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500 Cards in this Set

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DD lateraler Knieschmerz / iliotibialband friction syndrome
Iliotibialband friction syndrome
Large joint effusion distending lateral synovial recess
Lateral meniscus tear
Lateral meniscus cyst
LCL injury
Was ist der natürliche Verlauf eines Hygroms?
enlarge
remain
reduce
change into chronic subduralhematoma (erneute einblutung) !
anterior knee pain DD
patellar tendonitits (jumpers knee)
osgood schlatter disease (partial avulsion of the tibia tubercle)Sinding-Larsen-Johansson Disease:
- Osteochondrosis of the inferior pole of the patella
Was ist das für eine Fraktur?
Triquetrum Fraktur
Triquetral fractures may be associated with of the wrist
transcaphoid perilunate dislocations
Was ist das?
lunatum dislokation
When does the perilunate dislocation ocuur?
Occurs when the lunate maintains normal position with respect to the distal radius while all other carpal bones are dislocated posteriorly
Was ist das?
perilunate dislocation
Perilunate Dislocation is associated with
commonly associated with a scaphoid waist fracture auch mit triquetrum fx. capitatum und radial styloid fx.
Was ist das?
Budd chiari syndrome
Was ist das?
Schistosoma. Axial CT shows signs of portal hypertension, including large varices (white curved) and splenomegaly. Note the extraordinarily widened hepatic fissures deeply dividing the segments of the liver along the portal vein branches. This is a characteristic feature of hepatic schistosomiasis & a distinguishing feature from more common forms of cirrhosis. The appearance of the liver has been described as that of a tortoise shell.
Was sind die Ursachen für eine Mucocele der Appendix?
muzinöses Cystadenom
cystadenocarcinoma
mucosale Hyperplasie
Mukus retentionszyste
Zu was führt die Ruptur einer Mucocelel der Appendix?
pseudomyxoma peritonei
Kolonlymphoma most common site?
Coecum, lymphombefall des Colons ist selten
was ist das budd chiari syndrome
chronic hepatic venous occlussive disease, nodular liver comtour from regenerative nodules
Wie stellen sich regenerative nodules im T1 dar?
hyperintense
Häufigste primärkarzinome mit lebermetastsen'
Brust kolorektal, Lung
Wie sieht confluent hepatic fibrosis aus?
wedge shaped hypodense region on ct that extends from the hilum
Was ist eine Choledochus anomomaly?
Welche Typen der Choledochus anomaly gibt es?
Choledochus cyst
1 - 5
Choledochus Zyste typ 2
common bile duct diverticulum
Choledochus Zyste typ 3
choledochocele
Choledochus Zyste typ 4
extrahepatic ductal dilatation
Choledochus Zyste typ 5
Caroli disease, intrahepatic ductal dilatation
Type 1 choledochal cyst
most common
cystic or fusiform diatation of the common bile duct
most common cystic pancreas lesion in children
pseudocyst from blunt trauma or pancreatitis
most common locations of gi duplication cysts?
ileum und esophagus
most common cystic ovarian lesions girls younger than 17
cystic ovarian teratoma
was sind mesenteric cysts?
lymphangioma im mesenterium
oesophagusvarizen klassifikation
uphill downhill
Ursache und Charakteristika uphill varizen
portale hypertension, häufiger, im distalen oesophagus, gi bleeding,
azygos in vena cava
downhill varizen
bei superior vena cava syndrom im proximalen oesophagus
varizen vs. reflux esophagitis
reflux sieht gleich aus: thickened tortuous folds, remain fixed in appearance
Typen von oesophaguskarzinom
infiltrating, polypoid, ulcerative, varicoid
varicoid least common sieht aus wie varizen! dont change appearance
esophagus lymphoma is
rare, when it does meist from contigous spread from gastric cardia or fundus
Typisch für achalasie
birds peak
achalasie definition
erkrankung des myenteric plexus results in failure of relaxation of distal sphincter. fehlende peristaltik
Ursache achalasie
primary degeneration of myenteric plexus
secondary: chagas, fungal, tumor
scleroderma is a
a collagen vascular disease in which smooth cell muscle becomes fibrotic
Scleroderma affects ... of the esophagus resulting in
distal two thirds, dysmotility and dilatation
achalasie vs. scleroderma
birds peak vs. dilatation des sphinkters
tapered
kaegelfärmig, konisch
was sind die charakteristika der COP?
intraalveolärer Prozess, steroide, lower lobes, patchy and peribronchial consolidations können auch peripher sein
BAC presents as
ground glass nodule 60%, diffuse or patchy consolidations/ ground glass 40%, pseudocavitation possible,
welll differentiated
was ist die chronic eosinophilic pneumonia?
idiopathic processnalveolar and interstitial infiltration of inflammatory cells, homogene periphere consolidations, sometimes patchy und upper lobe, crazy paving possible, steroids nützen schnell
lipoid pneumonia characteristics
lower lobe, kann crazy paving haben, consolidations, chronic process fibrose, necrosis, sogar cavitatons
