Maverickmedic's Anatomy Of The Upper Limb

Front 1

Back 1

Shoulder Girdle:

Girdle - from circle: the shoulder (pectoral) girdle is an incomplete circle including the scapula and clavicle bones.

Here, we can see the cephalic vein in the deltopectoral groove, as well as the basilic vein on the medial side of the arm. Petoralis major and deltoid cover the anterior surface superficially; biceps brachii is visible on the anterior surface of the arm.

Hint 1

Shoulder Girdle

Front 2

Back 2

Axillary Nerve:
A branch from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus, with contributions from C5, c6.

Sensory Innervation:
"Regimental badge" area

Motor Innervation:
Teres minor
Deltoid
(Abductors of arm)

Passes through the quadrangular space with the posterior circumflex humeral artery.

Injury to the Axillary Nerve:
Anterior dislocation of the humerus at the glenohumeral joint, or a fracture of the humerus at the surgical neck.
Motor deficit: paralysis of deltoid and teres minor - inability to abduct arm.
In long-standing cases, the paralysed deltoid rapidly atrophies, and the greater tubercle can be palpated in that area.

Hint 2

Axillary Nerve

Front 3

Back 3

Dorsal Scapular Nerve:
A supraclavicular branch from the C5 root of the brachial plexus.

Motor Innervation:
Levator scapulae
Rhomboid minor
Rhomboid major

Hint 3

Dorsal Scapular Nerve

Front 4

Back 4

Lateral Pectoral Nerve:
A branch from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus, with contributions from c5, C6 and c7

Motor Innervation:
Pectoralis major's clavicular head

Hint 4

Lateral Pectoral Nerve

Front 5

Back 5

Long Thoracic Nerve [of Bell]:
A supraclavicular branch from the C5, C6 and c7 [Bells of heaven] roots of the brachial plexus.

Motor Innervation:
Serratus anterior

Injury to the Long Thoracic Nerve:
Since the serratus anterior's function is to hold the scapula against the thoracic wall, injury to the long thoracic nerve will result in "winging" of the scapula.

Hint 5

Long Thoracic Nerve [of Bell]

Front 6

Back 6

Lower Subscapular Nerve:
An infraclavicular branch of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus, with a contribution from C6.

Motor Innervation:
Subscapularis (lower fibres)
Teres major

Hint 6

Lower Subscapular Nerve

Front 7

Back 7

Medial Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve:
An infraclavicular branch of the medial cord of the brachial plexus, with contributions from c8, t1

Sensory Innervation:
Medial half of the forearm, with a greater influence on the anterior surface - here, it innervates skin higher up, towards the axilla.

Hint 7

Medial Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve

Front 8

Back 8

Medial Brachial Cutaneous Nerve:
An infraclavicular branch of the medial cord of the brachial plexus, with contributions from c8, t1.

Sensory Innervation:
A thin strip of skin just superior to the dermatome of the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve, on the medial surface of the arm.

Hint 8

Medial Brachial Cutaneous Nerve

Front 9

Back 9

Medial Pectoral Nerve:
An infraclavicular branch from the medial cord of the brachial plexus, with contributions from c8, t1.

Motor Innervation:
Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor

Hint 9

Medial Pectoral Nerve

Front 10

Back 10

Median Nerve:
A terminal branch of the brachial plexus, with contributions from the lateral (c6, c6) and medial (c8, t1) cords of the brachial plexus.

Sensory Innervation:
Anterior surface and posterior tips of the first three-and-a-half digits.

Motor Innervation - Anterior Forearm:
Flexor forearms:
Palmaris longus
Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexor digitorum profundus (lateral half)
Flexor pollicis longus
Pronator quadratus

Hand:
(Meat LOAF - Median)

Thenar muscles:
Abductor pollicis brevis
Opponens pollicis
Flexor pollicis brevis

Intermediate Volar:
Lumbrical I
Lumbrical II

Injury to Median Nerve:
Since the median nerve travels through the carpal tunnel (formed by the flexor retinaculum bridging the hamate and pisiform to the scaphoid and trapexium), injury may occur as a result of compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel (carpal tunnel syndrome).

Hint 10

Median Nerve

Meat LOAF

Front 11

Back 11

Musculocutaneous Nerve:
A terminal branch of the lateral cord of the brachial plexus, with contributionsfrom c5, c6, c7.

Sensory Innervation:
Lateral half of the forearm, with a greater influence on the anterior surface of the forearm.

Motor Innervation - Anterior Arm:
Coracobrachialis
Biceps brachii
Brachialis

Hint 11

Musculocutaneous Nerve

Front 12

Back 12

Radial Nerve:
A terminal branch of the brachial plexus, formed by the continuation of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus, with contributions from c5 - t1

Sensory Innervation:
A long, thin strip of skin immediately inferolateral to the "Regimental badge" area, travelling down the centre of the posterior surface of the forearm.
Also includes the dorsal surface of the first three-and-a-half digits, excluding the tips.

Motor Innervation - Posterior Arm and Posterior Forearm:

Extensor Arm:
Triceps brachii
Anconeus

Flexor Arm:
Brachioradialis

Extensor Forearm:
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Supinator
Extensor digitorum
Extensor digiti minimi
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis
Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor indicis

The radial nerve travels through the lower triangular space with the deep brachial artery. They both travel in the radial sulcus, close to the surface of the humerus.

Injury to the Radial Nerve:
A mid-shaft fracture of the humerus may damage the radial nerve, causing "wrist-drop".

Hint 12

Radial Nerve

Front 13

Back 13

Subclavian Nerve:
A supraclavicular branch of the superior trunk of the brachial plexus, with contributions from c5, C6 and c7.

Motor Innervation:
Subclavius

Hint 13

Subclavian Nerve

Front 14

Back 14

Suprascapular Nerve:
A supraclavicular branch of the superior trunk of the brachial plexus, with contributions from C5 and c6.

Motor Innervation:
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus

The suprascapular nerve travels through the foramen created by the superior transverse scapular ligament and the suprascapular notch, innervates supraspinatus, then travels to infraspinatus via the spinoglenoid notch.

Injury to the Suprascapular Nerve:
Ossification of the superior transverse scapular ligament may cause compressive damage to the suprascapular nerve, paralysing supraspinatus and infraspinatus.

Hint 14

Suprascapular Nerve

Front 15

Back 15

Thoracodorsal Nerve:
An infraclavicular branch of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus, with contributions from c6, C7, c8.

Motor Innervation:
Latissimus dorsi

Hint 15

Thoracodorsal Nerve

Front 16

Back 16

Ulnar Nerve:
A terminal branch of the medial cord of the brachial plexus, with contributions from c8, t1

Sensory Innervation:
Final one-and-a-half digits of the hand.

Motor Innervation - Hand muscles:

Medial Volar:
Palmaris brevis
Hypothenar muscles:
Abductor digiti minimi of the hand
Opponens digiti minimi
Flexor digiti minimi

Intermediate Volar:
Palmar interossei
Dorsal interossei
Lumbrical III
Lumbrical IV

Lateral Volar:
Adductor pollicis
Flexor pollicis brevis (deep head)

Flexor forearms:
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor digitorum profundus (medial half)

Injury to the Ulnar Nerve:
Entrapment, e.g. by cubital tunnel syndrome causes tingling in the last one-and-a-half digits, and in severe cases can present as ulnar claw.

Hint 16

Ulnar Nerve

AbOF

Front 17

Back 17

Upper Subscapular Nerve:
An infraclavicular branch of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus, with a contribution from C5.

Motor Innervation:
Subscapularis (upper fibres)

Hint 17

Upper Subscapular Nerve

Front 18

Back 18

Axillary Nerve

Hint 18

Axillary Nerve

Front 19

Back 19

Medial Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve

Hint 19

Medial Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve

Front 20

Back 20

Medial Brachial Cutaneous Nerve

Hint 20

Medial Brachial Cutaneous Nerve

Front 21

Back 21

Median Nerve

Hint 21

Median Nerve

Front 22

Back 22

Musculocutaneous Nerve

Hint 22

Musculocutaneous Nerve

Front 23

Back 23

Radial Nerve

Hint 23

Radial Nerve

Front 24

Back 24

Ulnar Nerve

Hint 24

Ulnar Nerve

Front 25

Back 25

Axillary Nerve:
A branch from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus, with contributions from C5, c6.

Sensory Innervation:
"Regimental badge" area

Motor Innervation:
Teres minor
Deltoid
(Abductors of arm)

Passes through the quadrangular space with the posterior circumflex humeral artery.

Injury to the Axillary Nerve:
Anterior dislocation of the humerus at the glenohumeral joint, or a fracture of the humerus at the surgical neck.
Motor deficit: paralysis of deltoid and teres minor - inability to abduct arm.
In long-standing cases, the paralysed deltoid rapidly atrophies, and the greater tubercle can be palpated in that area.

Hint 25

Axillary Nerve

Front 26

Back 26

Lateral Cord:

A cord formed by the convergence of the anterior divisions of the superior and middle trunks of the brachial plexus.

Gives rise to the lateral pectoral nerve and musculocutaneous nerves.

Contributes to the median nerve.

Hint 26

Lateral Cord

Front 27

Back 27

Long Thoracic Nerve [of Bell]:
A supraclavicular branch from the C5, C6 and c7 [Bells of heaven] roots of the brachial plexus.

Motor Innervation:
Serratus anterior

Injury to the Long Thoracic Nerve:
Since the serratus anterior's function is to hold the scapula against the thoracic wall, injury to the long thoracic nerve will result in "winging" of the scapula.

Hint 27

Long Thoracic Nerve [of Bell]

Front 28

Back 28

Medial Cord:

A cord of the brachial plexus formed by the continuation of the anterior division of the inferior trunk.

Gives rise to the medial pectoral, medial brachial cutaneous, medial antebrachial cutaneous nerves and ulnar nerves.

Contributes to the median nerve.

Hint 28

Medial Cord

Front 29

Back 29

Median Nerve:
A terminal branch of the brachial plexus, with contributions from the lateral (c6, c6) and medial (c8, t1) cords of the brachial plexus.

Sensory Innervation:
Anterior surface and posterior tips of the first three-and-a-half digits.

Motor Innervation - Anterior Forearm:
Flexor forearms:
Palmaris longus
Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexor digitorum profundus (lateral half)
Flexor pollicis longus
Pronator quadratus

Hand:
(Meat LOAF - Median)

Thenar muscles:
Abductor pollicis brevis
Opponens pollicis
Flexor pollicis brevis

Intermediate Volar:
Lumbrical I
Lumbrical II

Injury to Median Nerve:
Since the median nerve travels through the carpal tunnel (formed by the flexor retinaculum bridging the hamate and pisiform to the scaphoid and trapexium), injury may occur as a result of compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel (carpal tunnel syndrome).

Hint 29

Median Nerve

Meat LOAF

Front 30

Back 30

Musculocutaneous Nerve:
A terminal branch of the lateral cord of the brachial plexus, with contributionsfrom c5, c6, c7.

Sensory Innervation:
Lateral half of the forearm, with a greater influence on the anterior surface of the forearm.

Motor Innervation - Anterior Arm:
Coracobrachialis
Biceps brachii
Brachialis

Hint 30

Musculocutaneous Nerve

Front 31

Back 31

Posterior Cord:

A cord of the brachial plexus formed by the convergence of the posterior divisions of the superior, middle and inferior trunks of the brachial plexus.

Gives rise to the upper subscapular, thoracodorsal, lower subscapular and axillary nerves.

Continues to become the radial nerve.

Hint 31

Posterior Cord

Front 32

Back 32

Radial Nerve:
A terminal branch of the brachial plexus, formed by the continuation of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus, with contributions from c5 - t1

Sensory Innervation:
A long, thin strip of skin immediately inferolateral to the "Regimental badge" area, travelling down the centre of the posterior surface of the forearm.
Also includes the dorsal surface of the first three-and-a-half digits, excluding the tips.

Motor Innervation - Posterior Arm and Posterior Forearm:

Extensor Arm:
Triceps brachii
Anconeus

Flexor Arm:
Brachioradialis

Extensor Forearm:
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Supinator
Extensor digitorum
Extensor digiti minimi
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis
Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor indicis

The radial nerve travels through the lower triangular space with the deep brachial artery. They both travel in the radial sulcus, close to the surface of the humerus.

Injury to the Radial Nerve:
A mid-shaft fracture of the humerus may damage the radial nerve, causing "wrist-drop".

Hint 32

Radial Nerve

Front 33

Back 33

Subscapular Nerve:

(Upper and Lower Subscapular Nerves combined)

Infraclavicular branches of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus, with contributions from C5, C6.

Motor Innervation:
Subscapularis (upper fibres)
Subscapularis (lower fibres)
Teres major

Hint 33

Subscapular Nerve

Front 34

Back 34

Suprascapular Nerve:
A supraclavicular branch of the superior trunk of the brachial plexus, with contributions from C5 and c6.

Motor Innervation:
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus

The suprascapular nerve travels through the foramen created by the superior transverse scapular ligament and the suprascapular notch, innervates supraspinatus, then travels to infraspinatus via the spinoglenoid notch.

Injury to the Suprascapular Nerve:
Ossification of the superior transverse scapular ligament may cause compressive damage to the suprascapular nerve, paralysing supraspinatus and infraspinatus.

Hint 34

Suprascapular Nerve

Front 35

Back 35

Ulnar Nerve:
A terminal branch of the medial cord of the brachial plexus, with contributions from c8, t1

Sensory Innervation:
Final one-and-a-half digits of the hand.

