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202 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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5/ How do knots occur in wood?
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Cellular pattern of wood has been altered to create branch growth. Cellular fibers swirl around horizontal branch
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6/ Why is clear wood stronger for structural purposes?
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No knots
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7/ Why are smaller, younger trees weaker structurally?
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More knots per length
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8/ Why has wood become weaker structurally in the last 25 years?
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Smaller, younger trees with more knots are used before they grow in to longer, older trees with less knots
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9/ What three things is wood made up of?
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-Cellulose
-Lignin -Watery sap |
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10/ What is the function of cellulose and lignin in wood?
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-Cellulose is the sugary carbohydrate that forms cell wall in wood
-Lignin is the glue that holds the cells together |
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11/ In order, what are the five parts of a tree trunk starting from the inside going outward?
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1/ Heartwood
2/ Sapwood 3/ Cambium 4/ Inner bark 5/ Outer bark |
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12/ What is moisture content in wood?
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How much water (by weight) is contained in wood
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13/ What is the calculation to determine wood shrinkage?
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D x M x c
[Shrinkage] = [actual dimension (mm) depth or width] * [difference of % moisture content] * [0.002 (shrinkage co-efficient)] |
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56/ Below what moisture content percentage is wood immune to fungal growth?
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19%
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57/ Within what moisture content percent range does fungal growth remain sustained with no possibility of germination?
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19% - 28%
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58/ Within what moisture content percent range does germination and fungal growth in wood occur?
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28% - 35%
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59/ Within what moisture content percent range does germination of fungal spores and flourishing fungal growth in wood occur?
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35 - 50%
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Define fibre saturation point and at what moisture content does it occur?
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-Point in drying process where only water remaining is bound in cell walls
-28% |
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What does the fibre saturation point have to do with wood shrinkage?
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Any drying beyond that point will result in wood shrinkage
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What can wood cells do to resist tension?
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stretch end to end
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What is the difference between free water and bound water?
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-bound water is held within cellulose of cell walls
-free water is held within cavities of wood |
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What are the two methods of reducing the moisture content of wood from it's natural state?
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-Kiln drying
-Passive drying |
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What is passive drying?
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Wood is stacked outdoors, and spaced to allow air movement around each piece. Air and humidity allows evaporation
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What is kiln drying?
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Application of external heat to, wood to speed up drying process
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Which of the two wood drying methods kills of fungal growth?
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Kiln drying
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Name the three basic directions of wood shrinkage?
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Tangential -
Radial - Longitudinal |
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What is longitudinal wood shrinkage?
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Shrinkage is along length of fibers. Extremely low, not accounted for
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What is radial wood shrinkage?
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shrinkage perpendicular to growth rings
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What is tangential wood shrinkage?
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shrinkage occurs along circumference of log
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Which of the three basic directions of wood shrinkage is extremely minimal and virtually never accounted for?
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Longitudinal
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What is the calculation to determine wood shrinkage?
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D x M x c
[Shrinkage] = [actual dimension (mm) depth or width] * [difference of % moisture content] * [0.002 (shrinkage co-efficient)] |
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What five pieces of information can be found on a lumber grade stamp?
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-Grading agency
-Assigned grade -Mill designation -Species group -Moisture content |
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What is the moisture content range of kiln dried lumber?
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9 - 10%
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S-Dry lumber is surfaced at what range of moisture content?
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19% or less
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S-green lumber is surfaced at what range of moisture content?
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19% or more
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What is the difference between glulam beam and a parallam beam?
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-Glulam beams are glued together under controlled conditions and pieces are end jointed in horizontal layers
-Parallam beams are strands of wood glued together under pressure |
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What are six advantages of trusses?
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-Unlimited size
-Economy -Ease of fabrication -Fast delivery -Simplified erection procedures -Flexibility in layout and span |
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What are the three preservative wood types?
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-Borate - salts
-Amnoniacal copper quat -Chromated copper arsenate |
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What is the advantage and drawback of incising pressure treated wood?
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-Better penetration and durability
-Reduces strength approx. 30% |
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/ In order, what are the four life cycle stages of fungi?
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1/ spore
2/ hyphae 3/ mycelium 4/ fruiting body |
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What type of fungi gives wood a checked appearance?
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brown rot fungi
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What is the most common type of wood rot in the west coast climate?
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Brown rot fungi
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What is the fundamental difference between thermoplastics and thermosets?