was sind die charakteristika der COP?
intraalveolärer Prozess, steroide, lower lobes, patchy and peribronchial consolidations können auch peripher sein
BAC presents as
ground glass nodule 60%, diffuse or patchy consolidations/ ground glass 40%, pseudocavitation possible,
welll differentiated
was ist die chronic eosinophilic pneumonia?
idiopathic processnalveolar and interstitial infiltration of inflammatory cells, homogene periphere consolidations, sometimes patchy und upper lobe, crazy paving possible, steroids nützen schnell
woraus entstehen hepatic cysts?
development defect of biliary ducts
epatic abscess entsteht meist aus
pyogen, ascendierende cholangitis, hematogen oder direkt extension
pyogenic abscesses are often
multilocular
amebic abscesses are often
unilocular sonst gleich wie pyogenic (randenhancement)
tendency to rupture
echinococcal infection can be
very large with rimlike calcification, daughter cysts
mycotic abscesses are often
multiple and small
peripheral cholangiocarcinoma are
hypodense and enhance late 10min, have capsular retraction due to fibrosis, biliary ductal dilatation peripherally to tumor common
biliary cystadenoma are
uncommon multilocular well defined masses middle aged women, cyst wall may enhance malignant transformation may occur
Wie sieht die percheron Arterie aus'
Was ist das?
round atelectasis
ab wieviel mm sollte ein colonpolyp entfernt werden?
10mm
Risiko >20mm 50%
>10mm 10%
Wie gross darf eine rectocele sein?
2cm
Diverticula are
herniations of mucosa and submucosa through the colonic wall.
Giant diverticula are most common in the
sigmoid up to 25%
Aphtoid ulcers are nonspecific finding found in
Crohn’s disease
Yersinia
Tb
Amoebic colitis
Ischaemic colitis
Behcets disease
HIV
What is the hallmark of IBD?
Wall thickening Crohn average 11mm, UC 7mm
Wie kommt es zu toxic megacolon?
In severe acute colitis, transmural inflammation may result in fulminate colitis with degeneration of the underlying muscle wall leading to colonic dilatation
Image characteristics toxic megacolon
The colon is dilated, and thick walled, with thickening and effacement of haustral folds, resulting in so called 'thumb-printing'
Apthoid ulceration is a non specific finding and may be found in many disorders including:
Crohn’s disease
Yersinia
Tb
Amoebic colitis
Ischaemic colitis
Behcets disease
HIV
Was ist ein Shaldon katheter?
Wie hoch muss er liegen?
in der V.cava superior
Korrekter Verlauf Magensonde?
Lage IABP
Lage: Spitze 2-3cm nach Abgang der A. subclavia
Was ist das?
Intraaortale Ballonpumpe IABP
Was heisst IABP
Intraaortale Ballonpumpe IABP
Herzklappen Lage
Welche klappe ist das?
mitralklappe
Wie heisst das?
Girdlestone
Causes of adrenal gland calcifications
hemorrhage as a child
Tb or granulomatous disease
Neuroblastomas (80% verkalkt)
Carcinoma (30% verkalkt)
Phaeochromocytoma (10%)
Small unilateral adrenal masses
>3cm
Adenomas
Phaeochromocytomas
Metastases
Tb
Myelolipomas
large unilateral adrenal masses
Adrenocorticales karzinom
Phaeochromocytom
Ganglioneuroma/ Neuroblastoma
Myelolipoma
Metastases
Abscess
Cystic adrenal masses
revious Hemorrhage
True cysts
Mesothalial inclusion Cyst
vascular cystic spaces (endothelial lining)
lymphangioma
paracystic cyst
hydatid cyst
Verteilung Inguinalhernien beim Kind
rechts 60%
links 25%
beidseits 15%
Myelolipoma of nnr
selten, meist kleiner 5cm kann bis 30cm gross werden.
60 jahre alt Fett und bone marrow elements, kann verkalken 30%, necrosis,
primary tumors giving rise to nnr metastases are
lung breast melanoma kidney, thyroid colon
NNR Metastases in T1 und T2
T1 hypointens im vergleich zu leber , T2 leicht hyperintens
contain no fat therefore no dropout in out of phase imaging
lymphoma of nnr
primary selten m >60
secondary continous spread from retroperitoneal disease, non hodgkin lymphom, oft bilateral
wash out adenoma absolute and ratio
Has an absolute washout of >60% or relative washout of >40%, it is nearly always an adenoma (specificity 96-100%)
Was muss man machen bevor man einen grossen NNR Tumor biopsiert?
Before performing a biopsy, the patient must be fully blocked if phaeochromocytoma is metabolically active.
Wie gross darf der Böhler Winkel sein?
30°
Cushing syndrome klinik
We kommt es zu Cushing?
Excess cortisol secretion due to adrenal hyperplasia in 70% ACTH up
Adrenal adenoma in 20%
Adrenal carcinoma in 10%
Was ist wichtig zu unterscheiden beim Cushing (ursachen)
ACTH dependent from independent
acth dependent cushing charakteristika
adrenal hyperplasia secondary to an elevated ACTH production, usually from a pituitary tumour (70%). In adrenal hyperplasia the adrenal shape is preserved but the limbs of the gland measure more than 1 cm.
Ursachen ACTH dependent cushing anders als pituitary?
Woher kommt das ektope ACTH?
Sources of ectopic ACTH include:

Bronchial carcinoid
Pancreatic Islet cell tumour
Thymic carcinoid
Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid
Phaeochromocytoma
Small cell lung cancer
ACTH independent cushing Ursachen
The raised cortisol is due to a primary adrenal adenoma or carcinoma in 90% of cases. Other rare causes include primary pigmented nodular adrenal dysplasia or macronodular hyperplasia
hyperaldosteronismus conn Ursachen
adenoma, selten carcinoma
bilaterale adrenal hyperplasie
Conn klinik
hyperaldosteronismus

It causes hypertension, muscular weakness, and tetany due to hypokalaemia.
conn zona?
glomerulosa
conn imaging?
adenoma are small <2 cm hypodens <10HU, fast kein enhancement, im mr hypo- or isointense to liver on T2W images
was ist die addison disease?
primary adrenal insufficiency and occurs when more than 90% of the adrenal cortex is destroyed.
60-70% the cause is an idiopathic auto-immune disorder and the adrenals are atrophic
other causes of addison?
Other causes include:

Granulomatous disease: sarcoidosis or tuberculosis
Fungal infections: histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis
Adrenal haemorrhage
Bilateral metastatic disease (rarely)
Phaeochromocytom imaging characteristics
MR. t1 hypo- iso intense zu leber, T2 hyperintense. inhomogene km anreicherung (necrosis, calcification,
kein signal verlust in in- out of phase imaging
ct arteriell deutlich enhancement, venös wie leber inhomogen
phaeochromocytom charakteristika/klinik
selten, 40-60j, bis 2% der ursache hypertension, ca.5cm gross, non specific symptoms including: palpitations, headache, sweating and hypertension
Von wo kommt das phaeochromocytom?
paraganglion cells within the autonomic nervous system.
phaeochromocytom patho definition
Kapsel, messen 5-6cm. Rechts doppelt so häufig, Verkalkung in 12%, with haemorrhage in 35% and necrosis in 20-30%.
Diagnose klinisch Phaeochromocytom
urinary catecholamines and vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) and the diagnosis should be established prior to biopsy.
% Regel Phaeochromocytom
Phaeochromocytomas arise in the neuroectodermal tissue of the adrenal medulla in 90% of cases and are usually hyperfunctioning. 10% are multiple, 10% associated with neuroectodermal syndromes, and in 25% of sporadic cases there are germ line mutations. 10% are non-functioning and 10% are malignant, especially in tumours greater than 6 cm.
Phaeochromocytom extraadrenal sites
Extra-adrenal sites:

Sympathetic nerve chain - 46%
Organ of Zuckerkandl - 29%
Aortic and carotid chemoreceptors - 3%
Bladder - 10%
Chest - 10%
Head and neck - 2-4%
phaeochromocytoma extraadrenal associated with
Tuberose sclerosis
Neurofibromatosis – type 1
von Hippel Lindau disease
Carney’s syndrome – pulmonary chondroma /gastric leiomyosarcoma /phaeochromocytoma
Multiple endocrine neoplasia 11A (50%) 11B (90%)
carney syndrome
pulmonary chondroma /gastric leiomyosarcoma /phaeochromocytoma
adreno cortical carcinoma charakteristika
2 peaks <5y und 40-50y
selten, kann nicht von phaeochromocytom unterschieden werden , vor biopsie ausschliessen
gefässinvasion
Was ist die percheron artery?
which a single dominant thalamoperforating artery supplies the bilateral medial thalami with variable contribution to the rostral midbrain
Was ist das?
toxic megacolon
Was ist das?
Pseudomembranous colitis
Was ist das?
galaxy sign, sarcoidosis
Was ist das? Was sieht man?
ulcerative colitis. The wall of the sigmoid is thickened, and hyperemic mesenteric arteries appear as bright dots next to the outer wall of the colon. This indicates active disease.
Was ist das? Beschreiben
Crohn disease (granulomatous ileocolitis) shows thickening of the ileocecal tip (arrows) and marked thickening of the terminal ileum (arrowheads). The ileocecal valve is stenosed, as demonstrated by succus in the lumen and prestenotic dilatation.
Was ist das? Beschrieb
chronic ulcerative colitis. Thickened rectal wall demonstrates the fat halo sign (arrowhead). Perirectal fat (arrows) is increased.
Was ist das? Wie heisst das? Beschrieb?
ulcerative colitis and bloody diarrhea demonstrates the double halo, or target, sign with inner (mucosa, arrow) and outer (muscularis propria, arrowhead) rings of high attenuation separated by a ring of low attenuation, which represents submucosa with edema. Little if any pericolonic stranding is seen.
Was ist das? Beschreiben...
Crohn ileocolitis shows thickening of terminal ileum and cecum (white arrows) with fibrofatty proliferation (arrowheads) in right lower quadrant. One enlarged lymph node (black arrow) is also depicted.
Was sieht man? DD
fistula formation due to tuberculous colitis. Descending colon appears slightly thickened, and a fistulous tract (white arrows) is shown to extend from the colon to an abscess (black arrow) in the left psoas muscle and through the left paraspinal muscles into the subcutaneous tissue of the back, where another abscess (arrowheads) has formed.
Was ist das? Beschreiben
31-year-old man with amebiasis who had a history of diarrhea and recent travel to North Africa. (a) Cecal wall is thickened (arrow), but terminal ileum (arrowheads) is not involved. (b) Hepatic flexure (arrows) also demonstrates marked thickening, but descending colon (arrowhead) appears normal.
Was ist das?
pseudomembranous colitis who was undergoing antibiotic treatment for sepsis. Extensive wall thickening throughout the colon is evident. The accordion sign (arrows) is seen in the transverse colon, and ascites (arrowheads) is also noted.
was ist das? DD, beschreiben
transplantation patient with neutropenic colitis shows marked wall thickening in ascending colon (arrow) associated with pericolonic stranding and ascites (arrowheads).
was ist das? beschreiben
ischemic colitis due to arrhythmia shows ascites and marked thickening of sigmoid colon associated with multiple large nodular defects, which are the CT analog of thumbprinting (arrows) on radiographs. Note that rectal wall (arrowheads) is normal.
was ist das? Speziell?
ischemic colitis after blunt abdominal trauma to right flank demonstrates marked thickening of hepatic flexure and right colon, with abrupt transition (arrows) between abnormal and normal wall in the transverse colon.
was sieht man? diagnose?
ischemic colitis (a) Anteroposterior CT scout view shows air (arrows) in wall of right colon and small- and large-bowel dilatation. (b) Transverse CT image demonstrates air (arrowheads) in wall of right colon, with lack of wall enhancement and pericolonic stranding indicative of infarction.
was ist das? Diagnose?
25-year-old man with epiploic appendagitis and right upper quadrant pain shows ovoid fatty mass with enhancing rim (arrows) and increased attenuation. Colonic wall is not thickened.
Diagnose?