Motor Innervation - Hand muscles:

Medial Volar:
Palmaris brevis
Hypothenar muscles:
Abductor digiti minimi of the hand
Opponens digiti minimi
Flexor digiti minimi

Intermediate Volar:
Palmar interossei
Dorsal interossei
Lumbrical III
Lumbrical IV

Lateral Volar:
Adductor pollicis
Flexor pollicis brevis (deep head)

Flexor forearms:
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor digitorum profundus (medial half)

Injury to the Ulnar Nerve:
Entrapment, e.g. by cubital tunnel syndrome causes tingling in the last one-and-a-half digits, and in severe cases can present as ulnar claw.

Hint 35

Ulnar Nerve

AbOF

Front 36

Back 36

Lateral Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve:

The continuation of the musculocutaneous nerve which supplies sensor innervation to the lateral half of the forearm, with a greater influence on the anterior surface of the forearm.

Hint 36

Lateral Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve

Front 37

Back 37

Medial Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve:
An infraclavicular branch of the medial cord of the brachial plexus, with contributions from c8, t1

Sensory Innervation:
Medial half of the forearm, with a greater influence on the anterior surface - here, it innervates skin higher up, towards the axilla.

Hint 37

Medial Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve

Front 38

Back 38

Posterior Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve:

The branch of the radial nerve which supplies sensory innervation to the long, thin strip of skin immediately inferolateral to the "Regimental badge" area, travelling down the centre of the posterior surface of the forearm.

Hint 38

Posterior Antebrachial Cutaneous Nerve

Front 39

Back 39

Superficial Branch of the Radial Nerve:

The branch of the radial nerve which supplies sensory innervation to the dorsal surface of the first three-and-a-half digits, excluding the tips.

Hint 39

Superficial Branch of the Radial Nerve

Front 40

Back 40

Deep Branch of the Ulnar Nerve:
The terminal (motor) branch of the ulnar nerve, accompanied by the deep palmar branch of the ulnar artery.

Motor Innervation:

Hypothenar muscles:
Abductor digiti minimi of the hand
Opponens digiti minimi
Flexor digiti minimi

Intermediate Volar:
Palmar interossei
Dorsal interossei
Lumbrical III
Lumbrical IV

Lateral Volar:
Adductor pollicis
Flexor pollicis brevis (deep head)

Hint 40

Deep Branch of the Ulnar Nerve

Front 41

Back 41

Dorsal Branch of the Ulnar Nerve:

The branch of the ulnar nerve which supplies sensory innervation to the final one-and-a-half digits of the hand.

Hint 41

Dorsal Branch of the Ulnar Nerve

Front 42

Back 42

Proper Palmar Digital Nerves of the Median Nerve:
A continuation of the common palmar nerves of the median nerve.

Sensory Innervation:
Tips of the second, third and lateral half of the fourth digit.

Motor Innervation:
Lumbrical I

Hint 42

Proper Palmar Digital Nerves of the Median Nerve

Front 43

Back 43

Superficial Branch of the Ulnar Nerve:
A terminal branch of the ulnar nerve.

Sensory Innervation:
Skin on the medial side of the hand.

Motor Innervation:
Palmaris brevis

The nerve then divides into a common palmar digital nerve and a proper palmar digital nerve.

Hint 43

Superficial Branch of the Ulnar Nerve

Front 44

Back 44

Hint 44

Normal Clavicle

Front 45

Back 45

Hint 45

Fractured Clavicle

Front 46

Back 46

Hint 46

Normal Acromioclavicular Joint

Front 47

Back 47

Hint 47

Acromioclavicular Joint Disruption

Front 48

Back 48

Hint 48

Normal Glenohumeral Joint, AP view

Front 49

Back 49

Hint 49

Normal Glenohumeral Joint, Y view

Front 50

Back 50

Hint 50

Normal Glenohumeral Joint, Axial view

Front 51

Back 51

Hint 51

Anterior Dislocation of Humerus, AP view

Front 52

Back 52

Hint 52

Anterior Dislocation of Humerus, Y view

Front 53

Back 53

Hint 53

Posterior Dislocation of Humerus, AP view

Front 54

Back 54

Hint 54

Posterior Dislocation of the Humerus, Y view

Front 55

Back 55

Hint 55

Head and Neck Fracture of the Humerus

Front 56

Back 56

Hint 56

Humerus Shaft Fracture

Front 57

Back 57

Hint 57

Normal Elbow

Front 58

Back 58

Hint 58

Supracondylar Fracture

Front 59

Back 59

Hint 59

Radial Head Fracture

Front 60

Back 60

Hint 60

Radial Head Dislocation

Front 61

Back 61

Hint 61

Distal Radius Fracture - Dorsal Displacement (Colles' Fracture)

Front 62

Back 62

Hint 62

Distal Radius Fracture - Palmar Displacement (Smith's Fracture)

Front 63

Back 63

Hint 63

Distal Radius Fracture - Comminuted

Front 64

Back 64

Hint 64

Forearm Fracture/Dislocation - Monteggia Type

Front 65

Back 65

Hint 65

Greenstick Fracture

Front 66

Back 66

Hint 66

Torus Fracture

Front 67

Back 67

Hint 67

Normal Scapula

Front 68

Back 68

Hint 68

Fractured Scapula

Front 69

Back 69

Hint 69

Glenoid Fracture (Bony Bankart)

Front 70

Back 70

Hint 70

Trapezium

Touching Titties Can Help Students Learn To Palpate

Front 71

Back 71

Hint 71

Trapezoid

Touching Titties Can Help Students Learn To Palpate

Front 72

Back 72

Hint 72

Capitate

Touching Titties Can Help Students Learn To Palpate

Front 73

Back 73

Hint 73

Hamate

Touching Titties Can Help Students Learn To Palpate

Front 74

Back 74

Hint 74

Scaphoid

Touching Titties Can Help Students Learn To Palpate

Front 75

Back 75

Hint 75

Lunate

Touching Titties Can Help Students Learn To Palpate

Front 76

Back 76

Hint 76

Triquetrum

Touching Titties Can Help Students Learn To Palpate

Front 77

Back 77

Hint 77

Pisiform

Touching Titties Can Help Students Learn To Palpate

Front 78

Back 78

Hint 78

Hook of Hamate

Front 79

Back 79

Hint 79

Metacarpals and Phalanges

Front 80

Back 80

Upper Triangular Space (Triangular Space):

Boundaries:
Superior: Teres minor
Inferior: Teres major
Lateral: Triceps brachii's long head

Contents:
Circumflex scapular artery

Hint 80

Upper Triangular Space (Triangular Space)

Front 81

Back 81

Quadrangular Space:

Boundaries:
Superior: Teres minor
Inferior: Teres major
Lateral: Humerus' surgical neck
Medial: Triceps brachii's long head

Contents:
Axillary nerve
Posterior circumflex humeral artery

Hint 81

Quadrangular Space

Front 82

Back 82

Lower Triangular Space (Triangular Interval):

Borders:
Superior: Teres major
Lateral: Humerus
Medial: Triceps brachii's long head

Contents:
Radial nerve
Deep brachial artery

Hint 82

Lower Triangular Space (Triangular Interval)

Front 83

Back 83

Cubital Fossa (Antecubital Fossa):

Boundaries:
Superior: The imaginary line joining the medial and lateral epicondyles
Lateral: Brachioradialis
Medial: Pronator Teres

Contents:
Biceps brachii tendon
Median nerve
Brachial artery, which bifurcates near the apex into the radial artery (superficial), and ulnar artery (deeper).

Superficial to the cubital fossa:
Cephalic vein runs laterally.
Basilic vein runs medially.
Median cubital vein runs between the two - a common site of venepuncture.

Hint 83

Cubital Fossa (Antecubital Fossa)

Front 84

Back 84

Anatomical Snuffbox:

Borders:
Posterior/medial: Extensor pollicis longus
Posterolateral: Extensor pollicis brevis
Lateral: Abductor pollicis longus
Floor: Scaphoid (and Trapezuim)

Contents:
Radial artery travels along the floor of the anatomical snuffbox, over the scaphoid.

Hint 84

Anatomical Snuffbox

Front 85

Back 85

Carpal Tunnel:

Flexor digitorum profundus tendons

Hint 85

Carpal Tunnel

Front 86

Back 86

Carpal Tunnel:

Flexor digitorum superficialis tendons

Hint 86

Carpal Tunnel

Front 87

Back 87

Carpal Tunnel:

Flexor pollicis longus tendons

Hint 87

Carpal Tunnel

Front 88

Back 88

Carpal Tunnel:

Flexor retinaculum

Hint 88

Carpal Tunnel

Front 89

Back 89

Carpal Tunnel:

Median nerve

Hint 89

Carpal Tunnel

Front 90

Back 90

Axillary Vein:

Source:
Cephalic vein
Basilic vein
Brachial veins

Drains to:
Subclavian vein

Complementary Artery:
Axillary Artery

Hint 90

Axillary Vein

Front 91

Back 91

Basilic Vein:

Source:
Dorsal venous network of the hand

Drains to:
Axillary vein

Hint 91

Basilic vein

Front 92

Back 92

Brachial Vein:

Source:
Radial veins
Ulnar veins

Drains to:
Axillary vein

Complementary Artery:
Brachial artery

Hint 92

Brachial Vein

Front 93

Back 93

Cephalic Vein (of the arm):

Source:
Cephalic vein of the forearm

Drains to:
Axillary vein

Complementary Artery:
Thoracoacromial artery's deltoid branch

Course:
Travels between the deltoid and pectoralis major, in the deltopectoral groove

Hint 93

Cephalic Vein (of the arm)

Front 94

Back 94

Subclavian Vein:

Source:
Axillary vein
External jugular vein

Drains to:
Brachiocephalic vein

Complementary Artery:
Subclavian Artery

Hint 94

Subclavian Vein

Front 95

Back 95

Cephalic Vein of the Forearm:

Source:
Dorsal venous network of the hand

Drains to:
Cephalic vein (of the arm)
Median cubital vein

Hint 95

Cephalic Vein of the Forearm

Front 96

Back 96

Median Cubital Vein:

Source:
Cephalic vein of the forearm

Drains to:
Basilic vein

Hint 96

Median Cubital Vein

Front 97

Back 97

Dorsal Venous Network of the Hand:

Source:
Dorsal metacarpal veins

Drains to:
Cephalic vein of the forearm
Basilic vein

Hint 97

Dorsal Venous Network of the Hand

Front 98

Back 98

Palmar Metacarpal and Digital Veins:

Source:
Metacarpal and Digital regions of the hand

Drains to:
Deep palmar venous arch (venae comitantes)
Superficial palmar venous arch (venae comitantes)

Complementary Artery:
Deep metacarpal arteries
Palmar digital arteries

Hint 98

Palmar Metacarpal and Digital Veins

Front 99

Back 99

Superficial and Deep Palmar Venous Arches:
Venae comitantes which accompany the superficial and deep palmar arches

Source:
Palmar digital veins
Palmar metacarpal veins

Drains to:
Ulnar vein

Complementary arteries:
Superficial palmar arch
Deep palmar arch

Hint 99

Superficial and Deep Palmar Venous Arches

Front 100

Back 100

Annular Ligament of the Radius:
(Annular: ring-shaped)

Attachments:
Anterior margin of the radial notch on the ulna
Posterior margin of the radial notch on the ulna

Function:
Embraces the head of the radius, preventing distal displacement of the radius.
Allows the head of the radius to rotate on its axis during supination and pronation.

Hint 100

Annular Ligament of the Radius

Front 101

Back 101

Annular Ligaments of the Hand:
(Annular: ring-shaped)

Attachments:
Metacarpal and Carpal bones

Function:
Form the annular parts of the fibrous sheaths of the fingers. The form ring-shaped tunnels for the tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor digitorum profundus to travel through.

Hint 101

Annular Ligaments of the Hand

Front 102

Back 102

Collateral Ligaments of the Hand:

Attachments:
Either: successive phalanges of the fingers
Or: One metacarpal and one phalanx of the fingers

Function:
Stabilise the interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints in flexion, allowing spreading of the fingers in extension, but not in flexion.

Hint 102

Collateral Ligaments of the Hand

Front 103

Back 103

Coracoacromial Ligament:

Attachments:
Superolateral surface of the coracoid process
Summit (lateral margin) of the acromion

Function:
Protects the head of the humerus.

Hint 103

Coracoacromial Ligament

Front 104

Back 104

Coracoclavicular Ligaments:

Attachments:
The conoid ligament attaches to the conoid tubercle. It is the medial part of the coracoclavicular ligament.
The trapezoid ligament attaches to the trapezoid line. It is the lateral part of the coracoclavicular ligament.

Function:
The conoid ligament limits anterior movement of the scapula with respect to the clavicle.
The trapezoid ligament limits posterior movement between these two bones.
Both ligaments prevent the clavicle from overriding the lateral end of the clavicle.

Hint 104

Coracoclavicular Ligaments

Front 105

Back 105

Deep Transverse Metacarpal Ligaments:

Attachments:
Palmar surface of the heads of metacarpals II to V

Function:
Runs across the palmar surfaces of the heads of metacarpals II to V, connecting them together.
The palmar surface is concave where the tendons of flexor digitorum profundus pass over it.

Hint 105

Deep Transverse Metacarpal Ligaments

Front 106

Back 106

Flexor Retinaculum:

Attachments:
Medially:
Hook of Hamate
Pisiform
Laterally:
Scaphoid
Trapezium

Function:
Forms a tunnel with the carpal bones - the carpal tunnel. Flexor tendons and the median nerve travel through the carpal tunnel.

