Maternity A&p Ch24

Front 1

zyg/o

Back 1

joined

Front 2

chor/i

Back 2

membrane , chorion

Front 3

somat/o

Back 3

body

Front 4

ox/y

Back 4

sharp, acute

Front 5

toc/o

Back 5

labor

Front 6

ecto-

Back 6

outside, external

Front 7

Gestation is a __ week period of development.

Back 7

38

Front 8

A zygote has how many chromosomes?

Back 8

46

Front 9

For a few days after implantation, the embryo gets nourishment from the ...?

Back 9

endometrium

Front 10

A flat circular organ that consists of a spongy network of blood filled channels and capillary containing villi.

Back 10

placenta

Front 11

Placenta is from a latin word meaning ...?

Back 11

pancake

Front 12

What is the organ of nutrition, respiration, and excretion for the developing offspring throughout gestation?

Back 12

placenta

Front 13

Does the blood of the mother and offspring mix?

Back 13

No! They each have their own blood and cardiovascular system.

Front 14

If the mothers blood does not mix with the fetus' blood, then how does it make exchanges with the mother?

Back 14

exchanges take place through the capillaries of the placental villi

Front 15

What is exchanged with the fetus through the capillaries of the placental villi?

Back 15

Gases (CO2 and O2), nutrients, and waste products are released into the maternal blood to be eliminated

Front 16

the embryo is connected to the developing placenta by a stalk of tissue that eventually becomes the ...?

Back 16

umbilical cord

Front 17

What does the umbilical cord do?

Back 17

Carries blood to and from the fetus

Front 18

How many arteries and how many veins are in the umbilical cord?

Back 18

two arteries that carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta, and one vein that carries oxygenated blood from the placenta tot he fetus.

Front 19

A small amount of the oxygenated blood traveling toward the fetus in the umbilical vein is delivered directly to the ...?

Back 19

liver

Front 20

Once in the right atrium, some of the blood flows directly into the left atrium through a small hole in the atrial septum, the ...?

Back 20

foramen ovale

Front 21

The ductus arteriosus connects the pulmonary artery to the ...?

Back 21

descending aorta

Front 22

blood returns to the placenta to be oxygenated through the two ...?

Back 22

umbilical arteries

Front 23

how long does it take for the foramen ovale to seal after birth?

Back 23

usually within minutes

Front 24

Beginning soon after implantation, some embryonic cells produce the hormone ...?

Back 24

human chorionic gonadotropin hCG

Front 25

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) stimulates the _______ _______ ________, prolonging its life span to 11 or 12 weeks and causing it to secrete increasing amounts of ... and ...?

Back 25

ovarian corpus luteum / progesterone and estrogen

Front 26

What hormone is used to detect a pregnancy with a pregnancy test?

Back 26

hCG - human chorionic gonadotropin

Front 27

Why is progesterone essential for the maintenance of pregnancy?

Back 27

Because it:
- promoted endometrial secretion to nourish the embryo
- maintains the endometrium
- decreases the uterine muscl'es ability to contract

Front 28

_____ promotes enlargement of the uterus and breasts.

Back 28

estrogen

Front 29

By the __th or __th week of pregnancy, the corpus luteum is no longer needed; by this time, the ______ itself can secrete adequate amounts of progesterone and estrogen, and the corpus luteum disintegrates

Back 29

11th or 12th
placenta

Front 30

When are miscarriages most likely to occur?

Back 30

during the hormone switch from the corpus luteum to the placenta around week 11/12.

Front 31

What hormone stimulates the growth of the breasts to prepare the mother for lactation, and also regulates the levels of nutrients in the mother's blood to keep them available for the fetus?

Back 31

Human placental lactogen hPL

Front 32

what's another name for human placental lactogen hPL?

Back 32

human chorionic somatomammotropin

Front 33

______ is a placental hormone that softens the cervix and relaxes the sacral joints and the pubic symphysis.

Back 33

relaxin

Front 34

what is the outcome of the actions of relaxin?

