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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anatomy of the Lymphatic system-- What is the lymphatic system? |
a collection of tissues and organs
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Anatomy of the Lymphatic system-- What are the functions of the lymphatic system? |
--brings population of B cells and T cells into contact with antigens --carry antibodies to bloodstream and tissues --concentrates antigens from all parts of the body into lymph organs |
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Anatomy of the Lymphatic system: Lymphatic vessels-- What are lymphatic vessels? |
they carry lymph to body tissues
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Anatomy of the Lymphatic system: Lymphatic vessels-- What does lymph contain? |
white blood cells, ABS (antibodies) and antigens from tissues
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Anatomy of the Lymphatic system: Primary lymphoid organs-- What do primary lymphoid organs include? |
bone marrow and thymus
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Anatomy of the Lymphatic system: Primary lymphoid organs-- B cells originate in bone marrow. Where do B cells mature? |
in bone marrow
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Anatomy of the Lymphatic system: Primary lymphoid organs-- T cells originate in bone marrow. Where do T cells mature? |
they migrate to the thymus and mature there
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Anatomy of the Lymphatic system: Primary lymphoid organs-- Once mature, what to B and T cells acquire? |
their BCR's (B cell receptors) or TCR's (T cell receptors
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Anatomy of the Lymphatic system: Primary lymphoid organs-- Lymphocytes gather in _____ _____ _____ and wait to encounter antigens. |
secondary lymphoid organs
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Anatomy of the Lymphatic system: Secondary lymphoid organs-- What are secondary lymphoid organs? |
sites where lymphocytes gather to contact antigens
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Anatomy of the Lymphatic system: Secondary lymphoid organs-- What are examples of secondary lymphoid organs? |
--lymph nodes --spleen --tonsils --adenoids --appendix |
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Anatomy of the Lymphatic system: Secondary lymphoid organs-- Where are the secondary lymphoid organs located? |
they are situated throughout the body
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Adaptive immunity develops throughout life-- What is adaptive immunity? |
most effective means of the body to eliminate invaders
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Adaptive immunity develops throughout life-- What does adaptive immunity involve? |
B-cells and T-cells
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Adaptive immunity develops throughout life-- Adaptive immunity has _______. |
memory |
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Adaptive immunity develops throughout life-- What is the primary response? |
the 1st encounter with an antigen (builds the "memory" for what was effective against that antigen)
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Adaptive immunity develops throughout life-- What is the secondary response? |
stronger/faster response to re-exposure; typically so fast you don't even know you came in contact with a disease
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Adaptive immunity develops throughout life-- The adaptive immune response has molecular specificity to an antigen. What does that mean? |
the recognition of the antigen is precise (for example, if exposed to measles, a response develops and measles is eliminated. but you are only protected again measles, not say mumps if you encounter that later on) |
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Adaptive immunity develops throughout life-- Adaptive immunity must be able to distinguish between... |
"healthy-self" and "dangerous"
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Adaptive immunity develops throughout life-- Adaptive immunity must be able to find... |
pathogens and cancerous cells
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What is an antibody-- Antibody molecules are Y-shaped and have 2 functional regions: |
--2 identical arms --the stem |
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What is an antibody-- What do the arms do? |
bind specific antigen
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What is an antibody-- What does the stem do? |
acts as a red flag to tag antigen for easier elimination by other immune system parts
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What is an antibody-- How do antibodies protect? |
directly and indirectly
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What is an antibody-- How do antibodies protect directly? |
they bind to antigen to prevent it from binding to the host cells
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What is an antibody-- How do antibodies protect indirectly? |
they tag antigen for elimination
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The Nature of Antibodies: Possible outcomes of antibody binding to the antigen-- What is neutralization? |
prevents toxins and viruses from interacting with the cells |
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The Nature of Antibodies: Possible outcomes of antibody binding to the antigen-- What is opsonization? |
coating bacteria in antibody to enhance phagocytosis
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The Nature of Antibodies: Possible outcomes of antibody binding to the antigen-- What is Complement system activation? |
classical pathway is triggered
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The Nature of Antibodies: Possible outcomes of antibody binding to the antigen-- What is Immobilization and prevention of adherence? |
attaching of antibodies to flagella interferes with the microbe's ability to move; attaching to pili prevents bacterium from attaching to surfaces
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The Nature of Antibodies: Possible outcomes of antibody binding to the antigen-- What is aggregation? |
clumping up of bacteria
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The Nature of Antibodies: Possible outcomes of antibody binding to the antigen-- What is Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)? |
red flagging for natural killer cells taken out