Clinical Relevance:
Inflammation of one of the tendons in the carpal tunnel may compress the median nerve, causing carpal tunnel syndrome.

Hint 106

Flexor Retinaculum

Front 107

Back 107

Glenohumeral Ligament:

Attachments:

Superior:
Superior glenoid labrum (12 o'clock position)
Superior to lesser tubercle

Middle:
Superior glenoid labrum, just below the insertion of the superior glenohumeral ligament
Medial to lesser tubercle

Inferior:
Glenoid labrum - 3 o'clock to 9 o'clock positions
Inferior part of lesser tubercle

Function:
Stabilises the head of the humerus during movement of the arm.

Hint 107

Glenohumeral Ligament:

Front 108

Back 108

Interosseous Membrane of the Forearm:

Attachments:
Radius' medial margin
Ulna's lateral margin

Function:
Connects the radius and ulna, stabilising the radioulnar joints. Provides a surface for muscular attachment.

Muscles Attached:
Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor pollicis longus

Hint 108

Interosseous Membrane of the Forearm

Front 109

Back 109

Palmar Carpometacarpal Ligament:

Attachments:
Metacarpal II to Trapezium
Metacarpal III to Trapezium, Capitate and Hamate
Metacarpal IV to Hamate
Metacarpal V to Hamate

Function:
Attaches the palmar surface of the distal carpal bones to metacarpals II to V.

Hint 109

Palmar Carpometacarpal Ligament

Front 110

Back 110

Palmar Radiocarpal Ligament:

Attachments:
Radius' distal end
Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum

Function:
Fibres angle across from the distal end of the radius to the medial side of the wrist. The ligament stabilises the wrist joint and limits radial deviation of the wrist.

Hint 110

Palmar Radiocarpal Ligament

Front 111

Back 111

Palmar Radioulnar Ligament:

Attachments:
Anterior margin of ulnar notch
Anterior margin of the head of the ulnar

Function:
Stabilises the distal radioulnar joint.

Hint 111

Palmar Radioulnar Ligament

Front 112

Back 112

Radial Collateral Ligament of the Wrist:

Attachments:
Tip of the styloid process of the radius
Radial surface of the scaphoid

Function:
Limits ulnar deviation of the wrist.

Hint 112

Radial Collateral Ligament of the Wrist

Front 113

Back 113

Radial Collateral Ligament:

Attachments:
Lateral epicondyle
Annular ligament of the radius

Function:
Stabilises the elbow during flexion.
Prevents medial flexion and lateral translation of the elbow joint.

Hint 113

Radial Collateral Ligament

Front 114

Back 114

Radiate Carpal Ligaments:

Attachments:
Capitate
Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetral

Function:
Stabilises the carpal bones.

Hint 114

Radiate Carpal Ligaments

Front 115

Back 115

Subacromial-Subdeltoid Bursa (SSB):

Location:
Superior to the glenohumeral joint capsule
Inferior to the deep surface of the deltoid muscle and coracoacromial arch.

Function:
Decreases friction and allows free motion of the rotator cuff relative to the coracoacromial arch and the deltoid muscle.

Hint 115

Subacromial-Subdeltoid Bursa (SSB)

Front 116

Back 116

Ulnar Collateral Ligament of the Wrist:

Attachments:
Tip of the styloid process of the ulna
Pisiform, medial surface of the triquetral

Function:
Stabilises the medial aspect of the wrist joint.

Hint 116

Ulnar Collateral Ligament of the Wrist

Front 117

Back 117

Ulnar Collateral Ligament:

Attachments:
Medial epicondyle
Coronoid process, olecranon

Function:
Resists valgus force and supports the ulnohumeral joint.

Hint 117

Ulnar Collateral Ligament

Front 118

Back 118

Anterior Circumflex Humeral Artery:

Source:
Axillary Artery
Branches from the axillary artery's lateral aspect.

Course:
Runs across the anterior surface of the surgical neck of the humerus

Muscles Supplied:
(Deltoid)

Continuation:
Anastomoses with the posterior circumflex humeral artery

Hint 118

Anterior Circumflex Humeral Artery

Front 119

Back 119

Axillary Artery:

Source:
Subclavian Artery
Becomes the axillary artery at the lateral margin of the first rib

Branches:
(from proximal to distal)
(Screw The Lawyers Save A Patient)
Superior thoracic artery
Thoracoacromial artery
Lateral thoracic artery
Subscapular artery
Anterior circumflex humeral artery
Posterior circumflex humeral artery

Muscles Supplied:
Axilla

Complementary Vein:
Axillary vein

Continuation:
Brachial artery
Once past the inferior border of teres major

Hint 119

Axillary Artery

Screw The Lawyers Save A Patient

Front 120

Back 120

Brachial Artery:

Source:
Axillary artery
Becomes the brachial artery once past the inferior border of teres major

Branches:
Deep brachial artery
Superior ulnar collateral artery
Inferior ulnar collateral artery

Muscles Supplied:
Biceps brachii
Triceps brachii

Complementary Vein:
Brachial vein(s) - venae comitantes

Continuation:
Bifurcates into the radial and ulnar arteries near the apex of the cubital fossa

Hint 120

Brachial Artery

Front 121

Back 121

Circumflex Scapular Artery:

Source:
Subscapular Artery
Branches from the subscapular artery

Muscles Supplied:
Infraspinatus
Teres major
Teres minor

Course:
Travels through the upper triangular space, then runs across the dorsum of the scapula

Muscles Supplied:
Subscapularis

Continuation:
Anastomoses with the dorsal scapular artery and the suprapular artery

Hint 121

Circumflex Scapular Artery

Front 122

Back 122

Deep Brachial Artery (Profunda Brachii):

Source:
Brachial artery
Branches from the brachial artery's posterolateral surface, just below teres minor

Course:
Closely follows the radial nerve in the radial sulcus of the humerus.

Branches:
Gives off a branch which anastomoses with the posterior circumflex humeral artery
Radial collateral
Medial collateral

Muscles Supplied:
Triceps brachii
(Deltoid)

Continuation:
Anastomoses with the radial recurrent artery

Hint 122

Deep Brachial Artery (Profunda Brachii)

Front 123

Back 123

Posterior Circumflex Humeral Artery:

Source:
Axillary artery
Branches from the axillary artery at the inferior border of subscapularis

Course:
Travels through the quadrangular space with the axillary nerve, then wraps around the posterior surface of the surgical neck of the humerus

Muscles Supplied:
Deltoid
Teres minor

Continuation:
Anastomoses with the anterior circumflex humeral artery and deep brachial artery

Hint 123

Posterior Circumflex Humeral Artery

Front 124

Back 124

Radial Collateral Artery:

Source:
Deep brachial artery
Branches from the deep brachial artery in the arm

Continuation:
Anastomoses with the radial recurrent artery

Hint 124

Radial Collateral Artery

Front 125

Back 125

Subclavian Artery:

Source:
(left side)
Third branch from the aortic arch
(right side)
One half of the bifurcation of the brachiocephalic artery

Branches:
(VITamin C & D)
Vertebral artery
Internal thoracic artery
Thyrocervical trunk
Costocervical trunk
Dorsal scapular artery

Complementary Vein:
Subclavian vein

Continuation:
Brachial artery
Becomes the brachial artery at the lateral margin of the first rib

Hint 125

Subclavian Artery

Front 126

Back 126

Superior Ulnar Collateral Artery:

Source:
Brachial artery
Branches from the brachial artery just distal to the middle of the arm

Continuation:
Anastomoses with the posterior ulnar recurrent artery and inferior ulnar recurrent artery

Hint 126

Superior Ulnar Collateral Artery

Front 127

Back 127

Thoracoacromial Artery:

Source:
Axillary artery
Branches from the axillary artery at the upper edge of pectoralis major

Branches:
Pectoral
Acromial
Clavicular
Deltoid (humeral)

Muscles Supplied:

Pectoral:
Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor

Acromial:
(Deltoid)

Clavicular:
Subclavius

Deltoid:
(Pectoralis major)
(Deltoid)


Continuation:

Pectoral:
Anastomoses with the lateral thoracic artery and intercostal branches of the internal thoracic artery

Acromial:
Ends on the acromion, in a network formed by branches of the suprascapular nerve, thoracoacromial nerve, and posterior circumflex humeral artery

Hint 127

Thoracoacromial Artery

Front 128

Back 128

Anterior Interosseous Artery:

Source:
Common interosseous artery
One half of the bifurcation of the interosseous artery

Branches:
Muscular branches
Nutrient branches to radius and ulna
Palmar carpal network

Muscles Supplied:
Flexor forearms:
Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor pollicis longus
Pronator quadratus

Continuation:
Sends a branch to join the palmar carpal network.
Anastomoses with dorsal interosseous artery, and continues to join the dorsal carpal network.

Hint 128

Anterior Interosseous Artery

Front 129

Back 129

Common Interosseous Artery:

Source:
Ulnar artery
Branches from the ulnar artery immediately inferior to the ulnar tuberosity

Continuation:
Bifurcates into the anterior interosseous artery and the posterior interosseous artery after about 1cm

Hint 129

Common Interosseous Artery

Front 130

Back 130

Posterior Interosseous Artery:

Source:
Common interosseous artery
One half of the birfurcation of the common interosseous artery

Branches:
Interosseous recurrent artery

Muscles Supplied:
Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis
Extensor digitorum
Extensor digiti minimi
Extensor indicis

Continuation:
Anastomoses with the anterior interosseous artery and the dorsal carpal network

Hint 130

Posterior Interosseous Artery

Front 131

Back 131

Radial Artery:

Source:
Brachial artery
One half of the bifurcation of the brachial artery

Branches:

Forearm:
Radial recurrent artery
Palmar carpal branch of the radial artery
Dorsal carpal branch of the radial artery
Superficial palmar branch of the radial artery

Wrist:
Dorsal carpal branch of the radial artery
First dorsal metacarpal artery

Hand:
Princeps pollicis artery
Radialis indicis

Complementary Vein:
Radial vein(s) - venae comitantes

Continuation:
Becomes the deep palmar arch
(raDial -> Deep; Ulnar -> sUperficial)

Hint 131

Radial Artery

(raDial -> Deep; Ulnar -> sUperficial)

Front 132

Back 132

Radial Recurrent Artery:

Source:
Radial artery
Branches from the radial artery immediately inferior to the bifurcation of the brachial artery near the apex of the cubital fossa

Muscles Supplied:
Supinator
Brachioradialis
Brachialis

Continuation:
Anastomoses with the terminal part of the deep brachial artery

Hint 132

Radial Recurrent Artery

Front 133

Back 133

Ulnar Artery:

Source:
Brachial artery
One half of the bifurcation of the brachial artery

Branches:
Anterior ulnar recurrent artery
Posterior ulnar recurrent artery
Common interosseous artery
Muscular artery
Palmar carpal
Dorsal carpal
Deep volar
Superficial volar arch

Muscles Supplied: (Superficial flexors of forearm)
Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Flexor digitorum superficialis

Extensor carpi ulnaris

Complementary Vein:
Ulnar vein(s) - venae comitantes

Continuation:
Becomes the superficial palmar arch
(Ulnar -> sUperficial; raDial -> Deep)

Hint 133

Ulnar Artery

Front 134

Back 134

Common Palmar Digital Arteries:

Source:
Superficial palmar arch
Branches from the convexity of the superficial palmar arch

Muscles Supplied:
Lumbricals I to IV

Complementary Vein:
Palmar digital veins

Continuation:
Each of the outer arteries become the proper palmar digital arteries past the metacarpophalangeal joint;
Each of the three inner arteries bifurcates into two adjacent proper palmar digital arteries, supplying adjacent digits, past the metacarpophalangeal joint

Hint 134

Common Palmar Digital Arteries

Front 135

Back 135

Deep Palmar Arch:

Source:
Radial artery
(Deep -> raDial; sUperficial -> Ulnar)
The terminal part of the radial artery
(Also from the deep branch of the ulnar artery)

Branches:
Palmar metacarpal arteries

Muscles Supplied:
Lumbricals I to IV

Complementary Vein:
Deep palmar venous arch (venae comitantes)

Course:
The deep palmar arch lies slightly proximal to the superficial palmar arch

Hint 135

Deep Palmar Arch

Front 136

Back 136

Dorsal Carpal Arch:

Source:
Dorsal carpal branch of the radial artery
Dorsal carpal branch of the ulnar artery
Anterior interosseous artery
Posterior interosseous artery

An arterial network spanning the dorsal surface of the carpal bones, formed by anastomoses of branches of the dorsal carpal branch of the radial and ulnar arteries, and the dorsal and palmar interosseous arteries.

Branches:
Three dorsal metacarpal arteries are given off by the arch

Hint 136

Dorsal Carpal Arch

Front 137

Back 137

Dorsal Digital Arteries:

Source:
Dorsal metacarpal arteries

Muscles Supplied:
Lumbricals I to IV

Complementary Vein:
Dorsal digital vein

Course:
Travel along the sides and dorsal surface of the phalanges of the digits

Hint 137

Dorsal Digital Arteries

Front 138

Back 138

Dorsal Metacarpal Arteries:

Source:
Dorsal carpal arch

Muscles Supplied:
Dorsal interosseous muscles I to IV

Complementary Vein:
Dorsal metacarpal veins

Continuation:
Each of the three arteries lying between digits II to V bifurcates into two adjacent dorsal digital arteries at the metacarpophalangeal joint, supplying adjacent digits;
Each of the arteries supplying the outside of the first digit (thumb) and the outside of the second and fifth digits becomes a dorsal digital artery at the metacarpophalangeal joint.

