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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
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At about ____ to ____ months a cup should be offered to the infant with assistance provided so that learning about drinking from a cup can begin |
8 to 9 By about 1 year of age, infants are usually able to drink more liquids from a cup with a lid, so bottles can be slowly withdrawn and replaced by cups |
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The infant who is weaned before __ months should be given iron fortified infant formula rather than cow's milk |
12 |
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During weaning, the mother should substitute ___ cup feeding or bottle feeding for one breastfeeding session over a few days to a week so that her breasts gradually produce less milk |
1 The slow method of weaning prevents breast engorgement, allows infants to alter their eating methods at their own rates, and provides time for psychological adjustment |
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Teaching highlight supplements for breastfed babies |
*Each baby receives a vitamin K injection after birth to promote adequate blood clotting. After that, no further Vitamin K is needed since the child manufactures this vitamin in the gut once he or she begins eating * vitamin D is recommended a day minimum of 400 IU per day for all infants * iron is not needed unless the infant is not eating food with iron by 4 to 6 months. The baby may need an iron Source earlier if the mother was anemic during pregnancy or while breastfeeding * fluoride 0.25 mg is given after 6 months of age if water is not fluorinated to a level of 0.3 part per million, or if the baby is not drinking any water |
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Do not allow an infant or toddler to sleep sucking on bottles of juice or milk. |
Causes childhood dental caries |
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Introduction of solid foods in infancy Recommendation: introduce rice cereal at about six months |
Rational: rice cereal is easy to digest, has low allergenic potential, and contains iron
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Introduction of solid foods in infancy Recommendation: Introduce fruits or vegetables at 6 to 8 months. Some healthcare providers recommend vegetable introduction before fruits |
Rationale fruits and vegetables provide needed vitamins. Vegetables are not as sweet as fruits, introducing them first may enhance acceptability to the infant |
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Introduction of solid foods in infancy recommendation: introduced meats at 8 to 10 months |
Rationale: meats are harder to digest, have high protein load, and should not be fed until close to one year of age |
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Introduction of solid foods in infancy recommendation: Use single food prepared baby foods rather than combination meals |
Rationale: combination meals usually contain more sugar, salt, and fillers |
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Introduction of solid foods in infancy recommendation: introduced one new food at a time, wait at least 3 to 4 days to introduce another, delay feeding eggs, strawberries, Wheat, Corn, fish, and nut products in till close to 2 to 3 years of age |
rationale: if a food allergy or intolerance develops, it will be easy to identify. The foods listed are those most commonly associated with food allergies |
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Introduction of solid foods in infancy recommendation: avoid carrots, beets, and spinach before 6 months of age. Have well water evaluated for nitrates the recommended level is less than 10 mg/liter |
Rationale: nitrates in these foods and in water near agricultural runoff can be converted to nitrate by Young infants causing methemoglobinemia |
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Introduction of solid foods in infancy recommendation: infants can be fed mashed portions of table food such as carrots, rice, and potatoes |
Rationale: this is a less expensive alternative to jars of commercially prepared baby food, it allows parents of various cultural groups to feed ethnic foods to infants |
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Introduction of solid foods and infancy recommendation: avoiding adding sugar, salt, and spices when preparing baby foods at home |
Infants need not become accustomed to these flavors, they may get too much sodium from salt or develop gastric distress from some spices |
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Introduction of solid foods in infancy recommendation: avoid honey until at least one year of age |
Rationale: infants cannot detoxify clostridium botulinum spores sometimes present and honey and can develop botulism |
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Infant nutritional patterns birth to 1 month |
*Eat every 2 to 3 hours, breast or bottle *2-3 ounces (60-90 ml) per feeding |
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Infant nutritional patterns 2-4 months |
*Has coordinated suck swallow *eats every 3-4 hours 3-4 ounces (90- 120 ml) per feeding |
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Infant nutritional patterns 4- 6 months |
*Begins baby food, usually rice cereal, 2 -3T, twice-daily * consumes breastmilk or formula 4 a more times daily * 4- 5 ounces (100 150 ml) per feeding |
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Infant nutritional pattern 6-8 months |
*Eats baby food such as rice cereal, fruit, and vegetables, 2-5T, 3 times daily * consumes breastmilk or formula 4 times daily 6 -8 ounces (160 -225 ml) per feeding |
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Infant nutritional patterns 8-10 months |
*Enjoys soft finger foods 3 times daily *consumes breastmilk or formula 4 times daily *6 ounces (160 ml) per feeding *uses cup with lid |
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Infant nutritional patterns 10 to 12 months |
*Eats most soft table foods with family 3 times daily *uses cup with or without lid *attempts to feed self with spoon through spills often * consumes breastmilk or formula 4 times daily 6-8 ounces (160 -225 ml) per feeding |
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The toddler often displays the phenomenon of____ _____, caused when the extremely high metabolic demands of infancy slow to keep Pace with the more moderate growth rate of toddlerhood |