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Thermoplastics can be melted and reformed. Thermosets cannot be melted or reformed.
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What are three examples of thermoplastics in construction?
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-pvc
-rigid insulation -drainage pipe |
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What are three examples of thermosets in construction
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-plastic laminated floor
-polyurethane floor |
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What is meant by building envelope (enclosure)?
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An environmental separator, the assemblies that separate conditioned space from unconditioned space (interior space from exterior space)
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What are five barriers in building envelope?
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-Water shedding surface
-Water resistive barrier -air barrier -Vapour barrier -Heat barrier |
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What is the function of an air barrier
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Prevents uncontrolled passage of air from inside to outside
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What is the function of a vapor barrier?
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Controls passage of water vapour molecules through diffusion
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What is the function of a heat barrier? What is it's more commonly known name?
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-Slows heat loss/gain
-AKA insulation |
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What is a water shedding surface?
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Surface of assemblies that deflects/drains majority of exterior moisture that impacts facade
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What is a Water resistive barrier?
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Surface farthest into assembly from exterior that can accommodate exterior moisture without causing damage to interior finishes or materials with assemblies
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What are two ways vapor created by occupants can migrate?
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-Vapour diffusion> caused by a vapour pressure differential
-Vapour in a moving air stream caused by an air pressure differential |
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What is diffusion?
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Water vapour movement from higher humidity to lower humidity
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What kind of materials can be used inside walls as vapour barriers to prevent diffusion?
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Poly, aluminum foil, low perm paint
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What two things determine the rate of diffusion?
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-Difference in vapour pressure between the two sides
-Size of holes |
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What are the 4 D's?
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Deflection> Don't let water in (flashing)
Drainage> When water finds a way, give it a way out (slope surfaces) Drying> When water gets in, build assembly so it will get out Durable materials> If materials can get wet, such as exterior cladding, choose ones that will resist moisture |
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Name six configurations of flashing
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-Cross cavity flashing
-Diverter flashing -Head flashing -sill flashing -Saddle flashing -Cap flashing |
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259/ What are three types of flat roofs?
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-Conventional
-Inverted -Vented |
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Does a conventional flat roof have the waterproof membrane exposed or unexposed?
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Exposed
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Does a conventional flat roof use the same material for the moisture barrier and vapor barrier or two different materials?
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two different materials
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Does a conventional flat roof have the insulation sloped?
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yes
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What comopnent(s) is membrane typically applied on on a conventional flat roof?
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On the recovery board on top of the insulation
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What are two pros of conventional flat roofs?
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Accomodates easy review and localized repairs
-re-roofing is easier and cheaper |
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What are three cons of conventional flat roofs?
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-membrane exposed to uv
-membrane is more susceptible to mechanical damage -compartment created by insulation makes leakage paths difficult to determine |
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What are three pros of inverted flat roofs?
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-Membrane is protected from uv and mechanical damage by insulation and ballast
-roofs can more easily be used as functional space such as decks and planters -Substrate is maintained above dewpoint temperature at all times |
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What are four cons of inverted flat roofs?
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-localized repairs are more intrusive
-high re-roofing costs -maintenance is difficult -Drainage less effective and more reliant on maintenance |
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What is a removable glazing stop (without gasket) in a window assembly?
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metal or plastic stop to hold glazing unit against interior glazing tape or stop
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Is a removable glazing stop without a gasket air/water tight?
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No
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What do you call a metal or plastic stop that holds glazing unit against interior glazing tape/stop and is not air or water tight?
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Removable glazing stop without gasket
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What is a dry gasket on a removable glazing stop? What benefits does it serve?
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-A gasket used to apply pressure on a glazing unit. -Improves seal between stop and glazing unit.
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What is the name of a gasket on a removable glazing stop that is used to apply pressure on a glazing unit and improve seal between stop and glazing unit?
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Dry gasket on a removable glazing stop
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What happens if care is not taken to seal the joints at the ends of a dry gasket on a removable glazing stop and between the horizontal and vertical glazing stops?
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Water and air leakage
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What is a dry gasket on a fixed glazing stop?
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Gasket installed into fixed portion of window frame before glazing unit is installed
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How are joints in a dry gasket on a fixed glazing stop sealed to create a watertight joint between frame and glazing unit?
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Welding
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What is the purpose of glazing tape (AKA wet seal)?
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Creates watertight joint between glazing unit and fixed glazing top on window frame
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Is shimmed or unshimmed glazing tape recommended?