Hint 138

Dorsal Metacarpal Arteries

Front 139

Back 139

Principal Artery of the Thumb:

Source:
Radial artery
Branches from the radial artery just as it turns medially towards the deep part of the hand

Continuation:
Bifurcates at the carpometacarpal joint, and is then distributed to the palmar surface and sides of the thumb

Hint 139

Principal Artery of the Thumb

Front 140

Back 140

Proper Palmar Digital Arteries:

Source:
Common palmar digital arteries
The terminal part of the common palmar digital arteries; the middle three common palmar digital arteries bifurcate into two proper palmar digital arteries each

Muscles Supplied:
Supply the side of each finger

Complementary Vein:
Palmar digital veins

Hint 140

Proper Palmar Digital Arteries

Front 141

Back 141

Superficial Palmar Arch:

Source:
Ulnar artery
(sUperficial -> Ulnar; Deep -> raDial)
The terminal part of the ulnar artery
(also from the superficial branch of the radial artery)

Branches:
Common palmar digital arteries

Muscles Supplied:
Lumbricals I to IV

Complementary Vein:
Superficial palmar venous arch (venae comitantes)

Hint 141

Superficial Palmar Arch

Front 142

Back 142

Deltoid:

Origin:
Clavicular (anterior) head: deltoid tubercle of the clavicle
Acromial (lateral) head: superior (lateral) surface of the acromion
Spinal (posterior) head: originates from the inferior lip of the spine of the scapula

Insertion:
Deltoid tuberosity of the humerus

Action:
Clavicular (anterior) head: flexion and medial rotation (adduction <60 degrees; abduction >60 degrees)
Acromial (lateral) head: abduction
Spinal (posterior) head: extension and lateral rotation (adduction <60 degrees; abduction >60 degrees)

Innervation:
Axillary nerve (C5, c6)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Posterior circumflex humeral artery

Hint 142

Deltoid

Front 143

Back 143

Pectoralis major:

Origin:
Clavicular head: medial half of the anterior surface of the clavicle
Sternocostal head: manubrium and body of the sternum; first six costal cartilages; aponeurosis of external obliques

Insertion:
Crest of the greater tubercle

Action:
Clavicular head: adduction, medial rotation and flexion
Sternocostal head: extension

Innervation:
Clavicular head: lateral pectoral nerve (c5, C6)
Sternocostal head: medial pectoral nerve (C7, C8, t1)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Thoracoacromial trunk's pectoral branch

Hint 143

Pectoralis major

Front 144

Back 144

Pectoralis minor:

Origin:
Ribs III-V, near their costal cartilages

Insertion:
Anterior surface of the coracoid process

Action:
Stabilises scapula, pulling it inferiorly and anteriorly against the thoracic wall
(Also accessory muscle in respiration, with a fixed scapula)

Innervation:
Medial pectoral nerve (c8, t1)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Thoracoacromial trunk's pectoral branch

Hint 144

Pectoralis minor

Front 145

Back 145

Subclavius:

Origin:
First rib (and its cartilage)

Insertion:
Subclavian groove

Action:
Depresses clavicle (maintaining sternoclavicular joint)

Innervation:
Subclavian nerve (C5, c6)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Thoracoacromial artery's clavicular branch

Hint 145

Subclavius

Front 146

Rotator Cuff

Back 146

Rotator Cuff:

Muscles:
(SITS)
Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor, Subscapularis

Origin:
Scapula

Insertion:
Humerus

Function:
Stabilises the glenohumeral joint
Abduction, (adduction), medial rotation, lateral rotation (and assists extension) of the humerus

Hint 146

Rotator Cuff

SITS

Front 147

Back 147

Supraspinatus:

Origin:
Supraspinous fossa

Insertion:
Greater tubercle's superior facet

Action:
Initiates abduction

Innervation:
Suprascapular nerve (c4, C5, c6)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Suprascapular artery

Hint 147

Supraspinatus

Front 148

Back 148

Infraspinatus:

Origin:
Infraspinous fossa

Insertion:
Greater tubercle's middle facet

Action:
External rotation
(Adduction)

Innervation:
Suprascapular nerve (C5, c6)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Suprascapular artery
Circumflex scapular artery

Hint 148

Infraspinatus

Front 149

Back 149

Teres Minor:

Origin:
Upper two thirds of the lateral border of the scapula

Insertion:
Greater tubercle's inferior facet

Action:
Lateral rotation
(Adduction)

Innervation:
Axillary nerve (C5, c6)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Circumflex scapular artery
Posterior circumflex humeral artery

Note:
Teres minor forms the superior border of the quadrangular space and the upper triangular space

Hint 149

Teres Minor

Front 150

Back 150

Subscapularis:

Origin:
Subscapular fossa

Insertion:
Lesser tubercle of the humerus

Action:
Medial rotation
(Assists extension)

Innervation: (c5, C6, c7)
Upper subscapular nerve (upper fibres)
Lower subscapular nerve (lower fibres)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Subscapular artery

Hint 150

Subscapularis

Front 151

Back 151

Teres Major:

Origin:
Inferior angle of the scapula's posterior surface

Insertion:
Crest of lesser tubercle

Action:
Medial rotation
Adduction
(Assist in extension)

Innervation:
Lower subscapular nerve (c5, C6)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Subscapular artery
Circumflex scapular artery

Note:
Teres major forms the inferior border of the quadrangular space and upper triangular space;
Teres major forms the superior border of the lower triangular space

Hint 151

Teres Major

Front 152

Back 152

Biceps Brachii:

Origin:
Short head: Lateral tip of the coracoid process
Long head: Supraglenoid tubercle

Insertion:
Posterior (rough) surface of the radial tuberosity

Action:
Supination
Short head: Flexion of forearm
Long head: Flexion of arm

Innervation:
Musculocutaneous nerve (c5, C6)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Brachial artery

Hint 152

Biceps Brachii

Front 153

Back 153

Long Head of Biceps Brachii:

Origin:
Supraglenoid tubercle

Insertion:
Posterior (rough) surface of the radial tuberosity

Action:
Supination, flexion of arm

Innervation:
Musculocutaneous nerve (c5, C6)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Brachial artery

Hint 153

Long Head of Biceps Brachii

Front 154

Back 154

Short Head of Biceps Brachii:

Origin:
Lateral tip of the coracoid process

Insertion:
Posterior (rough) surface of the radial tuberosity

Action:
Supination, flexion of forearm

Innervation:
Musculocutaneous nerve (c5, C6)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Brachial artery

Hint 154

Short Head of Biceps Brachii

Front 155

Back 155

Coracobrachialis:

Origin:
Lateral tip of the coracoid process

Insertion:
Medial surface of mid-shaft humerus

Action:
Flexion and adduction of arm

Innervation:
Musculocutaneous nerve (c5, C6, c7)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Brachial artery

Hint 155

Coracobrachialis

Front 156

Back 156

Brachialis:

Origin:
Anterior surface of the distal half of the humeral shaft
Intermuscular septa

Insertion:
Coronoid process and ulnar tuberosity

Action:
Flexion of forearm

Innervation:
Musculocutaneous nerve (c5, C6)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Radial recurrent artery

Hint 156

Brachialis

Front 157

Back 157

Triceps Brachii:

Origin:
Long head: Infraglenoid tubercle
Lateral head: Posterior surface of proximal third of the humerus; lateral intermuscular septum
Medial head: Posterior surface of distal half of the humerus; intermuscular septa

Insertion:
Superoposterior surface of the olecranon

Action:
Extension of forearm
Long head: extension and adduction of arm

Innervation:
Radial nerve (c6, C7, C8)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Deep brachial artery

Note:
Long head of triceps brachii forms the medial border of the quadranguar space;
Long head of triceps brachii forms the lateral border of the lower triangular space

Hint 157

Triceps Brachii

Front 158

Back 158

Long Head of Triceps Brachii:

Origin:
Infraglenoid tubercle

Insertion:
Superoposterior surface of the olecranon

Action:
Extension of forearm, extension and adduction of arm

Innervation:
Radial nerve (c6, C7, C8)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Deep brachial artery

Note:
Long head of triceps brachii forms the medial border of the quadranguar space;
Long head of triceps brachii forms the lateral border of the lower triangular space

Hint 158

Long Head of Triceps Brachii

Front 159

Back 159

Lateral Head of Triceps Brachii:

Origin:
Posterior surface of proximal third of the humerus
Lateral intermuscular septum

Insertion:
Superoposterior surface of the olecranon

Action:
Extension of forearm

Innervation:
Radial nerve (c6, C7, C8)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Deep brachial artery

Hint 159

Lateral Head of Triceps Brachii

Front 160

Back 160

Medial Head of Triceps Brachii:

Origin:
Medial head: Posterior surface of distal half of the humerus; intermuscular septa

Insertion:
Superoposterior surface of the olecranon

Action:
Extension of forearm

Innervation:
Radial nerve (c6, C7, C8)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Deep brachial artery

Hint 160

Medial Head of Triceps Brachii

Front 161

Back 161

Anconeus:

Origin:
Lateral epicondyle

Insertion:
Lateral surface of the olecranon

Action:
Extension of forearm
Stabilises elbow and abducts ulna during pronation

Innervation:
Radial nerve (c7, c8, t1)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Interosseous recurrent artery, a branch of the posterior interosseous artery

Note:
The anconeus is partially blended with the triceps brachii; some consider it to be the fourth head of the triceps brachii, making it homologous to the quadriceps femoris in the lower limb.

Hint 161

Anconeus

Front 162

Back 162

Superficial Flexors of the Forearm:
(Layers 1 and 2)

Muscles:
Layer 1:
Pronator teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Layer 2:
Flexor digitorum superficialis

Origin:
Common flexor origin on medial epicondyle

Innervation:
Median nerve
Flexor carpi radialis: Ulnar nerve

Primary Arterial Supply:
Ulnar artery

Hint 162

Superficial Flexors of the Forearm

Front 163

Back 163

Pronator Teres:

Origin:
Humeral head: Common flexor origin on medial epicondyle
Ulnar head: Medial surface of the coronoid process

Insertion:
Midpoint of the lateral surface of the shaft of the radius

Action:
Pronation
(Flexion)

Innervation:
Median nerve (c6, C7)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Ulnar artery

Note:
Pronator Teres forms the medial border of the cubital fossa

Hint 163

Pronator Teres

Front 164

Back 164

Flexor Carpi Radialis:

Origin:
Common flexor origin on medial epicondyle

Insertion:
Base of metacarpals II to III

Action:
Flexion and abduction (radial deviation)

Innervation:
Median nerve (c6, C7)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Ulnar artery

Hint 164

Flexor Carpi Radialis

Front 165

Back 165

Palmaris Longus:

Origin:
Common flexor origin on medial epicondyle

Insertion:
Palmar aponeurosis

Action:
Flexion

Innervation:
Median nerve (c7, c8)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Ulnar artery

Absent in ~13% of forearms

Hint 165

Palmaris Longus

Front 166

Back 166

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris:

Origin:
Humeral head: Common flexor origin on medial epicondyle
Ulnar head: Proximal two thirds of posterior surface of ulna, including olecranon

Insertion:
Pisiform
Hook of Hamate
Base of metacarpal V

Action:
Flexion, adduction (ulnar deviation)

Innervation:
Ulnar nerve (c7, C8)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Ulnar artery

Note:
Pisiform is a sesamoid bone of the tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris

Hint 166

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris

Front 167

Back 167

Flexor Digitorum Superficialis

Origin:
Humeral head: Common flexor origin on medial epicondyle
Humeroulnar head: Medial aspect of coronoid process
Radial head: Middle third of anterior surface of the radius

Insertion:
Sides of the base of the middle phalanges (i.e. digits II to V)
Tenons bifurcate and insert on the sides of the middle phalanges, to allow flexor digitorm profundus' tendons to pass through to reach the distal phalanges.