Psychologic anorexia *Although it can appear that the toddler eats nothing at times, and intake over days or a week is generally sufficient and balanced enough to meet the body's demands for nutrients and energy |
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The nurse can offer alternatives to Hot Dog, microwave meals, or fast foods by providing information about easy preparation of |
Sliced Meats, cheese, tofu, fruit, and vegetables |
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Healthy snacks for young children include |
Yogurt, cheese, milk, slices of bread with peanut butter, thinly sliced fruits, and soft vegetables |
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Parents should be advised to offer a variety of nutritious Foods several times daily and let the toddler make choices from the food offered |
Three meals and two snacks *A general guideline for food quantity at a meal is one tablespoon of each food per year of age |
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The toddler should drink __ to ___ ounces of milk daily |
16 to 24 |
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Parents should be advised to use only 100% fruit juice and to limit consumption of this juice to ___ to __ ounces daily for children ages 1 to 6 years to decrease the opportunity for becoming overweight, developing Dental caries, or experiencing abdominal discomfort |
4 to 6 *Unpasteurized juice should never be used since it may contain pathogens particularly harmful to young children |
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Avoid more than ____ meal weekly from a fast food restaurant due to the Generally high fat, sugar, and low fiber content of such meals |
1 |
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Young children should eat at a table with others, not be allowed to run and play while eating, and eat at specified meal and snack times. |
*Learning how to eat with others is an important task of toddlerhood. * toddlers should sit at a table or in a highchair to eat, to minimize the chance of choking & to foster positive eating patterns |
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Preschoolers like the company of others while they eat, and they enjoy helping with food preparation and table setting |
Involving them in these tasks can provide a forum for teaching about nutritious foods and principles of preparation, such as the need for refrigeration, safety around stoves, and cleanliness |
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The rate of growth is slow and steady during the preschool years, the child may have periods of ____ _____and greater or lesser intake |
Food Jags (eating only a few foods for several days or weeks) * parents should be advised to assess food and take over 1 or 2 week period rather than at each meal to obtain a more accurate impression of total intake |
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___meals and ___ or ____snacks daily are the norm. |
3 2 or 3 |
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Fruit juice should be limited to ___to ___ ounces daily, and begin teaching the 5 a day program that supports having five servings of fruits/ vegetables each day |
8 to 12 |
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If the child has not yet visited a dentist, the first dental visit should be scheduled so the child can become accustomed to the routine of dental care |
Fluoride supplement should be used when the water supply is not fluorinated |
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School aged children Girls begin a growth spurt by __ or __ years, and boys a year or so later. Nutritional needs increase dramatically with this spurt, with large numbers of calories and increased amounts of other nutrients required |
10 or 11 |
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The school aged years is a good time to teach children how to choose nutritious foods and plan a well-balanced meal |
Because school-age children operate at the concrete level of cognitive thought, nutrition teaching is best presented by using pictures, samples of foods, videotapes, handouts, and handouts on experience |
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Hospitalized child May refuse to eat, slowing the recuperative process. |
Nurses should encourage family members to bring favorite foods from home that meeting at nutritional requirements *This can be especially helpful when the hospital serves food only from the dominant culture group |
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The loss of the first decidious teeth & the eruption of permanent teeth usually occur at about 6 years, or at the beginning of the school age. Of the 32 permanent teeth, 22 - 26 erupted by age 12, and the remaining molars follow in the teenage years |
The school-age child should be closely monitored to ensure that brushing and flossing or adequate, that fluoride is taken if the Water Supplies not fluorinated, that Dental Care is obtained to provide for examination of teeth and alignment, and that loose teeth are identified before surgery or Sports participation. |
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Most adolescents need well over ___ calories daily to support the growth spurt, and some adolescent boys require nearly 3,000 calories or more daily |
2000 *Because adolescence prepare much of their own food and often eat with friends, they need to be taught about good nutrition. *Developing a diet that includes a large number of calories, meets vitamin and mineral requirements, and is acceptable to the teen may be a challenge |
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Growth measurement ____ ______ is the term used to refer to assessment of various parts of the body |
Anthropomertic measurement *Anthropologie of young children commonly includes weight, length, and head circumference. |
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____ ___ ____Is a calculation based on the child's weight and height, or length, and is calculated as kilograms of weight per square meter of height |
Body mass index *Is a useful calculation for determining if the child's height and weight are in proportion and identifies which percentile the child Falls in * a measurement below the 10th percentile, especially for BMI, May indicate undernutrition *Over the 90th percentile can indicate overnutrition |
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Labs such as hematocrit and hemoglobin, serum glucose and fasting insulin, lipids and lipoproteins, liver and renal function studies can provide useful information when nutritional status is questionable |