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Shimmed
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What two different window components can be used to create a watertight joint between glazing unit and fixed glazing stop on window frame?
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-Glazing tape
-heel bead |
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What is a heel bead?
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High performance caulking or gasket between window frame and glazing unit to create an air or water tight seal
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What is a thermal break in a window assembly?
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A low heat conducting layer between interior and exterior portions of a metal frame to reduce heat flow and increase condensation resistance
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What is the name of the window component that acts as a low heat conducting layer between interior and exterior portions of a metal frame to reduce heat flow and increase condensation resistance?
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Thermal break
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What is a setting block in a window assembly?
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Block that provides support and protection for both lites of glazing unit and keeps glazing unit perimeter seat above ponding water?
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What is the name of the window component that provides support and protection for both lites of glazing unit and keeps glazing unit perimeter seat above ponding water, and is set at the 1/4 points?
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Setting block
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What is a glazing unit?
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A hermetically sealed assembly consisting of two or more lites of glass
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What is the term used to describe a hermetically sealed assembly consisting of two or more lites of glass?
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Glazing unit
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What are the four basic fenestration types?
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-Storefront
-Punch or strip window -Window wall -Curtain wall |
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What are the four common window frame materials?
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-aluminum
-vinyl -fiberglass -wood |
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What is a mullion bar?
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Structural vertical bar that forms division between units of window
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What is the name of the structural vertical bar that forms a division between units of a window?
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Mullion bar
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What is a muntin bar?
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Decorative horizontal/vertical/diagonal bars separating and holding panes of glass in a window.
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What is the name of the decorative horizontal/vertical/diagonal bars separating and holding the panes of glass in a window?
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Muntin bars
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What is a transom bar (aka T-bar)?
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Structural horizontal bar that forms division between units of window
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What is the name of the structural horizontal bar that forms a division between the units of a window?
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Transom bar (AKA T-bar)
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What are the four main things to focus on as far as window performance when designing and installing a window?
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-Control heat loss/gain
-Control air flow -Control water vapour flow -Control rain penetration |
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What five factors make thermal control an important quality in a window assembly?
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-Reduces capacity requirements for mechanical systems
-Energy efficiency -Surface tempetatures -Condensation control -human comfort |
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When does condensation control occur in a window assembly?
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When temperature of a surface is at or below the saturation temperature of interior air (100% RH has been reached)
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What are two things that can be done to create thermal control in a window assembly?
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-Eliminate thermal bridges
-Locate windows within unsulated portion of wall assembly |
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What are four types of glass?
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-Fully tempered
-Tinting -Laminated -Spandrel |
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What is fully tempered glass?
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Glass heated to point making it four times stronger
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What is the name of glass heated to point that makes it four times stronger
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Fully tempered
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What type of glass reduces heat?
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Tinted glass
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What is laminated glass?
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Two pieces of glass laminated together
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What type of glass is stronger than tempered?
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Laminated
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What two things can be done to control sound transmission in a window?
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-Double or triple glazing
-using laminated glass |
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What four things should be taken into consideration to control the U value (insulation value) in a window assembly?
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-Low-emissive coatings
-Gas filled -Edge seal technology -Window frame design |
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What two things can be used to control solar shading coefficient/transmittance in a window?
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-Heat absorbing (tinted) glass
-Heat reflecting glass |
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What two reasons must sub-sill flashing be used for all windows?
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-All windows will eventually leak
-Can't achieve perfection in manufacturing/installing windows |
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How does a lab astm e547 penetration test work?
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-Fan creates pressure difference while calibrated spray rack sprays water for 24 minutes
-Any water leakage is observed from the interior |
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How does a field water penetration test work (astm e1105)?
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-A test chamber is constructed
-Fan creates negative pressure difference to simulate wind driven rain as a calibrated spray rack sprays water for 24 minutes -Any water leakage is observed from interior |
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What is the name off a lab water penetration test?
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ASTM E547
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What is the name of a field water penetration test?
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ASTM E1105
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What is the name of the water test that involves no pressurization, is quick, inexpensive?
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AAMA 501.2
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Why is overhang protection highly recommended for doors?
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-They are inherently more leaky than other elements and are more susceptible to wear and tear
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Ensuring slopes and end dams on all flashing is easy to do and cheap. What is the benefit?
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Promotes drainage
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How does a field air leakage (ASTM E783) test work?