Back 34

widening of the birth canal and aiding in delivery.

Front 35

What's the name for the developing baby at before 8 weeks gestation?

Back 35

embryo

Front 36

What's the name for the study of offspring before the 8th week?

Back 36

embryology

Front 37

When does a primitive nervous system begin to form?

Back 37

3rd week

Front 38

The heart and blood vessels originate during what week?

Back 38

second week

Front 39

when does the first heartbeat appear?

Back 39

4th week

Front 40

at what time should the embryo have limb buds?

Back 40

by the end of the first month

Front 41

what are limb buds?

Back 41

four small swellings at the sides, the beginnings of extermities

Front 42

What's the name for an offspring from the 3rd month until birth?

Back 42

fetus

Front 43

When does a fetus' most rapid growth occur?

Back 43

2nd trimester - months 4-6

Front 44

What is filled with a clear liquid known as amniotic fluid?

Back 44

amniotic sac

Front 45

What is the purpose of the amniotic sac?

Back 45

protective cushion for the fetus

Front 46

What does it mean when a mother's "water breaks"?

Back 46

the amniotic sac has ruptured.

Front 47

What is the cheeselike material protecting the fetal skin at birth?

Back 47

vernix caseosa

Front 48

what does "vernix caseosa" stand for?

Back 48

cheesy varnish

Front 49

how many days is an entire pregnancy on average?

Back 49

266 days

Front 50

How does the mother's heart change during pregnancy?

Back 50

pumps more blood to supply the needs of the uterus and the fetus.

Front 51

How do the lungs change in the mother during pregnancy?

Back 51

they provide more oxygen by increasing the rate and depth of respiration

Front 52

how do the kidney's change in the mother during pregnancy?

Back 52

excrete nitrogenous wastes from both the fetus and the mother

Front 53

Nausea and vomiting are common discomforts when in a pregnancy?

Back 53

Early - most often occur upon arising during periods of fatigue, and are more common in women who smoke cigarettes. Usually only lasts for a few weeks to several months

Front 54

urinary frequency and constipation are often present during the ____ stages of pregnancy and then usually dissapear.

Back 54

early

Front 55

What can ultrasounds be used for during pregnancy?

Back 55

to diagnose pregnancy, judge fetal age, and determine the location of the placenta. Also can show the presence of excess amniotic fluid and fetal abnormalities.

Front 56

Pressure on the cervix from the baby stimulates release of _______ from the posterior pituitary.

Back 56

oxytocin

Front 57

stretching of the uterine muscles stimulates production of _________, which promotes uterine contractions.

Back 57

prostaglandin

Front 58

What hormone from the fetal adrenal cortex inhibits the mother's progesterone?

Back 58

cortisol

Front 59

what's another name for labor and delivery?

Back 59

parturition

Front 60

What occurs in the first stage of labor?

Back 60

- onset of regular uterine contractions
- rupture of the amniotic sac may occur at any time.

Front 61

what occurs in the second stage of labor?

Back 61

- begins when the cervix is completely dilated
- ends with delivery

Front 62

what occurs in the third stage of labor?

Back 62

- begins after birth
- ends with expulsion of the afterbirth
- afterbirth: placenta, the membranes of the amniotic sac, umbilical cord.

Front 63

what occurs during the fourth stage of labor?

Back 63

- begins after expulsion of afterbirth
- when bleeding is controlled
- episiotomy stitch

Front 64

What is an incision made in the abdominal wall and uterine wall for delivery of a fetus

Back 64

cesarean section - C-section

Front 65

What are the possible reasons for a C-Section?

Back 65

placental abnormalities, abnormal fetal position, disproportion between the head of the fetus and the mother's pelvis, or other problems...

Front 66

Why do multiple fetuses being born together hold a high death rate?

Back 66

because of being born premature.

Front 67

... result from the fertilization of two different ova by two spermatozoa.

Back 67

fraternal twins

Front 68

Who has what (placenta and surrounding sac) when it comes to fraternal twins?

Back 68

they have their own.