Adding some further measurements such as chest circumference and skin folds may also be useful |
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Clinical manifestations of dietary deficiencies/excesses Vitamin A |
Deficiency manifestation: Night blindness skin dryness and scaling Excess manifestations: headache, drowsiness, hepatomegaly, vomiting and diarrhea |
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Clinical manifestations of dietary deficiencies/excesses Vitamin C |
Deficiency manifestation: *abnormal hair (coiled hair) *skin abnormalities (dermatitis and lesions) *purpura *bleeding gums *joint tenderness *sudden heart failure Excess manifestations: usually none -excess is excreted in urine |
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Clinical manifestations of dietary deficiencies/excesses: vitamin D |
Deficiency manifestation: *rib deformity *Bowed legs Excess manifestations: drowsiness |
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Clinical manifestations of dietary deficiencies/excesses vitamin B |
Deficiency manifestations: * weakness *decreased deep tendon reflexes *dermatitis Excess manifestations: usually none- excess is excreted in urine |
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Clinical manifestations of dietary deficiencies/excessive protein |
Deficiency manifestation: *hepatomegaly *edema *scant, depigmented hair Excess manifestations: kidney failure |
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Clinical manifestations of dietary deficiencies/excesses Carbohydrate |
Deficiency manifestations *Emaciation *decreased energy *retarded growth and development Excess manifestations: overweight |
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Clinical manifestations of dietary deficiencies excesses: Iron |
Deficiency manifestations: *lethargy *slowed growth and development progression *pallor Excess manifestations: *vomiting *diarrhea *abdominal pain *pallor *cyanosis * drowsiness *shock |
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The 24-hour recall of intake, a food frequency questionnaire, and a dietary screening history provide a good overview of the infant's or child's intake and eating patterns |
A food diary provides precise information about child's food intake |
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When asking about foods eaten the nurse should inquire specifically about |
*All meals and snacks *amounts of each food item consumed (having various size measuring cups, bowls, and plates available so accurate amount can be indicated) *types of specific Foods used, such as whole milk vs nonfat or 2%, brand names of cereals, specific types of margarine or butter *additives used, such as condiments, table salt, spices milk to mix formula *food preparation methods including adding fats to cook, removal or retention of fats on meats * vitamins and supplements, types of doses * whether the intake is typical (in situations such as illness or vacation, intake may be different than usual |
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Food frequency questionnaire Long questionnaires can evaluate a total diet, while short ones focus on specific items such as fruit and vegetable intake |
A short questionnaire about milk intake or fruit and vegetable intake may be helpful before planning a teaching project on nutrition to a class of school-aged children. |
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Dietary screening history in children |
*What types of foods or beverages does the child especially like *what foods or beverages that the child dislike *what is the child's typical eating schedule meals and snacks? *Does the child eat with the family or at separate times? *Where does the child eat each meal? *Who prepares the food for the family? *What methods of cooking are used? Baking, frying, broiling, grilling *what ethnic foods are commonly eaten? *Does the family eat in a Restaurant frequently? What type ? What type of food does the child usually order? *Is a child on a special diet? *Does a child need to be fed, feed himself or herself, need assistance eating, need any adaptive devices for eating? *What is the child's appetite like? *Does a child take any vitamin supplements (iron fluoride)? *child have any allergies? What types of symptoms? *What types of regular exercise does a child get? *Are there any concerns about the child's eating habits? |
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Dietary screening history for infants overview questions |
*What was the infant's birth weight? * At what age did the birth weight double and triple? *Was the infant premature? *Does infant have any feeding problems such as difficulty sucking and swallowing, spitting up, fatigue, or fussiness? |
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Dietary screening history for infants If infant is breastfed |
*How long does the baby nurse on each breast? *what is the usual schedule for breastfeeding? *does the baby also take any milk or formula? Amount and frequency? What type? |
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Dietary screening history for infants If infant is formula fed |
*What formula is used? Is it iron-fortified? *How is it repaired? * Do you hold or prop the bottle for feedings? *How much formula is taken at each feeding? *How many bottles are taken each day? *Does the baby take a bottle to bed for nap for nighttime? *What is in the bottle? |
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Dietary screening history for infants If infant is fed other Foods |
At what age did the babies start eating other Foods? cereal, fruit/juices, vegetables, finger foods, Meats, other protein sources *Do you use commercial baby food or make your own? *Does the baby eat any table Foods? *How often does the baby take solid foods? *How is the baby's appetite? *Do you have any concerns about the baby's feeding habits? *Does the baby take a vitamin supplement? *Fluoride? *Has there been any allergic reactions to foods? Which ones? *does the baby sit up frequently? *Have there been any rashes? *What types of stools does the baby have? Frequency/ consistency |
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Parents are asked to keep a food diary when the child has a nutritional problem or disorder that requires dietary management, such as malnutrition, obesity, or diabetes. |
All meals and snacks, with food preparation method and quantities eaten over a 1 to 7 Day period are recorded |
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Newborn growth |
Weight Expected to double at 5 months and triple at 1 yr. |