Action:
Flexion of the fingers (at proximal interphalangeal joint)

Innervation:
Median nerve (c7, c8, t1)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Ulnar artery

Hint 167

Flexor Digitorum Superficialis

Front 168

Back 168

Deep Flexors of the Forearm:
(Layers 3 and 4)

Muscles:
Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor pollicis longus
Pronator quadratus

Origin:
Anterior surface of the radius and ulna

Innervation:
Median nerve
Lateral half of flexor digitorum profundus: Ulnar nerve

Primary arterial supply:
Anterior interosseous artery

Hint 168

Deep Flexors of the Forearm

Front 169

Back 169

Flexor Digitorum Profundus:

Origin:
Medial and anterior surfaces of proximal two thirds of the ulna, and adjacent interosseous membrane

Insertion:
Base of distal phalanges II to V

Action:
Flexion of distal interphalangeal joints of digits II to V

Innervation:
Median nerve (digits II-III) (c8, T1)
Ulnar nerve (digits IV-V) (c8, T1)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Ulnar artery
Anterior interosseous artery

Hint 169

Flexor Digitorum Profundus

Front 170

Back 170

Flexor Pollicis Longus:

Origin:
Middle two quarters of anterior surface of the radius, and adjacent interosseous membrane

Insertion:
Base of the distal phalanx of the thumb

Action:
Flexion of interphalangeal joints of the thumb

Innervation:
Anterior interosseous nerve, from Median nerve (C8, t1)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Anterior interosseous artery

Hint 170

Flexor Pollicis Longus

Front 171

Back 171

Pronator Quadratus:

Origin:
Medial surface of the distal quarter of the ulna

Insertion:
Anterior surface of the distal quarter of the radius

Action:
Pronation

Innervation:
Anterior interosseous nerve, from Median nerve (C8, t1)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Anterior interosseous artery

Hint 171

Pronator Quadratus

Front 172

Back 172

Brachioradialis:

Origin:
Proximal half of lateral supracondylar ridge

Insertion:
Base of radial styloid process

Action:
Flexes forearm
(Assists in pronation and supination)

Innervation:
Radial nerve (c5, C6, c7)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Radial recurrent artery

Note:
Brachioradialis forms the lateral border of the cubital fosssa

Hint 172

Brachioradialis

Front 173

Back 173

Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus:

Origin:
Distal half of lateral supracondylar ridge

Insertion:
Base of dorsal surface of metacarpal II

Action:
Extension and abduction (radial deviation) of the wrist

Innervation:
Radial nerve (c6, c7)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Radial artery

Hint 173

Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus

Front 174

Back 174

Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis:

Origin:
Common extensor origin on lateral epicondyle

Insertion:
Base of dorsal surface of metacarpal III

Action:
Extension and abduction (radial deviation) of the wrist; clenching of the fist

Innervation:
Deep branch of radial nerve (C7, c8)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Radial artery

Hint 174

Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis

Front 175

Back 175

Superficial Extensors of the Forearm:

Muscles:
Extensor digitorum
Extensor digiti minimi
Extensor carpi ulnaris

Origin:
Common extensor origin on lateral epicondyle

Innervation:
Radial nerve

Hint 175

Superficial Extensors of the Forearm

Front 176

Back 176

Extensor Digitorum:

Origin:
Common extensor origin on lateral epicondyle

Insertion:
Extensor expansion of middle and distal phalanges II to V
Central bands insert on the base of the middle phalanges; lateral bands insert on the base of the distal phalanges

Action:
Extension of digits II to V

Innervation:
Posterior interosseous nerve (continuation of deep branch of radial nerve) (C7, c8)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Posterior interosseous artery

Hint 176

Extensor Digitorum

Front 177

Back 177

Extensor Digiti Minimi:

Origin:
Common extensor origin on lateral epicondyle

Insertion:
Extensor expansion of digit V
Joins the tendon of extensor digitorum in inserting at the base of the middle and distal phalanges of digit V

Action:
Extension of digit V

Innervation:
Posterior interosseous nerve (continuation of deep branch of radial nerve) (C7, c8)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Posterior interosseous artery

Hint 177

Extensor Digiti Minimi

Front 178

Back 178

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris:

Origin:
Common flexor origin on lateral epicondyle
Distal half of the lateral supracondylar ridge
Ulnar head: middle third of the posterior surface of the ulna

Insertion:
Medial surface of the base of metacarpal V

Action:
Extension and adduction (ulnar deviation) of the wrist; clenching of the fist

Innervation:
Posterior interosseous nerve (continuation of deep branch of radial nerve) (C7, c8)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Ulnar artery

Hint 178

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris

Front 179

Back 179

Deep Extensors of the Forearm:

Muscles:
Supinator
Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis
Extensor pollicis longus
Extesor indicis

Origin:
Posterior surface of the radius and ulna

Innervation:
Radial nerve (c7, C8)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Posterior interosseous artery

Hint 179

Deep Extensors of the Forearm

Front 180

Back 180

Supinator:

Origin:
Common extensor origin on lateral epicondyle
Lateral surface of the ulna, just distal to the radial notch (supinator fossa)
Radial collateral ligament
Annular collateral ligament

Insertion:
Lateral surface of the proximal third of the shaft of the radius

Action:
Supination

Innervation:
Deep branch of Radial nerve (c7, C8)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Radial recurrent artery

Hint 180

Supinator

Front 181

Back 181

Extensor Indicis

Origin:
Posterolateral surface of distal ulna and adjacent interosseous membrane

Insertion:
Extensor expansion of digit II
Joins the flexor digitorum tendon in inserting at the base of the middle and distal phalanges of digit II

Action:
Extension of digit II

Innervation:
Posterior interosseous branch of radial nerve (c7, C8)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Posterior interosseous artery

Hint 181

Extensor Indicis

Front 182

Back 182

Abductor Pollicis Longus:

Origin:
Posterolateral surface of the second quarter of the shaft of the ulna, posteromedial surface of the third quarter of the shaft of the radius, and the intervening interosseous membrane

Insertion:
Radial side of the base of metacarpal I

Action:
Abduction of the thumb
(Extension of the thumb)

Innervation:
Posterior interosseous branch of radial nerve (c7, C8)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Posterior interosseous artery

Note:
Radial styloid process' dorsal surface has a groove for abductor pollicis longus' tendon
Abductor pollicis longus forms the lateral border of the anatomical snuffbox

Hint 182

Abductor Pollicis Longus

Front 183

Back 183

Extensor Pollicis Brevis:

Origin:
Posterior distal radial shaft and adjacent interosseous membrane

Insertion:
Base of proximal phalanx I

Action:
Extension of thumb at metacarpophalangeal joint

Innervation:
Posterior interosseous branch of radial nerve (c7, C8)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Posterior interosseous Artery

Note:
Radial styloid process' dorsal surface has a groove for extensor pollicis brevis' tendon
Extensor pollicis brevis forms the posterolateral border of the anatomical snuffbox

Hint 183

Extensor Pollicis Brevis

Front 184

Back 184

Extensor Pollicis Longus:

Origin:
Posterolateral mid-shaft ulna and adjacent interosseous membrane

Insertion:
Base of distal phalanx I

Action:
Extension of the thumb at the interphalangeal joint

Innervation:
Posterior interosseous branch of radial nerve (c7, C8)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Posterior interosseous artery

Note:
Extensor pollicis longus forms the posterior/medial border of the anatomical snuffbox

Hint 184

Extensor Pollicis Longus

Front 185

Back 185

Thenar Eminence:

Muscles:
(AbOF)
Abductor Pollicis Brevis
Opponens Pollicis
Flexor Pollicis Brevis

Innervation:
Recurrent branch of Median Nerve
Deep branch of Ulnar nerve

Primary Arterial Supply:
Radial Artery (Superficial palmar branch)

Note:
The thenar eminence is a mirror image of the hypothenar eminence

Hint 185

Thenar Eminence

AbOF

Front 186

Back 186

Abductor Pollicis Brevis:

Origin:
Flexor retinaculum; scaphoid and trapezium

Insertion:
Base of proximal phalanx I

Action:
Abduction of thumb

Innervation:
Recurrent branch of Median Nerve (C8, t1)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Radial Artery (Superficial palmar branch)

Hint 186

Abductor Pollicis Brevis

Front 187

Back 187

Opponens Pollicis:

Origin:
Flexor retinaculum; trapezium

Insertion:
Radial surface of the shaft of metacarpal I

Action:
Opposition of the thumb

Innervation:
Recurrent branch of Median Nerve (C8, t1)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Radial Artery (Superficial palmar branch)

Hint 187

Opponens Pollicis

Front 188

Back 188

Flexor Pollicis Brevis:

Origin:
Superficial head: Flexor retinaculum; trapezium
Deep head: Trapezoid and capitate

Insertion:
Base of proximal phalanx I

Action:
Flexion of thumb
(Assists adduction and opposition)

Innervation:
Superficial head: Recurrent branch of Median Nerve (C8, t1)
Deep head: Deep branch of Ulnar nerve (c8, T1)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Radial Artery (Superficial palmar branch)

Hint 188

Flexor Pollicis Brevis

Front 189

Back 189

Superficial Head of Flexor Pollicis Brevis:

Origin:
Flexor retinaculum; trapezium

Insertion:
Base of proximal phalanx I

Action:
Flexion of thumb
(Assists adduction and opposition)

Innervation:
Recurrent branch of Median Nerve (C8, t1)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Radial Artery (Superficial palmar branch)

Hint 189

Superficial Head of Flexor Pollicis Brevis

Front 190

Back 190

Deep Head of Flexor Pollicis Brevis:

Origin:
Trapezoid and capitate

Insertion:
Base of proximal phalanx I

Action:
Flexion of thumb
(Assists adduction and opposition)

Innervation:
Deep branch of Ulnar nerve (c8, T1)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Radial Artery (Superficial palmar branch)

Hint 190

Deep Head of Flexor Pollicis Brevis

Front 191

Back 191

Adductor Pollicis:

Origin:
Oblique head: Base of metacarpals II and III; adjacent Capitate
Transverse head: Anterior body of metacarpal III

Insertion:
Medial surface of the base of proximal phalanx I

Action:
Adduction of the thumb
(Flexion of the thumb)

Innervation:
Deep branch of Ulnar nerve (c8, T1)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Deep palmar arch

Hint 191

Adductor Pollicis

Front 192

Back 192

Oblique Head of Adductor Pollicis:

Origin:
Base of metacarpals II and III; adjacent Capitate

Insertion:
Medial surface of the base of proximal phalanx I

Action:
Adduction of the thumb
(Flexion of the thumb)

Innervation:
Deep branch of Ulnar nerve (c8, T1)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Deep palmar arch

Hint 192

Oblique Head of Adductor Pollicis

Front 193

Back 193

Transverse Head of Adductor Pollicis:

Origin:
Anterior body of metacarpal III

Insertion:
Medial surface of the base of proximal phalanx I

Action:
Adduction of the thumb
(Flexion of the thumb)

Innervation:
Deep branch of Ulnar nerve (c8, T1)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Deep palmar arch

Hint 193

Transverse Head of Adductor Pollicis

Front 194

Back 194

Hypothenar Eminence

Muscles:
(AbOF)
Abductor digiti minimi of the hand
Opponens digiti minimi
Flexor digiti minimi

Innervation:
Deep branch of Ulnar nerve (c8, T1)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Ulnar artery

Hint 194

Hypothenar Eminence

AbOF

Front 195

Back 195

Abductor Digiti Minimi of the Hand:

Origin:
Pisiform

Insertion:
Medial surface of the base of proximal phalanx V

Action:
Abduction of digit V

Innervation:
Deep branch of Ulnar nerve (c8, T1)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Ulnar artery

Hint 195

Abductor Digiti Minimi of the Hand

Front 196

Back 196

Opponens Digiti Minimi:

Origin:
Flexor retinaculum; Hook of Hamate

Insertion:
Medial surface of the shaft of metacarpal V

Action:
Opposition of digit V to thumb

Innervation:
Deep branch of Ulnar nerve (c8, T1)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Ulnar artery

Hint 196

Opponens Digiti Minimi

Front 197

Back 197

Flexor Digiti Minimi (Brevis):

Origin:
Flexor retinaculum; Hook of Hamate

Insertion:
Medial surface of the base of proximal phalanx V

Action:
Flexion of digit V

Innervation:
Deep branch of Ulnar nerve (c8, T1)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Ulnar artery

Hint 197

Flexor Digiti Minimi (Brevis)

Front 198

Back 198

Palmaris Brevis:

Origin:
Flexor retinaculum; medial border of the palmar aponeurosis

Insertion:
Skin of medial border of hand

Action:
Assists in grasping actions

Innervation:
Superficial branch of Ulnar nerve (c8, t1)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Ulnar artery (Superficial branch)

Hint 198

Palmaris Brevis

Front 199

Back 199

Palmar Interossei:
3 muscles

Origin:
Medial surface of the shaft of metacarpal II; Lateral surfaces of the shafts of metacarpals IV and V

Insertion: Extensor expansions
Medial surface of the base of proximal phalanx II; Lateral surfaces of the shafts of proximal phalanges IV and V

Action:
(PAd)
Adduction of the fingers (with respect to the midline of digit III)

Innervation:
Deep branch of Ulnar nerve (c8, T1)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Deep palmar arch (Palmar metacarpal artery)

Hint 199

Palmar Interossei

PAd

Front 200

Back 200

Palmar Interosseous I:

Origin:
Medial surface of the shaft of metacarpal II

Insertion: Extensor expansion
Medial surface of the base of proximal phalanx II

Action:
(PAd)
Adduction of digit II (with respect to the midline of digit III)

Innervation:
Deep branch of Ulnar nerve (c8, T1)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Deep palmar arch (Palmar metacarpal artery)

Hint 200

Palmar Interosseous I

Front 201

Back 201

Palmar Interosseous II:

Origin:
Lateral surface of the shaft of metacarpal IV

Insertion: Extensor expansion
Lateral surface of the shaft of proximal phalanx IV

Action:
(PAd)
Adduction of digit IV (with respect to the midline of digit III)

Innervation:
Deep branch of Ulnar nerve (c8, T1)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Deep palmar arch (Palmar metacarpal artery)

Hint 201

Palmar Interosseous II

Front 202

Back 202

Palmar Interosseous III:

Origin:
Lateral surface of the shaft of metacarpal V

Insertion: Extensor expansion
Lateral surface of the shaft of proximal phalanx V

Action:
(PAd)
Adduction of digit V (with respect to the midline of digit III)

Innervation:
Deep branch of Ulnar nerve (c8, T1)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Deep palmar arch (Palmar metacarpal artery)

Hint 202

Palmar Interosseous III

Front 203

Back 203

Dorsal Interossei:
4 muscles

Origin:
Adjacent metacarpal shafts

Insertion: Extensor expansions
Radial surfaces of the bases of proximal phalanges II and III; Medial surfaces ot the bases of proximal phalanges III and IV

Action:
DAb
Abduction of the fingers (with respect to the midline of digit III)

Innervation:
Deep branch of Ulnar nerve (c8, T1)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Dorsal and Palmar metacarpal arteries