67-year-old woman with acute right upper quadrant pain due to omental infarction shows ill-defined, ovoid, fatty mass (arrows) of increased attenuation centered in the greater omentum.
was ist das'
swyer james syndrom
What is the classic triad of choledochal cysts?
palpable right upper quadrant mass, jaundice and pain (most first decade of life) Type 1 most common
Churg-Strauss syndrome is a
rare condition seen almost exclusively in patients with asthma and characterized by the presence of systemic vasculitis, extravascular granulomatous inflammation, and eosinophilia.
1. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: ill defined centrilobular nodules.
2. Miliary TB: random nodules of the same size.
3. Sarcoidosis: nodules with perilymphatic distribution, along fissures, adenopathy.
4. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: centrilobular nodules, notice sparing of the subpleural area.
5. Sarcoidosis: nodules with perilymphatic distribution, along fissures, adenopathy.
6. TB: Tree-in-bud appearance in a patient with active TB.
7. Langerhans cell histiocytosis: early nodular stage before the typical cysts appear.
8. Respiratory bronchiolitis: ill defined centrilobular nodules of ground-glass opacity.
Wie werden die Vaskulitiden eingeteilt?
Large und small vessel
Welche Vaskulitiden gehören zu den large vessel disease?
Takayasu und Behcet
Wie werden die small vessel vaskulitiden weiter unterteilt?
-ANCA associated
- collagen vascular associated
- Goodpasture syndrome
Welche Erkrankungen gehören zu den ANCA associated Vaskulitiden?
Wegener granulomatosis
Churg-Strauss syndrome (CSS)
Microscopic polyangiitis
Welche Erkrankungen gehören zu den collagen vascular associated Vaskulitiden?
SLE, RA
Charakteristika Behcet
Chronic systemic vasculitis
Männer
“Old Silk Route”
Japan, China to the Mediterranean
(Turkey and Iran)
Thoracic involvement 8%
Pulmonary vasculitis
PA aneurysms (30% mortality)
Thrombosis
Infarction
Hemorrhage
A-V shunts
Modic?
Modic 1 hypointense on T1-weighted imaging (T1WI) and hyperintense on T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) represents marrow edema and inflammation.
Modic?
Modic 3, hypointense on both T1 und T2, represents subchondral bone sclerosis
Modic?
Modic 2 hyperintense on T1WI (A) and isointense or hyperintense on T2WI (B).
conversion of normal red hemopoietic bone marrow into yellow fatty marrow as a result of marrow ischemia
Demographie und algemeine Pathologie Wegener
selten um 50J Male=female, children possible
Patho Wegener Upper Airway
Knorpeldestruktion, Saddle nose, chronic nose obstruction und discharge, subglottic stricture, otitis media durch eustachian tube obstruction
Patho Wegener Lunge
" necrosis und hemorrhage"
Lung Most commonly affected (94%)
Multiple bilateral nodules or masses
Cavitation common (30%-50%)
Occasionally solitary mass or nodule
All patients progress
Less common
Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage
Wegener im CT
feeding vessels, Cavitation (nodules grösser 2cm), subpleural predominant, CT HALO sign
Differential Multiple Vessel Associated
Nodules
Metastatic Disease: squamous
multifocal infection: Tb, bacterial
septic emboli
Vasculitis
Contrast-enhanced scan shows a multilocular cyst with septations and mural calcifications (straight arrow) in the left hepatic lobe. There is duct dilatation and extension of the cyst into the left hepatic and common bile ducts
Conditions associated with medullary nephrocalcinosis
practically, medullary sponge kidney, renal tubular acidosis (RTA) (Type 1, distal), and hyperparathyroidism (or other hypercalcemic states)
Medullary nephrocalinosis secondary to medullary sponge kidney is a radiologic diagnosis which is made when
calcifications located in the papillary region are associated with dilatation of the terminal portions of the collecting ducts. Multiple pyramids in both kidneys are usually involved
Type 1 (distal) RTA is a tubular defect which prevents
hydrogen ion secretion. As a result, urinary wasting of calcium occurs.
All tubules involved resulting in massive calcium deposition.
Milzlazeration Grade I
< 1 cm depth
No active bleeding or vessel involvement
Milzlazeration Grade II
1-3 cm
Active bleeding but no vessel involvement
Milzlazeration Grade III
> 3 cm depth

