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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Why is the innate immune response key to host defense?
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IIR controls the spread of initial infection and covers the time it takes for the acquired immunity system to be activated.
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What are the characteristics of innate immune response?
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Broad spectrum, no memory, limited repertoire, and responses are ancient and highly conserved.
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__ immunity is consistent. __ immunity changes its response after each exposure to a given stimulus.
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Innate immunity is consistent. Adaptive immunity changes.
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During which stages of infection do innate immunity and adaptive immunity occur?
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Innate responds to local infection. Adaptive occurs once the infection increases with lymphatic spread.
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Give the two phases of innate immunity and tell how they work.
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1. Immediate uses non-specific effectors to remove the infection. 2. Early induced response recruits effector cells to recognize the pathogen and activate its removal.
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Name the circulating effector cells and the circulating effector proteins. To what type of immunity to do they belong? When do they become active?
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Effector cells - NKs, neutrophils, macrophages, DCs. Effector proteins - complement, coagulation factors, C-reactive protein. They are part of innate immunity. These become active once barriers to infection are breached.
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What are cytokines? These are __ factors of __ immunity.
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"Small proteins released by various cells in the body, in response to a stimulus and act by binding to specific receptors).
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How is a cytokine different from a chemokine? Give an example of each one.
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Chemokines are cytokines that induced directed chemotaxis. ChemoK - IL8. CytoK - IL2.
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Give an example of physical and chemical barriers.
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Physical - skin and mucous membranes. Chemical - enzymes and anti-bacterial peptides.
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Inhibition of __ in the respiratory tract and __ in the GIT can cause bacterial overgrowth and lead to disease.
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Mucous - RT. Peristalsis - GIT.
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What are the two cells of innate immunity that recognize pathogens that also mediate pathogen killing and uptake by phagocytosis?
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Macrophages and PMNs.
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Of the macrophages and PMNs, which ones are short lived? Which ones are present in tissues?
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Macrophages - present in tissues and long lived. PMNs - present in circulation and short lived.
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__ cells are the first to recognize a pathogen once it invades host tissues. Which cells does it recruit to the site of infection?
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Macrophages; they recruit PMNs.
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What step of intracellular destruction ensures pathogen death?
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Fusion of the phagocyte and lysosome.
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__ are essential for microbial survival and signal a specific class of pathogen to the host immune system.
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PAMPs - Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns.
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Also known as TRLs, __ are the main recognition elements for microbial patterns.
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Pattern Recognition Receptors - PRRs.
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What is the result of impaired NFkB activation?
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Severe immunodeficiency; increased susceptibility to bacterial infections.
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Oxygen is converted into __ to destroy microbes. What is the primary generating system for this conversion?
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Oxyhalide free radicals. Phagocyte oxidase system.
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Explain the etiology of CGD.
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Chronic granulomatous disease is a primary immunodeficiency caused by inherited deficiency in the phagocyte oxidase system.
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This aspect of innate response affects both innate and adaptive immunity. What is used to mediate it?
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Generation of the induced arm of innate responses. Mediated by cytokines and chemokines.
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What happens if there is a failure to induce inflammation?
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Systemic bacterial infection without inflammation will occur. This dampens the immune response to eradicating the infection.
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What are the three changes in the blood vessel at the site of an infection that causes the characteristics of inflammation?
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Increased diameter --> increased local blood flow. Reduced velocity of blood flow --> swelling. Increased vascular permeability --> swelling and pain.
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What is the primary objective of inflammation?
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To localize and eradicate the irritant and repair the surrounding tissue.
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Inflammation serves three important roles:
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Augment killing. Physical barrier preventing spread of infection. Promotes repair of injured tissue.
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Are neutrophils recruited before or after phagocytosis?
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After.
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These cells are an early component of innate immune response and play an important role against viral infections. What role do they play in adaptive immunity?
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NKs. Link to adaptive immunity by secreting cytokines that induce DC maturation.
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What is the systemic effect of cytokines? What does this effect have to do with opsonization?
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Cytokines change the spectrum of plasma proteins secreted by hepatocytes.
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