Hint 203

Dorsal Interossei

DAb

Front 204

Back 204

Dorsal Interosseous I:

Origin:
Adjacent shafts of metacarpals I and II

Insertion: Extensor expansion
Radial surface of the base of proximal phalanx II

Action:
DAb
Abduction of digit II (with respect to the midline of digit III)

Innervation:
Deep branch of Ulnar nerve (c8, T1)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Dorsal and Palmar metacarpal arteries

Hint 204

Dorsal Interosseous I

Front 205

Back 205

Dorsal Interosseous II:

Origin:
Adjacent shafts of metacarpals II and III

Insertion: Extensor expansion
Radial surface of the base of proximal phalanx III

Action:
DAb
Abduction of digit III (with respect to the midline of digit III)

Innervation:
Deep branch of Ulnar nerve (c8, T1)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Dorsal and Palmar metacarpal arteries

Hint 205

Dorsal Interosseous II

Front 206

Back 206

Dorsal Interosseous III:

Origin:
Adjacent shafts of metacarpals III and IV

Insertion: Extensor expansion
Medial surface of the base of proximal phalanx III

Action:
DAb
Abduction of digit III (with respect to the midline of digit III)

Innervation:
Deep branch of Ulnar nerve (c8, T1)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Dorsal and Palmar metacarpal arteries

Hint 206

Dorsal Interosseous III

Front 207

Back 207

Dorsal Interosseous IV:

Origin:
Adjacent shafts of metacarpals IV and V

Insertion: Extensor expansion
Medial surface of the base of proximal phalanx IV

Action:
DAb
Abduction of digit IV (with respect to the midline of digit III)

Innervation:
Deep branch of Ulnar nerve (c8, T1)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Dorsal and Palmar metacarpal arteries

Hint 207

Dorsal Interosseous IV

Front 208

Back 208

Lumbricals:
(Lumbrical -> Earthworm: looks like an earthworm)
4 muscles

Origin:
Tendons of flexor digitorum profundus

Insertion: Extensor expansions
Radial surfaces of the bases of middle phalanges II to V

Action:
Extension of interphalangeal joints II to V
Flexion of metacarpophalangeal joints II to V

Innervation: (c8, T1)
Lumbricals I to II: Median nerve (Palmar digital branches)
Lumbricals III to IV: Deep branch of Ulnar nerve

Primary Arterial Supply:
Superficial palmar arch, common palmar digital arteries, deep palmar arch, dorsal digital artery

Hint 208

Lumbricals

Front 209

Back 209

Lumbrical I:

Origin:
(Unipennate)
Radial margin of flexor digitorum profundus' tendon to digit II

Insertion: Extensor expansion
Radial surfaces of the base of middle phalanx II

Action:
Extension of interphalangeal joint II
Flexion of metacarpophalangeal joint II

Innervation:
Median nerve (Palmar digital branches) (c8, T1)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Superficial palmar arch, common palmar digital arteries, deep palmar arch, dorsal digital artery

Hint 209

Lumbrical I

Front 210

Back 210

Lumbrical II:

Origin:
(Unipennate)
Radial margin of flexor digitorum profundus' tendon to digit III

Insertion: Extensor expansion
Radial surfaces of the base of middle phalanx III

Action:
Extension of interphalangeal joint III
Flexion of metacarpophalangeal joint III

Innervation:
Median nerve (Palmar digital branches) (c8, T1)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Superficial palmar arch, common palmar digital arteries, deep palmar arch, dorsal digital artery

Hint 210

Lumbrical II

Front 211

Back 211

Lumbrical III:

Origin:
(Bipennate)
Flexor digitorum profundus' tendons to digits III (medial margin) and IV (radial margin)

Insertion: Extensor expansion
Radial surface of the base of middle phalanx IV

Action:
Extension of interphalangeal joint IV
Flexion of metacarpophalangeal joint IV

Innervation:
Deep branch of Ulnar nerve (c8, T1)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Superficial palmar arch, common palmar digital arteries, deep palmar arch, dorsal digital artery

Hint 211

Lumbrical III

Front 212

Back 212

Lumbrical IV:

Origin:
(Bipennate)
Flexor digitorum profundus' tendons to digits IV (medial margin) and V (radial margin)

Insertion: Extensor expansion
Radial surface of the base of middle phalanx V

Action:
Extension of interphalangeal joint V
Flexion of metacarpophalangeal joint V

Innervation:
Deep branch of Ulnar nerve (c8, T1)

Primary Arterial Supply:
Superficial palmar arch, common palmar digital arteries, deep palmar arch, dorsal digital artery

Hint 212

Lumbrical IV

Front 213

Back 213

Costoclavicular Ligament

Front 214

Back 214

Sternohyoid Origin

Front 215

Back 215

Sternocleidomastoid Origin

Front 216

Back 216

Trapezius Insertion

Front 217

Back 217

Trapezius Insertion

Front 218

Back 218

Trapezius Insertion

Front 219

Back 219

Coracoclavicular Ligament

Front 220

Back 220

Conoid Ligament

Front 221

Back 221

Trapezoid Ligament

Front 222

Back 222

Levator Scapulae Insertion

Front 223

Back 223

Rhomboid Minor Insertion

Front 224

Back 224

Rhomboid Major Insertion

Front 225

Back 225

Serratus Anterior Insertion

Front 226

Back 226

Omohyoid Origin

Front 227

Back 227

Latissimus Dorsi Origin - very small slip on inferior angle of scapula

Front 228

Back 228

Latissimus Dorsi Insertion

Front 229

Back 229

Deltoid Origin - Clavicular Head

Front 230

Back 230

Deltoid Origin - Clavicular and Acromial Heads

Front 231

Back 231

Deltoid Origin - Acromial Head

Front 232

Back 232

Deltoid Insertion

Front 233

Back 233

Deltoid Insertion

Front 234

Back 234

Pectoralis Major Origin - Clavicular Head

Front 235

Back 235

Pectoralis Major Insertion

Front 236

Back 236

Pectoralis Minor Insertion

Front 237

Back 237

Subclavius Insertion

Front 238

Back 238

Supraspinatus Origin

Front 239

Back 239

Supraspinatus Insertion

Front 240

Back 240

Supraspinatus Insertion

Front 241

Back 241

Infraspinatus Origin

Front 242

Back 242

Infraspinatus Insertion

Front 243

Back 243

Teres Minor Origin

Front 244

Back 244

Teres Minor Insertion

Front 245

Back 245

Subscapularis Origin

Front 246

Back 246

Subscapularis Insertion

Front 247

Back 247

Teres Major Origin

Front 248

Back 248

Teres Major Insertion

Front 249

Back 249

Biceps Brachii Origin - Long Head

Front 250

Back 250

Biceps Brachii Origin - Short Head
Coracobrachialis Origin

Front 251

Back 251

Biceps Brachii Insertion

Front 252

Back 252

Biceps Brachii Insertion

Front 253

Back 253

Biceps Brachii Insertion

Front 254

Back 254

Coracobrachialis Insertion

Front 255

Back 255

Brachialis Origin

Front 256

Back 256

Brachialis Origin

Front 257

Back 257

Brachialis Insertion

Front 258

Back 258

Triceps Brachii Origin - Long Head

Front 259

Back 259

Triceps Brachii Origin - Long Head

Front 260

Back 260

Triceps Brachii Origin - Lateral Head

Front 261

Back 261

Triceps Brachii Origin - Medial Head

Front 262

Back 262

Triceps Brachii Insertion

Front 263

Back 263

Anconeus Origin

Front 264

Back 264

Anconeus Insertion

Front 265

Back 265

Pronator Teres Origin - Humeral Head

Front 266

Back 266

Pronator Teres Origin - Ulnar head

Front 267

Back 267

Pronator Teres Insertion

Front 268

Back 268

Pronator Teres Insertion

Front 269

Back 269

Common Flexor Origin

Muscles:
Pronator Teres
Flexor Carpi Radialis
Palmaris Longus
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Flexor Digitorum (humeral head)

Front 270

Back 270

Flexor Carpi Radialis Insertion

Front 271

Back 271

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Origin - Ulnar Head

Front 272

Back 272

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Insertion

Front 273

Back 273

Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Origin - Humeroulnar Head

Front 274

Back 274

Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Origin - Radial Head

Front 275

Back 275

Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Insertion

Front 276

Back 276

Flexor Digitorum Profundus Origin

Front 277

Back 277

Flexor Digitorum Profundus Origin

Front 278

Back 278

Flexor Digitorum Profundus Insertion

Front 279

Back 279

Flexor Pollicis Longus Origin

Front 280

Back 280

Flexor Pollicis Longus Insertion

Front 281

Back 281

Pronator Quadratus Origin

Front 282

Back 282

Pronator Quadratus Insertion

Front 283

Back 283

Common Extensor Origin

Muscles:
Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
Extensor Digitorum
Extensor Digiti
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris

Front 284

Back 284

Brachioradialis Origin

Front 285

Back 285

Brachioradialis Insertion

Front 286

Back 286

Brachioradialis Insertion

Front 287

Back 287

Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus Origin

Front 288

Back 288

Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus Insertion

Front 289

Back 289

Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis Insertion

Front 290

Back 290

Extensor Digitorum Insertion - Central Bands

Front 291

Back 291

Extensor Digitorum Insertion - Lateral Bands

Front 292

Back 292

Extensor Digiti Minimi Insertion

Front 293

Back 293

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Origin - Humeral Head

Front 294

Back 294

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Insertion

Front 295

Back 295

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Insertion

Front 296

Back 296

Supinator Origin

Front 297

Back 297

Supinator Origin

Front 298

Back 298

Supinator Insertion

Front 299

Back 299

Supinator Insertion

Front 300

Back 300

Extensor Indicis Origin

Front 301

Back 301

Extensor Indicis Insertion

Front 302

Back 302

Abductor Pollicis Longus Origin

Front 303

Back 303

Abductor Pollicis Longus Insertion

Front 304

Back 304

Abductor Pollicis Longus Insertion

Front 305

Back 305

Extensor Pollicis Brevis Origin

Front 306

Back 306

Extensor Pollicis Brevis Insertion

Front 307

Back 307

Extensor Pollicis Longus Origin

Front 308

Back 308

Extensor Pollicis Longus Origin

Front 309

Back 309

Extensor Pollicis Longus Insertion

Front 310

Back 310

Abductor Pollicis Brevis Origin

Front 311

Back 311

Abductor Pollicis Brevis Insertion
Flexor Pollicis Brevis Insertion

Front 312

Back 312

Opponens Pollicis Origin

Front 313

Back 313

Opponens Pollicis Insertion

Front 314

Back 314

Flexor Pollicis Brevis Origin

Front 315

Back 315

Adductor Pollicis Origin - Oblique Head

Front 316

Back 316

Adductor Pollicis Origin - Transverse Head

Front 317

Back 317

Adductor Pollicis Insertion

Front 318

Back 318

Adductor Pollicis Insertion

Front 319

Back 319

Abductor Digiti Minimi Origin

Front 320

Back 320

Abductor Digiti Minimi Insertion

Front 321

Back 321

Abductor Digiti Minimi Insertion

Front 322

Back 322

Opponens Digiti Minimi Origin

Front 323

Back 323

Opponens Digiti Minimi Insertion

Front 324

Back 324

Flexor Digiti Minimi Origin

Front 325

Back 325

Flexor Digiti Minimi Insertion

Front 326

Back 326

Palmar Interosseous I Origin

Front 327

Back 327

Palmar Interosseous I Insertion

Front 328

Back 328

Palmar Interosseous II Origin

Front 329

Back 329

Palmar Interosseous II Insertion
Lumbrical III Insertion

Front 330

Back 330

Palmar Interosseous III Origin

Front 331

Back 331

Palmar Interosseous III Insertion
Lumbrical IV Insertion

Front 332

Back 332

Dorsal Interosseous I Origin

Front 333

Back 333

Dorsal Interosseous I Insertion
Lumbrical I Insertion

Front 334

Back 334

Dorsal Interosseous II Origin

Front 335

Back 335

Dorsal Interosseous II Insertion
Lumbrical II Insertion

Front 336

Back 336

Dorsal Interosseous III Origin

Front 337

Back 337

Dorsal Interosseous III Insertion

Front 338

Back 338

Dorsal Interosseous IV Origin

Front 339

Back 339

Dorsal Interosseous IV Insertion

Front 340

Back 340

Clavicle:
(Clavicula -> Little Key: rotates on its axis like a key when the arm abducts)

Long bone.

The clavicle attaches the upper limb to the trunk; protects the underlying neurovascular structures supplying the upper limb; transmits force from the upper limb to the axial skeleton.
This makes it the most commonly fractured bone in the body.
Fractures commonly result from a fall onto the shoulder, or onto an outstretched hand.

The most common point of fracture is the junction of the medial two thirds and lateral third.

After fracture, the lateral end of the clavicle is displaced inferiorly by the weight of the arm, and medially, by the pectoralis major. The medial end is pulled superiorly, by the sternocleidomastoid muscle.

The suprascapular nerves may be damaged by the upwards movement of the medial part of the fracture. These nerves innervate the lateral rotators of the upper limb at the shoulder – so damage results in unopposed medial rotation of the upper limb – the ‘waiters tip’ position.

Hint 340

Clavicle

Front 341

Back 341

Scapula:
(Skatein -> To dig: has the appearance of a trowel)

Flat bone.

"Winging" of the scapula can accompany any weakness of the serratus anterior, especially damage to the long thoracic nerve.