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5 types of antibodies: Immunoglobulin (Ig) classes (aka antibodies)-- Each class has distinct functions and properties. What are the 5 major classes? |
--IgM --IgG --IgA --IgD --IgE |
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5 types of antibodies: IgM-- What is IgM? |
1st class produced during the primary response
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5 types of antibodies: IgM-- It is the principal class produced in response to... |
some T-independent antigens |
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5 types of antibodies: IgM-- What is a T-independent antigen? |
antigen that can activate a B-cell without help from a TH cell
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5 types of antibodies: IgM-- What is a TH cell? |
T-helper
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5 types of antibodies: IgM-- IgM's large size prevents... |
crossing from bloodstream to tissues |
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5 types of antibodies: IgM-- T or F: IgM is the only antibody the fetus can make. |
True |
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5 types of antibodies: IgM-- IgM is the most efficient class in triggering... |
classical pathway of complement system |
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5 types of antibodies: IgG-- What is IgG? |
it circulates in the blood but can leave vessels and enter tissues
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5 types of antibodies: IgG-- Can IgG move transplacentally? |
Yes
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5 types of antibodies: IgG-- Where is IgG found? |
in colostrum
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5 types of antibodies: IgG-- What does IgG provide? |
the longest term protection: half life is 21 days
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5 types of antibodies: IgG-- What is half-life? |
the amount of time it takes for half of something to leave the body
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5 types of antibodies: IgG-- IgG is generally the first and most abundant circulating class produced during... |
secondary response |
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5 types of antibodies: IgG-- IgG is the antibody of _____. |
memory |
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5 types of antibodies: IgG-- What does IgG accomplish? |
all protective outcomes of Ag-Ab binding
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5 types of antibodies: IgA-- T or F: IgA is the most abundant class overall. |
True |
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5 types of antibodies: IgA-- What is IgA? |
it is secreted form important in mucosal immunity |
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5 types of antibodies: IgA-- Where is IgA found? |
--gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and respiratory tracts --also found in saliva, tears, and breastmilk |
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5 types of antibodies: IgA-- IgA protects breast-fed infants against... |
intestinal pathogens
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5 types of antibodies: IgA-- How does IgA primarily provide protection? |
via neutralizing and interfering with attachment of microbes to host cells
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5 types of antibodies: IgD-- What does IgD account for? |
Less than 1% of serum immunoglobulins |
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5 types of antibodies: IgD-- What is IgD involved with? |
development and maturation of antibody response |
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5 types of antibodies: IgE-- IgE is ______ ______ in normal blood. |
barely detectable |
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5 types of antibodies: IgE-- What is IgE important for? |
allergic response
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Humoral Immunity-- What is humoral immunity? |
recognizes and eliminates extra cellular material
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Humoral Immunity-- What type of cells are responsible for humoral immunity? |
B lymphocytes |
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Humoral Immunity-- What happens when a "mature" B lymphocyte encounters an antigen? |
it then proliferates plasma cells (antibody factories)
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Humoral Immunity-- Can be T independent or T dependent: |
some progeny leave secondary lymphoid organs, migrate to tissues, continue responding as long as antigen is present, then undergoes apoptosis |
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Characteristics of Primary Response-- How long does it take for substantial antibody accumulation in the primary response to an antigen? |
10-14 days
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Characteristics of Primary Response-- T or F: The person may have signs and symptoms of infection, although the immune system is actively responding. |
True
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Characteristics of Secondary Response-- The secondary response is significantly _____ and more _____ than the primary response. |
faster, effective |
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Characteristics of Secondary Response-- Pathogens are usually eliminated before causing harm. Why? |
this is due to the large number of memory B cells present
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Characteristics of Secondary Response-- What is cell-mediated immunity? |
it deals more with intracellular antigen
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Characteristics of Secondary Response-- Types of cells in cell-mediated immunity: |
--T lymphocytes (T cells) --cytotoxic T cells (Tc) and helper cells (TH) |
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Characteristics of Secondary Response-- A third subset is regulatory T cells. What is their role? |
they are though to have a role in preventing the body from mounting an autoimmune response
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Differences between B and T cells-- Which type of cell NEVER produces antibodies - T or B cells? |
T cells
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Differences between B and T cells-- T cells directly interact with... |
the target cell
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Differences between B and T cells-- T cells will not recognize... |
free antigen. Antigen must be attached to a cell.