Active bleeding and trabecular vessel involvement
Milzlazeration Grade IV
Major devascularization (> 25% parenchyma)

Active bleeding with segmental or hilar vessel involvement
Milzlazeration Grade V
Shattered spleen with complete devascularization

Active bleeding with hilar vessel involvement
Milzhämatom Einteilung Grad I
Subcapsular hematoma < 10% of surface area

Intact capsule without active bleeding or expanding hematoma
Milzhämatom Einteilung Grad II
Subcapsular hematoma 10-50% of surface area; parenchymal hematoma < 5 cm in diameter

Intact capsule without active bleeding or expanding hematoma
Milzhämatom Einteilung Grad III
Subcapsular hematoma > 50% surface area, subcapsular rupture, or rupture of capsule; parenchymal hemorrhage > 5 cm diameter

Capsule may or may not be intact; active bleeding, expanding hematoma
Milzhämatom Einteilung Grad IV
Parenchymal rupture

Capsular disruption and active bleeding with hemoperitoneum
Milzhämatom Einteilung Grad Wieviele und Unterschied zu Lazeration?
4 lazeration 5
Bosniak 1
uncomplicated simple benign cysts as shown by sonography or CT.
Bosniak 2
minimally complicated cysts, including those with a few thin septations, high density cysts, cysts with thin fine peripheral calcifications, and infected cysts. These unenhancing lesions are treated conservatively, with follow-up CT or sonography at 3, 6, and 12 months.
Bosniak 3
more complicated masses including those with thick, irregular, or numerous septations, central or thick peripheral calcifications, nonenhancing nodularity, a thick wall or multiple loculations. Surgical exploration of these lesions is recommended unless contraindicated.
Bosniak 4
clearly malignant masses with enhancing solid elements. Surgical resection is indicated. Remember that some cystic renal cell carcinomas may be composed entirely of homogeneous water density material. Here, the only clues to the true nature of the lesion may be in slight thickening of the wall, and contrast enhancement. Ultrasound, however, is usually more revealing than CT in these cases.
wann tritt der wilms tumor auf?
peak 3 jahre - 8 Jahre
Wie ist die Prognose des Wilms Tumor?
90% heilen unter chemotherapie
Wohin metastasiert der wilms tumor?
lungs, bone, liver, and brain.
was ist das 123 Zeichen
bilateral hilar und right paratracheal nodal enlargement Sarcoidosis
Sarcoidosis Stage 0
Normal chest radiography
Sarcoidosis Stage 1
nur lymphadenopathy
Sarcoidosis Stage 2
nodal enlargement und parenchymal disease
Sarcoidosis Stage 3
parenchymal disease only
Sarcoidosis Stage 4
end stage pulmonary fibrosis
Was hilft im CT TCC von RCC zu unterscheiden?
RCC hypervaskulär, TCC hypovaskulär
womit sind multiple AML assoziert?
Tuberöse sklerose
Was sind die Charakteristika der Tuberösen Sklerose?
autosomal dominant neurocutaneous disorder, is also characterized by mental retardation, epilepsy, renal cysts, and hamartomas of the skin, brain, heart, and lungs.
Multilocular cystic nephroma altersverteilung
bimodale Alterverteilung boys younger than 5y older women 5 - 6th decade
Multicystic nephroma charakteristika
capsule und multiple cysten, capsule und cystenwände enhancen, typisch herniert ins Nierenbecken, schwierig von zystischem RCC und Wilms tumor zu unterscheiden (bosniak iii oder iv)
Was ist die Zöliakie Sprue?
autoimmune krankheit mit hypersensitivity to wheat gluten, malabsorption und hypersecretion,
erhöhtes Krebsrisiko lymphom und adenokarzinom, dg confirmed duodenal biopsy
Sprue Zöliakie findings:
small bowel dilatation, reversal of jejunal und ileal fold patterns, transient intususception
Was ist eine medullary sponge kidney?
tubular ektasie, medullary nephrocalcinosis; when calcifications located in the papillary region are associated with dilatation of the terminal portions of the collecting ducts.
was ist die von Hippel Lindau disease?
autosomal dominant vererbte Erkrankung mit Zysten in zahlreichen Organen assoziert mit vielen Neoplasien (siehe andere Karte)
von Hippel Lindau disease assoziert mit
cysts und neoplasien