Movements:
Elevation, Depression
Protraction (abduction), Retraction (adduction)
Upward (lateral) rotation, Downward (medial) rotation
Anterior Tipping, Posterior Tipping

Hint 341

Scapula

Front 342

Back 342

Humerus:
(Umerus -> Shoulder -> Is a bone of the shoulder)

Long bone.

Movements:
Flexion, extenstion
Abduction, adduction
Circumduction
Medial rotation, lateral rotation

Hint 342

Humerus

Front 343

Back 343

Radius:
(Radius -> Ray/Rod/Spoke of a Wheel)

Long bone.

Movements:
(together with ulna)
Flexion, extension
Pronation, supination

Hint 343

Radius

Front 344

Back 344

Ulna:
(Ulna -> elbow)

Long bone.

Movements:
(together with the radius)
Flexion, extension
Pronation, supination

Hint 344

Ulna

Front 345

Back 345

Acromial (Lateral) End of the Clavicle:

The acromial (lateral) end of the clavicle articulates with the acromion of the scapula to form the acromioclavicular joint.

Hint 345

Acromial (Lateral) End of the Clavicle

Front 346

Back 346

Shaft of the Clavicle:

Trapezius' superior head inserts onto the lateral third of the posterior border of the clavicle.

Pectoralis major's clavicular head originates from the medial half of the anterior surface of the clavicle.

Sternocleidomastoid's clavicular head originates from the medial third of the superior surface of the clavicle.

Sternohyoid originates from the medial end of the posterior border of the inferior surface of the clavicle, medial to the costoclavicular ligament.

Hint 346

Shaft of the Clavicle

Front 347

Back 347

Conoid Tubercle:

The conoid ligament attaches to the conoid tubercle. It is the medial part of the coracoclavicular ligament.

Hint 347

Conoid Tubercle

Front 348

Back 348

Trapezoid Line:

The trapezoid ligament attaches to the trapezoid line. It is the lateral part of the coracoclavicular ligament.

Hint 348

Trapezoid Line

Front 349

Back 349

Deltoid Tubercle:

Deltoid's clavicular (anterior) head originates from the deltoid tubercle of the clavicle.

Hint 349

Deltoid Tubercle

Front 350

Back 350

Sternal (Medial) End of the Clavicle:

The sternal end of the clavicle articulates with the sternal notch of the manubrium of the sternum to form the sternoclavicular joint.

Hint 350

Sternal (Medial) End of the Clavicle

Front 351

Back 351

Subclavian Groove:

Subclavius inserts onto the subclavian groove of the clavicle.

Hint 351

Subclavian Groove

Front 352

Back 352

Acromion:

The acromion is a continuation of the spine of the scapula.

Deltoid's acromial (lateral) head originates from the superior (lateral) surface of the acromion.

Trapezius' middle head inserts onto the medial border of the acromion.

The coracoacromial ligament attaches to the summit (lateral margin) of the acromion.

Hint 352

Acromion

Front 353

Back 353

Coracoid Process:

Coracobrachialis originates from the lateral tip of the coracoid process.

Biceps brachii's short head originates from the lateral tip of the coracoid process.

Pectoralis minor inserts onto the anterior surface of the coracoid process.

The coracoclavicular ligament attaches to the superior border of the coracoid process, with the conoid ligament medial to the trapezoid ligament.

The coracoacromial ligament attaches to the superolateral surface of the coracoid process.

The coracohumeral ligament attaches to the lateral border of the coracoid process.

The superior transverse scapular ligament attaches to the base of the coracoid process, and bridges the suprascapular notch.

Hint 353

Coracoid Process

Front 354

Back 354

Glenoid Cavity (Fossa):

The glenoid cavity articulates with the head of the humerus to form the glenohumeral joint (synovial, ball-and-socket).

The glenoid cavity is very shallow, allowing for the widest range of movement of all joints.

The glenoid cavity's margins give rise to the fibrocatilagenous glenoid labrum, deepening the cavity.

Hint 354

Glenoid Cavity (Fossa)

Front 355

Back 355

Infraglenoid Tubercle:

Triceps brachii's long head originates from the infraglenoid tubercle.

Hint 355

Infraglenoid Tubercle

Front 356

Back 356

Infraspinous Fossa:

Infraspinatus originates from the infraspinous fossa.

Hint 356

Infraspinous Fossa

Front 357

Back 357

Lateral (Axillary) Border of the Scalupa:

Teres minor originates from the lateral (axillary) border of the scapula (from the superior two thirds).

Teres major originates from the lateral (axillary) border of the scapula (from the posterior surface of the inferior angle).

Hint 357

Lateral (Axillary) Border of the Scapula

Front 358

Back 358

Medial Border of the Scapula:

Extends from the superior to the inferior angle.

Serratus anterior inserts onto the anterior lip of the medial border of the scapula.

Levator scapulae inserts onto the posterior lip of the medial border, superior to the level of the spine of the scapula.

Rhomboid minor inserts onto the posterior lip of the medial border, at the level of the spine of the scapula.

Rhomboid major inserts onto the posterior lip of the medial border, inferior to the level of the spine of the scapula.

Hint 358

Medial Border of the Scapula

Front 359

Back 359

Anatomical Neck of the Scapula:

Fractures to this site are less common than fractures to the surgical neck of the scapula (exits medial to the coracoid process). This is a sign of severe chest trauma. It is most commonly seen in high-speed collisions, crushing injuries, or sports injuries. A fractured scapula does not require much intervention, as the tone of the surrounding muscles holds the pieces in place for healing to occur.

The spinoglenoid notch is found on the dorsal surface of the neck of the scapula.

Hint 359

Anatomical Neck of the Scapula

Front 360

Back 360

Spine of the Scapula:

Most prominent feature of the posterior of the scapula, it runs transversely, dividing the surface in two.

Trapezius' middle head inserts onto the superior lip of the spine of the scapula.

Deltoid's spinal (posterior) head originates from the inferior lip of the spine of the scapula.

Hint 360

Spine of the Scapula

Front 361

Back 361

Spinoglenoid Notch:

Connects the supraspinous fossa and infraspinous fossa. The suprascapular nerve and suprascapular artery run through the spinoglenoid notch.

Hint 361

Spinoglenoid Notch

Front 362

Back 362

Subscapular Fossa:

Subscapularis originates from the subscapular fossa.

Hint 362

Subscapular Fossa

Front 363

Back 363

Superior Border of the Scapula:

Runs from the superior angle to the base of the coracoid process.

Its lateral end contains the suprascapular notch, which is transformed into a foramen by the superior transverse scapular ligament, and serves for the passage of the suprascapular nerve.

If the ligament becomes ossified, it may cause paralysis of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus.

Hint 363

Superior Border of the Scapula

Front 364

Back 364

Supraglenoid Tubercle:

Biceps brachii's long head originates from the supraglenoid tubercle.

Hint 364

Supraglenoid Tubercle

Front 365

Back 365

Suprascapular Notch:

The suprascapular nerve travels through the foramen created by the suprascapular notch and the superior transverse scapular ligament.

If the ligament becomes ossified, it may cause paralysis of the supraspinatus and infraspinatus.

Hint 365

Suprascapular Notch

Front 366

Back 366

Supraspinous Fossa:

Supraspinatus originates from the supraspinous fossa.

Hint 366

Supraspinous Fossa

Front 367

Back 367

Anatomical Neck of the Humerus:

Attaches the head of the humerus to the tubercles.

Attachment site for the articular capsule of the glenohumeral joint (synovial, ball-and-socket).

Hint 367

Anatomical Neck of the Humerus

Front 368

Back 368

Capitulum of Humerus:

Articulates with the head of the radius.

Hint 368

Capitulum of Humerus

Front 369

Back 369

Coronoid Fossa:

Receives the coronoid process of the ulna during flexion of the forearm.

Hint 369

Coronoid Fossa

Front 370

Back 370

Crest of the Greater Tubercle or Lateral Lip of the Bicipital Groove:

Pectoralis major inserts into the crest of the greater tubercle.

Hint 370

Crest of the Greater Tubercle or Lateral Lip of the Bicipital Groove

Front 371

Back 371

Crest of the Lesser Tubercle or Medial Lip of Bicipital Groove:

Teres major inserts onto the crest of the lesser tubercle.

Latissimus dorsi inserts onto the crest of the lesser tubercle, between pectoralis major and teres major.

Hint 371

Crest of the Lesser Tubercle or Medial Lip of Bicipital Groove

Front 372

Back 372

Deltoid Tuberosity:

Deltoid inserts onto the deltoid tuberosity.

Hint 372

Deltoid Tuberosity

Front 373

Back 373

Greater Tubercle:

Supraspinatus inserts onto the superior facet of the greater tubercle.

Infraspinatus inserts onto the middle facet of the greater tubercle.

Teres minor inserts onto the inferior facet of the greater tubercle.

Hint 373

Greater Tubercle

Front 374

Back 374

Head of the Humerus:

Articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral joint (synovial, ball-and-socket).

Hint 374

Head of the Humerus

Front 375

Back 375

Intertubercular Sulcus or Bicipital Groove:

Biceps brachii's long head's tendon runs through this groove, between the tendons for pectoralis major and teres minor.

Hint 375

Intertubercular Sulcus or Bicipital Groove

Front 376

Back 376

Lateral Epicondyle of the Humerus:

Site of the common extensor origin.

Radial collateral ligament attaches to the lateral epicondyle.

Hint 376

Lateral Epicondyle of the Humerus

Front 377

Back 377

Lateral Supracondylar Ridge:

Brachioradialis originates from the anterior lip of the lateral supracondylar ridge.

Extensor carpi radialis longus originates from the anterior lip of the lateral supracondylar ridge.

Triceps brachii's medial head inserts partially onto the posterior lip of the lateral supracondylar ridge.

A supracondylar fracture occurs by falling on a flexed elbow. It is a transverse fracture, spanning between the two epicondyles.
Direct damage, or swelling, can cause interference to the blood supply of the forearm from the brachial artery. The resulting ischaemia can cause Volkmann’s ischaemic contracture – uncontrolled flexion of the hand, as flexors muscles become fibrotic and short. There also can be damage to the medial, ulnar or radial nerves.

Hint 377

Lateral Supracondylar Ridge

Front 378

Back 378

Lesser Tubercle:

Subscapularis inserts onto the lesser tubercle.

Hint 378

Lesser Tubercle

Front 379

Back 379

Medial Epicondyle of the Humerus:

Site of the common flexor origin.

Ulnar collateral ligament of the elbow joint attaches to the medial epicondyle.

A medial epicondyle fracture could damage the ulnar nerve, resulting in a deformity known as ulnar claw. There will be a loss of sensation over the medial one-and-a-half fingers of the hand, on both the dorsal and palmar surfaces.

Hint 379

Medial Epicondyle of the Humerus

Front 380

Back 380

Medial Supracondylar Ridge:

Brachialis originates from the anterior lip of the medial supracondylar ridge.

Pronator teres originates from the anterior lip of the medial supracondylar ridge.

Triceps brachii's medial head inserts partially onto the medial supracondylar ridge.

A supracondylar fracture occurs by falling on a flexed elbow. It is a transverse fracture, spanning between the two epicondyles.
Direct damage, or swelling, can cause interference to the blood supply of the forearm from the brachial artery. The resulting ischaemia can cause Volkmann’s ischaemic contracture – uncontrolled flexion of the hand, as flexors muscles become fibrotic and short. There also can be damage to the medial, ulnar or radial nerves.

Hint 380

Medial Supracondylar Ridge

Front 381

Back 381

Olecranon Fossa:

Receives the olecranon of the ulna during extension of the forearm.

Hint 381

Olecranon Fossa

Front 382

Back 382

Radial Fossa:

Receives the head of the radius during flexion of the forearm.

Hint 382

Radial Fossa

Front 383

Back 383

Radial Sulcus or Spiral Groove:

Radial nerve travels adjacent to the humerus in the radial sulcus.

Deep brachial artery travels adjacent to the humeus in the radial sulcus.

Hint 383

Radial Sulcus or Spiral Groove

Front 384

Back 384

Shaft of the Humerus:

A mid-shaft fracture may damage the deep brachial artery and radial nerve where they are closely bound to the humerus in the radial sulcus, resulting in paralysis of the extensors. This results in unopposed flexion of the wrist, known as ‘wrist drop’.
There is a some sensory loss over the dorsal surface of the hand, and the proximal ends of the lateral three-and-a-half fingers dorsally.

Hint 384

Shaft of the Humerus

Front 385

Back 385

Surgical Neck of the Humerus:

A frequent site of fracture, occurring by a direct blow to the area, or by falling on an outstretched hand.

This may damage the posterior circumflex humeral artery and the axillary nerve.

Damage to the axillary nerve will result in paralysis to the deltoid and teres minor muscles; the patient will not being able to abduct their arm.
The "regimental badge" area, innervated by the axillary nerve, may lose sensation also.

Hint 385

Surgical Neck of the Humerus

Front 386

Back 386

Trochlea of the Humerus:

Articulates with the trochlear notch of the ulna.

Hint 386

Trochlea of the Humerus

Front 387

Back 387

Anterior Border or Oblique Line of the Radius:

Limits the insertion of supinator.

Supinator inserts on the lateral surface of the proximal third of the shaft of the radius, superior to the anterior oblique line.

Flexor digitorum superficialis' radial head originates from the anterior oblique line.

Flexor pollicis longus originates from the middle two quarters of the anterior surface of the radius.

Pronator quadratus inserts onto the bottom quarter of the anterior surface of the radius.

