-- 4) Causing disease: How do endotoxins work? |
indirectly by inducing the hosts defenses to respond excessively or inappropriately
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How an infection is established-- 4) Causing disease: Are signs objective or subjective evidence? |
objective evidence
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How an infection is established-- 4) Causing disease: Are symptoms objective or subjective evidence? |
subjective evidence
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How an infection is established-- 5) Vacating the host - Portal of exit: Is the portal of exit the same as the portal of entry or is it different? |
it could be the same or different
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