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General characteristics of T cells-- What does MHC stand for? |
major histocompatibility complex
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General characteristics of T cells-- What is the job of MHC (major histocompatibility complex) molecules? |
to present antigen to T cells
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General characteristics of T cells-- What are the 2 types of MHC (major histocompatibility complex) molecules? |
--MHC class I --MHC class II |
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General characteristics of T cells-- What do MHC Class I molecules do? |
present endogenous antigens (endogenous antigens are made within the cell) |
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General characteristics of T cells-- Where are MHC Class I molecules found? |
on the surface of any cell that has a nucleus
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General characteristics of T cells-- What kind of cells recognize MHC Class I? |
cytotoxic or CD8 cells
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General characteristics of T cells-- What do MHC Class II molecules do? |
present exogenous antigens (exogenous antigens are take up by the cell)
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General characteristics of T cells-- Where are MHC Class II molecules found? |
on the surface of dendritic cells, B cells, and macrophages
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Activation of T cells-- Dendritic cells most often activate... |
T6 and TH |
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Activation of T cells-- Material is gathered via... |
phagocytosis
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Activation of T cells-- What happens if a pathogen is detected? |
dendritic cell travels to secondary lymphoid organs, naïve T cells are encountered and presented with antigen
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Activation of T cells-- Dendritic cells also produce... |
co-stimulatory molecules signaling danger
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Activation of T cells-- What must be present to activate the T cell? |
both the antigen and the co-stimulatory molecules
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Effector TC (CD8) cells-- Once the MHC Class I on any nucleated cell presents the antigen... |
the TC binds, and recognizes the pathogen or cancer
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Effector TH (CD4) cells-- First: TH (CD4) cells recognize antigen presented on MHC Class II molecules from antigen-presenting cells (APC - B cells, dendrites). This causes... |
the TH to produce cytokines
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Effector TH (CD4) cells-- Second: The TH cell encounters a B cell presented by an antigen and recognizes it. This causes... |
cytokines to be delivered to the B cell, which then becomes activated
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Effector TH (CD4) cells-- The same process happens to activate... |
macrophages.
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Effector TH (CD4) cells-- Both T and B cells can be... |
memory cells
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Study the diagram on page 409 |
Figure 15.24 Summary of the Adaptive Immune Response
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Natural Killer (NK) cells-- What do natural killer cells induce? |
apoptosis in "self" cells
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Natural Killer (NK) cells-- What do NK cells do? |
recognize host cell with foreign proteins in membrane, bound by antibodies and cause apoptosis
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Natural Killer (NK) cells-- Natural killer cells recognize host cells lacking... |
MHC Class I
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Immune system drawing from the notes:
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Immune System: |---------------------| Innate-------------Adaptive -----------------------/---------\ -------------Humoral----- cell mediated -----------------|-------------------| -------------B cells------------T cells B cells: --recognize extracellular --produce plasma cells --IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, IgD --cause different ab-ag outcomes T cells: --recognize intracellular antigen --produce effector T cells --create memory T cells |