Hint 387

Anterior Border or Oblique Line of the Radius

Front 388

Back 388

Dorsal Radial Tubercle:

Serves as a pulley for extensor pollicis longus.

Hint 388

Dorsal Radial Tubercle

Front 389

Back 389

Head of the Radius:

Articulates with the capitulum of the humerus, forming the radiohumeral joint (synovial, ball-and-socket, shares a common synovial cavity with the proximal radioulnar joint and the humeroulnar joint).

Articulates with the radial notch of the ulna, forming the proximal radioulnar joint (synovial, pivot joint, shares a common synovial cavity with the radiohumeral joint and humeroulnar joint).

Annular ligament embraces the remaining surfaces of the head of the radius.

Hint 389

Head of the Radius

Front 390

Back 390

Neck of the Radius:

Supinator inserts partially onto the posterior surface of the neck of the radius.

Hint 390

Neck of the Radius

Front 391

Back 391

Posterior Surface of the Radius:

The posterior oblique line limits the insertion of supinator and pronator teres.

Supinator inserts on the lateral surface of the proximal third of the shaft of the radius, superior to the posterior oblique line.

Pronator teres inserts on the midpoint of thelateral surface of the shaft of the radius.

Abductor pollicis longus' radial head originates from the middle of the posterior surface of the shaft of the radius, just inferior to the posterior oblique line.

Extensor pollicis brevis originates from the medial border of the posterior surface of the shaft of the radius, just inferior to the abductor pollicis longus.

Hint 391

Posterior Surface of the Radius

Front 392

Back 392

Radial Tuberosity:

Biceps brachii inserts onto the posterior (rough) surface of the radial tuberosity.

On the anterior (smooth) surface of the radial tuberosity, a bursa is found between the tendon and the bone.

Hint 392

Radial Tuberosity

Front 393

Back 393

Styloid Process of the Radius:
(Styloid -> Pen -> Nib)

Brachioradialis inserts onto the base of the styloid process of the radius.

The radial collateral ligament of the wrist attaches to the apex of the styloid process of the radius.

The lateral surface has a groove for the tendons of abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis.

"Chauffeur's fracture" of the radial styloid is caused by compression of the scaphoid bone against the styloid.

Hint 393

Styloid Process of the Radius

Front 394

Back 394

Ulnar Notch:

Articulates with the head of the ulna, forming the distal radioulnar joint (pivot joint).

The distal end of the radius articulates with the scaphoid and lunate bones.

Hint 394

Ulnar Notch

Front 395

Back 395

Anterior Border of Ulna:

Pronator quadratus originates from the distal quarter of the shaft of the ulna.

Supinator originates from the medial surface of the proximal quarter of the shaft of the ulna.

Hint 395

Anterior Border of Ulna

Front 396

Back 396

Coronoid Process:

Received into the coronoid fossa of the humerus during flexion of the forearm.

Brachialis inserts partially onto the coronoid process.

Pronator teres' ulnar head originates from the medial surface of the coronoid process.

Flexor digitorum superficialis' ulnar head originates from the coronoid process.

Flexor digitorum profundus' ulnar head originates from the coronoid process.

Hint 396

Coronoid Process

Front 397

Back 397

Olecranon:

Received by the olecranon fossa of the humerus during extension of the forearm.

Prevents hyperextension.

Triceps brachii inserts onto the superoposterior surface of the olecranon.

Anconeus inserts onto the lateral surface of the olecranon.

Flexor carpi ulnaris originates from the olecranon and posterior surface of the ulna.

Hint 397

Olecranon

Front 398

Back 398

Radial Notch:

Articulates with the head of the radius, forming the proximal radioulnar joint (synovial, pivot joint, shares a common synovial cavity with the radiohumeral joint and the humeroulnar joint).

Hint 398

Radial Notch

Front 399

Back 399

Styloid Process of Ulna:
(Styloid -> Pen -> Nib)

The ulnar collateral ligament of the wrist attaches to the apex of the styloid process of the ulna.

The lateral surface has a groove for the tendon of extensor carpi ulnaris.

Hint 399

Styloid Process of Ulna

Front 400

Back 400

Trochlear Notch:

Articulates with the trochlea of the humerus.

Hint 400

Trochlear Notch

Front 401

Back 401

Ulnar Tuberosity:

Brachialis inserts partially onto the ulnar tuberosity.

Hint 401

Ulnar Tuberosity

Front 402

Back 402

Trapezium:

Short bone.

Radial border of the carpal tunnel.

Articulates with the metacarpal of the thumb.

Hint 402

Touching Titties Can Help Students Learn To Palpate

Front 403

Back 403

Trapezoid:

Short bone.

Hint 403

Touching Titties Can Help Students Learn To Palpate

Front 404

Back 404

Capitate:

Short bone.

Hint 404

Touching Titties Can Help Students Learn To Palpate

Front 405

Back 405

Hamate:

Short bone.

Medial border of the carpal tunnel.

Hook of hamate is a projection on its palmar surface.

Hint 405

Touching Titties Can Help Students Learn To Palpate

Front 406

Back 406

Scaphoid:

Short bone.

Radial border of the carpal tunnel.

Articulates with the radius to form the wrist joint (condyloid joint).

Hint 406

Touching Titties Can Help Students Learn To Palpate

Front 407

Back 407

Lunate:

Short bone.

Articulates with the radius to form the wrist joint (condyloid joint).

Hint 407

Touching Titties Can Help Students Learn To Palpate

Front 408

Back 408

Triquetrum:

Short bone.

Hint 408

Touching Titties Can Help Students Learn To Palpate

Front 409

Back 409

Pisiform:

Sesamoid bone, formed within the tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris.

Medial border of the carpal tunnel.

Hint 409

Touching Titties Can Help Students Learn To Palpate

Front 410

Back 410

Metacarpals:

Long bones.

Hint 410

Metacarpals

Front 411

Back 411

Proximal Phalanges of Hand:

Long bones.

Hint 411

Proximal Phalanges of Hand

Front 412

Back 412

Middle Phalanges of the Hand:

Long bones.

Hint 412

Middle Phalanges of the Hand

Front 413

Back 413

Distal Phalanges of the Hand:

Long bones.

Hint 413

Distal Phalanges of the Hand

Front 414

Back 414

Cubital Lymph Nodes:

Position:
Comprised of a deep and a superficial cubital lymph node.

Afferent Vessels:
Drain the forearm and hand on the ulnar side

Efferent Vessels:
Brachial and Axillary Lymph Nodes

Hint 414

Cubital Lymph Nodes

Front 415

Back 415

Brachial (Lateral Axillary) (Humeral) Lymph Nodes:

Position:
Situated medial and posterior to the axillary vein.

Afferent Vessels:
Drain the arm except for the portion whose vessels accompany the Cephalic vein

Efferent Vessels:
Central Nodes
Subclavicular Nodes
Inferior Deep Cervical Nodes

Hint 415

Brachial (Lateral Axillary) (Humeral) Lymph Nodes

Front 416

Back 416

Pectoral (Anterior Axillary) Lymph Nodes:

Position:
Along the border of pectoralis minor, tracing the Lateral thoracic artery

Afferent Vessels:
Skin and muscles of anterior and lateral thoracic walls
Central and lateral parts of mamma

Efferent Vessels:
Central Lymph Nodes
Subclavicular Nodes

Hint 416

Pectoral (Anterior Axillary) Lymph Nodes

Front 417

Back 417

Subscapular (Posterior Axillary) Lymph Nodes:

Position:
Lower margin of posterior wall of axilla, tracing Subscapular artery

Afferent Vessels:
Inferior part of dorsal neck
Posterior thoracic wall

Efferent Vessels:
Central Axillary Lymph Nodes

Hint 417

Subscapular (Posterior Axillary) Lymph Nodes

Front 418

Back 418

Central Axillary Lymph Nodes:

Position:
Base of axilla, embedded in adipose tissue

Afferent Vessels:
Continuous with all preceding efferent vessels

Efferent Vessels:
Subclavicular Lymph Nodes

Hint 418

Central Axillary Lymph Nodes

Front 419

Back 419

Deltopectoral (Infraclavicular) Lymph Nodes:

Position:
Beside Cephalic vein, between pectoralis major and deltoid, immediately below the clavicle

Afferent Vessels:
Accompany Cephalic vein

Efferent Vessels:
Subclavicular Lymph Nodes

Hint 419

Deltopectoral (Infraclavicular) Lymph Nodes

Front 420

Back 420

Interpectoral (Rotter's) Axillary Nodes:

Position:
Between pectoralis major and pectoralis minor

Afferent Vessels:
Drain the muscles and mammary nodes

Efferent Vessels:
Subclavicular Axillary Lymph Nodes

Hint 420

Interpectoral (Rotter's) Axillary Nodes

Front 421

Back 421

Subclavicular (Apical / Medial Axillary) Lymph Nodes:

Position:
Posterior to the upper border of pectoralis minor

Afferent Vessels:
Accompany Cephalic vein
Upper peripheral mamma
Continuous with the efferent vessels of the Central Axillary and Deltopectoral Lymph Nodes

Efferent Vessels:
Unite to form the Subclavian Trunk
On right:
Opens into the junction of internal jugular and subclavian veins
OR
into the jugular lymphatic trunk
On left:
Ends in the thoracic duct

Hint 421

Subclavicular (Apical / Medial Axillary) Lymph Nodes

Front 422

Back 422

Paramammary (External Mammary) Axillary Lymph Nodes:

Position:
Lateral to mammary gland

Afferent Vessels:
Mammary gland

Efferent Vessels:
Subclavicular Axillary Lymph Nodes

Hint 422

Paramammary (External Mammary) Axillary Lymph Nodes

Front 423

Back 423

Sappey's (Subareolar Lymphatic) Plexus:

Position:
Each lobule of breast has an extensive lymphatic plexus, which merge to form Sappey's subareolar plexus

Afferent Vessels:
Breast

Efferent Vessels:
Pectoral Axillary Lymph Nodes via the main collecting trunks

Hint 423

Sappey's (Subareolar Lymphatic) Plexus

Front 424

Back 424

Main Lymphatic Collecting Trunks of the Breast:

Origin:
Curve around the inferior surface of the breast, originating from either side of the areola

Termination:
Transmits lymphatic material from Sappey's plexus to the Pectoral Axillary Lymph Nodes

Hint 424

Main Lymphatic Collecting Trunks of the Breast

Front 425

Back 425

Acromion

Front 426

Back 426

Basilic Vein

Front 427

Back 427

Biceps Brachii

Front 428

Back 428

Brachioradialis

Front 429

Back 429

Brachioradialis

Front 430

Back 430

Cephalic Vein

Front 431

Back 431

Cephalic Vein

Front 432

Back 432

Clavicle

Front 433

Back 433

Cubital Fossa

Front 434

Back 434

Deltoid

Front 435

Back 435

Deltoid

Front 436

Back 436

Distal Digital Crease

Front 437

Back 437

Distal Interphalangeal Joint

Front 438

Back 438

Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis

Front 439

Back 439

Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus

Front 440

Back 440

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris

Front 441

Back 441

Extensor Digiti Minimi Tendon

Front 442

Back 442

Extensor Digitorum Tendons

Front 443

Back 443

Extensor Indicis Tendon

Front 444

Back 444

Extensor Pollicis Longus Tendon

Front 445

Back 445

Flexor Carpi Radialis Tendon

Front 446

Back 446

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Tendon

Front 447

Back 447

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris

Front 448

Back 448

Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Tendons

Front 449

Back 449

Hypothenar Eminence

Front 450

Back 450

Median Antebrachial Vein

Front 451

Back 451

Median Cubital Vein

Front 452

Back 452

Middle Digital Crease

Front 453

Back 453

Olecranon

Front 454

Back 454

Palmaris Longus Tendon

Front 455

Back 455

Proximal Digital Crease

Front 456

Back 456

Proximal Interphalangeal Joint

Front 457

Back 457

Proximal Palmar Crease

Front 458

Back 458

Radial Longitudinal Crease

Front 459

Back 459

Serratus Anterior

Front 460

Back 460

Thenar Eminence

Front 461

Back 461

Trapezius

Front 462

Back 462

Triceps Brachii Long Head

Front 463

Back 463

Triceps Brachii Long Head

Front 464

Back 464

Triceps Brachii Medial Head

Front 465

Back 465

Triceps Brachii Tendon

Front 466

Back 466

Supraclavicular Lymph Nodes:

Position:
Superior to clavicle, palpable in the supraclavicular fossa

Afferent Vessels:
Right: From midsection of chest, oesophagus, lungs
Left: Thoracic duct, abdominal region, thoracic region

Efferent Vessels:
Supraclavicular trunk

Hint 466

Supraclavicular Lymph Nodes

Front 467

Back 467

Deep Cervical Lymph Nodes:

Position:
Near internal jugular vein

Afferent Vessels:
Neck

Efferent Vessels:
Jugular trunk

Hint 467

Deep Cervical Lymph Nodes

Front 468

Back 468

Parasternal Lymph Nodes:

Position:
Lateral to the sternum

Afferent Vessels:
Mamma, liver, anterior abdominal wall, deeper parts of anterior thoracic wall

Efferent Vessels:
Bronchomediastinal trunk

Hint 468

Parasternal Lymph Nodes

Front 469

Back 469

Lymphatics to Contralateral Breast

Hint 469

Lymphatics to Contralateral Breast

Front 470

Back 470

To Abdominal (Subdiaphragmatic) Lymphatics

Hint 470

To Abdominal (Subdiaphragmatic) Lymphatics