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-A chamber is sealed to the window frame
-Fan blows smoke against window frame (flow and pressure measured -Smoke that makes it through shows leakage areas |
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What is a track (AKA runner)?
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Horizontal component on top and bottom of steel stud to hold them
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What is the name of the horizontal component on top and bottom of steel studs that hold them?
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Track (AKA runner)
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What is a knockout?
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Holes made in steel stud system for electrical/mechanical
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What are the names of the holes made in a steel stud system for electrical/mechanical systems?
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Knockouts
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What is channel bridging in a steel stud system
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Components in knockout to make stud stronger if necessary
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What is the name of components in knockout to make stud stronger if necessary?
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Channel bridging
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What is a hat track?
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Acts as furring in a steel stud system
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What is the name of the component that acts as furring in a steel stud system
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Hat track
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What are two types of gypsum board types, besides the regular type for regular partitions?
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-Type X for fire resistance
-Green board/Aqua board for Water resistance |
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What is STC?
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-Sound transmission control, determines different materials different sound transmission
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Is high STC a good or bad sound retarder?
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GOOD
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Is low STC a good or bad sound retarder?*
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BAD
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What are three things that can be done to reduce sound transmission in an assembly?*
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-Use materials that absorb sound
-Reduce materials' contact with each other by creating large voids, and filling those voids with batts -Reduce flanking paths |
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What are four sound absorbing materials
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Fibrous ceiling tiles
-fibrous wall panels -acoustic plaster -gypsum board |
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What does it mean to reduce flanking paths in an assembly?
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Create air barrier between two spaces
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What are three main things the code enforces in regards to FIRE ISSUES and interior finishes?
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-Reduce fire load
-Create compartments -Provide safety exits |
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What are two things the code enforces to reduce fire load?
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-Enforce if building is to made of noncombustible construction
-Enforce flame spread ratings |
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How does the code create compartments in buildings to help fire safety issues?
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-Creates fire separations
-Fire resistance ratings given to walls and floors |
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How does the code provide safe exits in case of fire?
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-Protects the exit path out of building
-Enforces higher degree of fire resistance in exits |
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Is a window-wall a rainscreen, face sealed, or concealed wall barrier?*
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Rainscreen
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Which window system relies on gaskets and wet seals the most?*
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window-wall
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Without adding reinforcing to a window-wall system, what is then limited?*
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Span
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What must be added to a window wall system to allow greater span?*
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reinforcing
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Are window walls interior glazed or exterior glazed? How is this a benefit*
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-Interior
-Easier for replacement |
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Does a window wall system have a greater or poorer condensation resistance than curtain wall?*
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poorer
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Does a curtain wall system have a greater or poorer condensation resistance than window wall?*
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greater
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Of window-walls and curtain walls, which has a poorer condensation resistance? Is it even adequate?*
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Window-wall
Yes |
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Of window walls and curtain walls, which is cheaper?*
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Window walls
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Are curtain-walls prefabricated or assembled/glazed on site?*
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On site
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Is a curtain-wall a rainscreen, face sealed, or concealed wall barrier?*
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Rainscreen
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Do curtain-walls have gasket seals?
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Yea
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Do curtain-walls have a good or bad reputation as far as track record of performance?
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good
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Of window walls and curtain walls, which is more expensive?*
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Curtain
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Do curtain walls have a good or bad span capability?
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Good
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What are curtain-walls restricted to a ten foot vertical span?
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They aren't, they can go over
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What is the practical width limitation of a curtain wall?
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five feet
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What is needed to life a CURTAIN wall into place?
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crane
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What window system provides overhang protection for doors?
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Curtain-wall
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Do curtain walls have low or high maintenance requirements?
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high
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Is a unitized curtain-wall a rainscreen, face sealed, or concealed wall barrier?*
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Rainscreen
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Are unitized curtain walls prefabricated or assembled/glazed on site?*
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assembled/glazed on site
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Which window system is installed in modules (units)?
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Unitized curtain walls
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What are the modules (units) sealed to each other with, in a unitized curtain wall system that makes them difficult to inspect in the field?
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gaskets
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What is a conventional curtain wall called, with the presence of unitized curtain wall?
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Stick built curtain wall
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Of stick built curtain walls and unitized curtain walls, which is more expensive?* Why?
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stick built
-site labor costs |
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Of stick built curtain walls and unitized curtain walls which is cheaper?* Why?