CNS hemangioblastomas, retinal angiomas, multiple renal cysts, renal cell carcinoma (RCC), pancreatic cysts, pancreatic cystadenocarcinomas, pancreatic islet cell tumors, pheochromocytomas, and epididymal cystadenomas. Solid renal tumors occur in 25% of patients and are bilateral and multiple in up to 60% of them.
von Hippel Lindau disease trias
triad of retinal angiomatosis, cerebellar hemangioblastoma, and cysts of various organs
Tuberöse Sklerose Def
autosomal dominant
trias seizures, adenoma sebaceum, mental retardation
Tuberöse Sklerose Niere
multiple AML, auch Zysten v.a. bei Kindern
Wo kommen hamartome bei tuberöser Sklerose vor?
retina, cortical tubers, subependymal, pulmonary lymphangiomyomatosis, cardiac rhabdomyoma, angiofribroma
Was ist die multicystic dysplastic kidney?
cystische Nierenerkrankung mit nichtfunktionalem zystischem Cortex, kann calcify, auch fokale form, nonenhancing cystic mass mit multiplen septen
was ist die pyeloureteritis cystica?
benigne erkrankung assoziert mit chronic urinary tract infection/irritation, urothelial metaplasie
Korrekte Lage Pulmonaliskatheter
nicht mehr als 3cm von der Mittellinie entfernt, in der A.pulmonalis
Was sieht man beim Goodpasture syndrome?
Goodpasture's syndrome. (A) Computed tomographic (CT) image at the level of the aortic arch shows centrilobular ground-glass opacities throughout the upper lobes due to diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage. (B) CT image at the level of the right main pulmonary artery shows ground-glass opacities in the lower lobes. The patient was a 35-year-old woman.
T1-weighted magnetic resonance images of a ganglioneuroma. The sagittal views demonstrate a well-defined, solid mass located slightly anterior to the midthoracic vertebral bodies. Ganglioneuroma. The mass is extending into the neural foramina, with widening of the neural foramina. The flow void within the lesion represents vascularity.
was ist das?
T1-weighted postcontrast axial images of a ganglioneuroma demonstrate homogeneous enhancement of the lesion. The lesion is extending from the right paraspinal region into the epidural space through the neural foramina causing cord compression.
Was ist das?
This axial noncontrast-enhanced computed tomography image of a ganglioneuroblastoma demonstrates a large, left heterogeneous paraspinal lesion with speckled calcifications that are predominantly peripheral.

This coronal T2-weighted image demonstrates a well-defined, lobulated mass with fibrous septations. The mass is extending into the neural foramina and is causing cord compression in the midthoracic region. The mass is also displacing the aorta to the right.
neuroblastoma

Axial nonenhanced T1-weighted MRI shows a hypointense mass in the retroperitoneum originating from the left adrenal gland. The mass displaces the left kidney in an anterolateral direction, it extends through the neuroforamen into the spinal canal, and it displaces the spinal cord to the right. The exact site of origin of large masses can be difficult to determine. Sympathetic-chain primaries supposedly invade the spinal canal with greater frequency than do adrenal primaries.
neuroblastoma

Axial T2-weighted MRI in the same patient as in the previous image again demonstrates extradural extension into the spinal canal. The tumor appears hyperintense. Spinal cord displacement is better demonstrated on T2-weighted images than on other images.
Was ist ein staghorn calculus?
Upper urinary tract stones that involve the renal pelvis and extend into at least 2 calyces are classified as staghorn calculi
Was ist das? Charakteristika?
Multilocular cystic nephroma
young boys bis 10y, women um 30y
unilateral, complex cystic mass enhancing septations that extend into the renal pelvis often Bosniak 3 oder 4 ( nephrectomy) hemorrhage und calcifications uncommon
was sind biliary hamartomas? Synonym?
von Meyenburg Komplexe, Biliary hamartomas are composed of small disorganised clusters of dilated cystic bile ducts
Was ist das ?
Characteristics?
medullary carcinoma, rare tumor calyceal transitional epithelium, highly aggressive, young blacks sickle cell , prognosis very poor, centrally located kidney shape preserved
bone lesions with high t1 signal
intraooseous lipoma, hemangioma, bone infarct, paget's disease
bone lesions with low signal on t2
Sclerosis/calcification/matrix
some fibrous lesions
primary lymophoma of the bone
Was heisst stag horn
hirsch horn
Was ist das?
posterior ribs lytic expansile appearance, anterior ribs most often sclerotis in appearance.
Thoracic spine here also involved
Was ist das
polyostotic fibrous dysplasia
when pelvis involved always femur same side also involved
Was ist das maffucci syndrome?
malignant transformation more common than in ollier disease
Was ist die ollier disease?
nonhereditary disease with multiple enchondromas, often stable at puberty, risk chondrosarcoma 25%. hand foot deformities, multiple radiolucent expansile masses
tendency for unilaterality
Wo kommt die fibröse dysplasie am häufigsten vor?
monostotic 85 %: femur most common, tibia ribs

