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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Which direction does the blood flow in Ductus Arteriosus?
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Right to left
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What glucose level is considered hyperglycemia in a neonate?
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Greater than 150
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What potassium level is considered hyperkalemia in a neonate?
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Greater than 6.5 mEq / liter
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What is the definition of "preterm?"
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Born at less than 37 completed weeks gestation
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What is the major problem in preterm infants?
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Variable immaturity of all organs
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What is significant about the first 24 hours of life?
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Transitioning from nitrauterine to extrauterine life
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When is the second assessment performed on a newborn?
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1-4 hours
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When does a gestational age assessment have optimal accuracy?
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within 12 hours of birth
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What conditions are common when the mother has diabetes?
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*LGA newborn
*retarded maturation |
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What conditions are common when the mother has hypertension?
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*IUGR
*speeded maturity |
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Describe the appearance of a newborn with RDS:
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*flaccid
*edematous *froglike posture |
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When is lanugo most abundant?
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28-30 weeks
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Describe ear cartilage of a preemie:
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*Shapeless & flat @ 34 weeks
*no recoil |
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Describe the skull of a preemie:
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Soft, sutures displaceable
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Describe the nails of a preemie:
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Will not extend beyond the fingertips
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When does a preemie's wrist make a "square window?"
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28-32 weeks
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What is the Scarf sign?
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*No resistance til 30 weeks
*elbow at midline at 36-40 weeks |
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What is a characteristic respiratory /cardiovascular problem in preterm infants?
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Poor blood flow to the lungs
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What is significant of surfactant in preterm infants?
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Not enough
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What causes a problem of heat production in preterm infants?
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*low brown fat
*no glycogen reserve *low muscle mass *unable to shiver |
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What causes a problem of INCREASED HEAT LOSS in preterm infants?
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*high ration of body surface to body weight
*little insulation (or subcutaneous fat) *blood vessels close to skin *thinner, more permeable skin *posture: extension increases surface area for heat loss *poor ability to vasoconstrict superficial blood vessels |
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Why do preterm infants experience bone demineralization?
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calcium & phosphorus are deposited in the 3rd trimester
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What is a serious GI complication in preterm infants?
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Necrotizing enterocolitis
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What causes necrotizing enterocolitis?
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Poor perfusion of the GI system
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What is a possible complication in preemies that is due to an immature renal system?
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Risk of fluid overload
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The immature kidneys of a preterm infant take longer to excrete what?
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Lactic acid
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Preterm infants are predisposed to what after hypoxia?
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acidosis
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What is given for the management of acidosis?
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Sodium bicarbonate
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What is a normal pH for a neonate?
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above 7.25
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What pH level is considered severe acidosis?
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7.20
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What common preterm problem may lead to hydrocephalus?
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intraventricular or intracerebral hemorrhage
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What is the calorie requirement for preterm newborns?
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95-130 calories/kg/day
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What is the fluid requirement for preterm infants?
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10-40 ml/kg/day
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What is the ideal weight gain for a preterm infant?
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20-30 g/day
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What glucose level is considered hypoglycemia in a neonate?
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Less than 30
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List some symptoms of hypoglycemia in the neonate:
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*tachycardia
*cyanosis *seizures *apnea |
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Besides having a coordinated suck, swallow, breathing pattern, what must a neonate accomplish before being allowed to breast feed?
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Must be able to maintain body temperature
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When is gavage feeding used?
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*for infants less than 34 wks
*if infant is losing weight *may be adjunct to bottle feeding |
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When can TPN be used?
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*If GI feeding contraindicated
*Can be used with minimal enteral nutrition (10 ml/kg/day) |
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What is the treatment for patent ductus arteriosus?
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IV indomethacin
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What is a possible complication of indomethacin?
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Renal dysfunction
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What is apnea?
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Periods of not breathing for more than 20 seconds OR causing pallor, cyanosis, bradycardia
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what is the most common cause of apnea?
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immaturity of the CNS
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What is the treatment for apnea?
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respiratory support or medication (stimulants)
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What treatment is now being studied to reduce the incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage in preterm infants?
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Giving vitamin K to the mother prior to birth
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What vision problem is common in premature infants?
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retinopathy of prematurity
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What is a post-term infant?
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Any newborn born after 42 weeks
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Post term infants are associated with which conditions?
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*Primiparity
*high multiparity |
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What is the major cause of death of post-term infants?
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decreased placental function
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What are some complications of post-term pregnancies?
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*Hypoglycemia (depleted glycogen store)
*Meconium aspiration (babies pass meconium when placed under stress) *Polycythemia: in response to hypoxia; seizures from hypoxia |
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What is amnionitis?
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infection of amniotic fluid
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What can cause IUGR?
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*congenital infection
*inborn errors of metabolism *discordant twins |
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What are common causes of LGA?
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*gestational diabetes
*multiparity |
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What are common complications of LGA?
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*Hypoglycemia
*Polycythemia *Risk of C-section / induction |
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When are apgars performed
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1 minute and 5 minutes
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What is the problem that causes asphyxia in the newborn?
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Persistant fetal circulation: inability to transition to extrauterine life
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In the newborn with asphyxia, what usually reopens?
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foramen ovale
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Which should be suctioned first - the mouth or the nose?
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The nose
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In rescuscitation of an infant, when is cardiac massage used?
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If heart rate is below 60 after 30 seconds of o2 administration
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What is RDS?
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Inappropriate respiratory adaptation to extrauterine life
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