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unitized
-site labor costs |
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Like stick built curtain walls, unitized curtain walls have good span, provide overhang for doors, and require low maintenance, but if maintenance and repair are required, where will it be very difficult?
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At the horizontal joints
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Do stick built curtain walls have high, acceptable, or low water penetration resistance?
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acceptable
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Do unitized curtain walls built have high, acceptable, or low water penetration resistance?
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acceptable
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Do windows and window walls have high, acceptable or low water penetration resistance?
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acceptable
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Stick built curtain walls, unitized curtain walls, and window walls all have acceptable condensation resistance, but which critically requires an appropriate ventilation strategy?
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window walls
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Stick built curtain walls, unitized curtain walls, and window walls all have acceptable structural strength, but which may require reinforcing for larger spans?
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window walls
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Do stick built curtain walls have high, moderate or low maintenance requirements?
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low
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Do unitized curtain walls have high, moderate or low maintenance requirements?
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low
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Do window walls have high, moderate or low maintenance requirements?
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moderate
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Do stick-built curtain walls have easy, moderate, or difficult repair?
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easy
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Do unitized curtain walls have easy, moderate, or difficult repair?
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difficult
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Do window walls have easy, moderate, or difficult repair?
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Moderate
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Do stick built curtain walls have low, moderate, or high site flexibility/quality control?
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high
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Do unitized curtain walls have low, moderate, or high site flexibility/quality control?
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moderate
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Do window walls have low, moderate, or high site flexibility/quality control?
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high
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Of stick built curtain walls, unitized curtain walls, and window walls, which is the the most expensive?
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stick-built
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Of stick built curtain walls, unitized curtain walls, and window walls, which is in the middle as far as costs?
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unitized
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Of stick built curtain walls, unitized curtain walls, and window walls, which is the cheapest?
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window walls
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What are four typical depths of steel studs?
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6"
3-5/8" 2-1/2" 1-5/8" |
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What are the typical non-structural gauges for steel studs?
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25 gauge, that's it
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What are the typical structural gauges for steel studs? (5)
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20
18 16 14 12 |
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What are three ceiling types?
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-Regular ceiling (contact
-Furred -Suspended |
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Name three types of flooring
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Strip
Parquet laminate (wood or plastic) |
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Name two types of masonry flooring
|
-Ceramic tile
-brick/concrete pavers |
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Name 5 types of carpets
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wool
acyrlic nylon polyester olefin |
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What type of tile is thin, glazed and set in mortar or glued?
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ceramic tile
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What type of tile is used in exterior, landscaping, and set in mortar or sand bed?
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brick/concrete pavers
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What are two advantages to wood window frames?
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-attractive
-low conductivity |
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What are three disadvantages to wood window frames?
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-combustable
-wood shrinkage -high maintenance |
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What are two advantages to aluminum windows?
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-Strong
-Noncombustable |
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What are two disadvantages to aluminum windows?
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-thermal bridging
-expansion/contraction |
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What are two advantages to vinyl windows?
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-Inexpensive
-low conductivity |
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What are two disadvantages of vinyl windows?
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Weakest
-highest expansion/contraction co-efficient |
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What are two advantages of fiberglass window frames?
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-Low conductivity
-low co-efficient of expansion/contraction |
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What are two disadvantages of fiberglass windows?
|
-brittle edges make damage on site difficult to avoid
-limited supply |
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What are the four main glazing systems in order from lowest water penetration resistance, to highest water penetration resistance?
|
-Storefront
-Punch window -Window wall -Curtain wall |
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Why is shimmed glazing tape better than unshimmed?
|
Metal shim holds glazing tape together, preventing pump out
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Vinyl windows do not have a separate thermal break material component while aluminum windows do. Why?
|
-Vinyl windows have low conductivity
-Aluminum have high conductivity |
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How are the mitred corners of an aluminum window sealed?
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Sealant/caulking applied and screwed together
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How are the corners of a vinyl window sealed?
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Welding
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What is argon gas used for within sealed units? (2)
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-Better thermal resistance
-slow down convective looping |
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Are concealed barrier windows typically interior or exterior glazed?
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Interior
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Are rainscreen windows typically interior or exterior glazed?
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Exterior
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What is subsill drainage?
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pan placed under window to drain water out between window and wall
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What is the difference between effective and nominal r-value?
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-Nominal r-value is the r-value of the insulation itself
-Effective R-value is the r-value of the final wall assembly |