Front 69

... develop from a single zygote formed from a single ovum fertilized by a single sperm.

Back 69

identical twins

Front 70

Who has what (placenta) when it comes to identical twins?

Back 70

they have the same placenta, typically, with 2 cords.

Front 71

... is the term used if the baby breathes or shows any evidence of life.

Back 71

live birth

Front 72

an immature or premature infant is one that is born when? And/or weighing less than what?

Back 72

before the 37th week of gestation or weighing less than 2,500 grams (5.5lbs)

Front 73

The term _____ refers to loss of the embryo or fetus before the 20th week or weight of about 500 grams (1.1 lb).

Back 73

abortion

Front 74

____ abortion occurs naturally with no interference. And what are the common causes?

Back 74

spontaneous
an abnormality of the embryo or fetus, abnormality of the mother's repro organs, infections, or chronic disorders, such as kidney disease of hypertension.

Front 75

What's another name for a spontaneous abortion?

Back 75

miscarriage

Front 76

_______ abortion occurs as a result of artificial or mechanical interruption of pregnancy.

Back 76

induced

Front 77

______ abortion is an abortion performed by a physician as a treatment for a variety of reasons.

Back 77

therapeutic

Front 78

Fetal death refers to the loss of the fetus after the __th week of pregnancy

Back 78

8th

Front 79

______ refers to the delivery of an infant who is lifeless.

Back 79

stillbirth

Front 80

What is the leading cause of death in a newborn?

Back 80

immaturity

Front 81

When is a fetus considered viable?

Back 81

after the 20th week.

Front 82

What does it mean when a fetus is viable?

Back 82

it has the ability to live outside the uterus.

Front 83

What is the name for the first mammary gland secretion? And describe it.

Back 83

colostrum. is a thin liquid. it's nutritious but has a somewhat different composition from milk.

Front 84

When does milk secretion begin?

Back 84

within a few days following birth

Front 85

Stimulation of the breast by a suckling infant causes ______ release from the posterior pituitary.

Back 85

oxytocin

Front 86

A pregnancy that develops in a location outside the uterine cavity is said to be an ...?

Back 86

ectopic pregnancy

Front 87

what is the most common type of ectopic pregnancy?

Back 87

tubal - when the embryo begins to grow inside the oviduct.

Front 88

What is it called when the placenta attaches at or near the internal opening of the cervix, instead of the usual sport at the superior part of the uterus?

Back 88

placenta previa

Front 89

What does multigravidas mean?

Back 89

a women who has had more than one pregnancy

Front 90

What's it called when a placenta separates from the uterine wall prematurely, causing hemorrage?

Back 90

abruptio placentae

Front 91

when does abruptio placentae usually happen?

Back 91

20th week of pregnancy

Front 92

What's the two other names for pregnancy induced hypertention? (PIH)

Back 92

preeclampsia and toxemia of pregnancy

Front 93

What are s/sx of pregnancy induced hypertention?

Back 93

hypertention, proteinuria, general edema, and sudden weight gain.

Front 94

What causes preeclampsia?

Back 94

hormone imbalance that results in constriction of blood vessels.

Front 95

What may happen if preeclampsia is untreated?

Back 95

will lead to eclampsia with an onset of kidney failure, convulsions, and coma during or after delivery.

Front 96

What are puerperal infections?

Back 96

infections related to child birth, happening in about 6% of pregnancy patients.

Front 97

.... is a benign overgrowth of placental tissue where the placenta dilates and resembles grapelike cysts, which may invade the uterine wall, causing it to rupture.

Back 97

hydatidiform mole - aka - hydatid mole

Front 98

A very malignant tumor that is made of placental tissue is ______?

Back 98

choriocarcinoma - although rare, this tumor spreads rapidly, and if the mother is not treated, it may be fatal within 3 to 12 months.

Front 99

What are possible causes for a disturbance in lactation?

Back 99

- malnutrition of anemia
- emotional disturbances
- abnormalities of the mammary glands or injuries
- mastitis due to infection