polyostotic peak 8y: femur 90% tibia 80% pelvis 80% craniofacial
Discriminator fibröse dysplasie?
no periosteal reaction
ground glass can be misleading as it can be pure lytic
Enchondroma discriminator?
1. calcification present (except phalanges)
2. painless ( no periostitis)
a lytic lesion in the phalanges is most commonly a
Enchondroma
chondroid calcifications rings and arcs
scalloped endosteum
cortex expansion but no cortical breakthrough unless fractured
an was muss man auch denken wenn man an fibröse dysplasie denkt?
adamantinoma
rare tumor 90% tibia, jaw, 20 - 50y,
sharply lytic lesion with marginal sclerosis, eccentric or central diaphysis, multilocular satellite foci in fibula, slightly expansile
was ist das mc cune albright syndrome
polyostotic unilateral half body fibrous dysplasia, endocrine abnormalities, cafe au lait spots predominantly girls
Was ist cherubism?
symmetrical fibrous dysplasia of mandible and maxilla, familiär
Discrminator eosinophiles granulom
younger than 30, korrekter name heute langerhans cell histiocytose
Wofür steht langerhans cell histiocytosis?
abnormal proliferation of Histiocytes
3 Formen: letterer-Siwe: acute disseminated form 10%
Hand-Schüller-Christian: chronic disseminated form 20%
EG: only bone involvement 70%
Was ist die DD von bony sequestrum?
EG, osteomyelitis, lymphom, fibrosarcoma
Was ist ein Sequestrum?
A sequestrum is usually a complication of osteomyelitis and represents devascularisation of a portion of bone with necrosis and resorption of surrounding bone leaving a 'floating' piece.
Wo kommt das eosinophile granulom am häufigsten vor?
Skull und mandibula
floating tooth
solitary or multiple punched out lytic lesions with or without sclerotic rim
double contour
Greater involvement of the inner than the outer table.
button sequestrum
geographic skull
Discriminators Giant cell tumor
1. Epiphyses closed
2. Abuts the articular surface in long bones
3. well defined with a nonsclerotic margin
4. eccentric
Was ist das?
Rx features Giant cell Tumor
lytic subarticular lesion
expansile
narrow transition, no sclerotic margin
may be locally aggressive
pathologic fracture 30%
Giant cell tu Charakteristika (nicht Rx)
selten, epiphyse with metaphyseal extension
age: after epiphyseal closure
50 % around knee
10% are malignant (local spread, metastases)
Nonossifying Fibroma discriminators
younger 30
painless (no perisotitis)
cortically based
Unterschied NOF und FCD?
histologisch dasselbe, radiolucent lesion with or without sclerotic border, fcd cortex, nof medullary involvement
well demracated peripheral osseous shell, close to growth plate
posteromedial
90% Tibia und Fibula
Was ist das?
Rx Charakteristika
Osteoblastoma
Spine posterior elements, long bones
expansile lytic or slerotic >2cm(giant osteoid osteoma)
similar to abc, central calcification, malignang osteoblastoma may destroy cortex and mimic osteosarcoma
Discriminator Osteoblastoma
mentioned when ABC is mentioned (specially in the posterior elements of the spine)
Discriminator metastatic disease and multiple myeloma
older than 40y (35y)
Discriminator Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
1. Expansile
2. younger than 30y
Discriminator solitary bone cyst
1. central
2. younger than 30y
Discriminator Infection
always mention
Discriminator Chondroblastoma
1. younger 30
2. Epiphyseal
Discriminator Chondromyxoid
no calcified matrix
lytic expansile metastases are often from
thyroid and renal cell carcinoma
like metastasis plasmacytomas often have a ..... appearance
completely benign
Lesions in patients younger than 30y
Eosinophilic granuloma
Aneurysmal bone cyst
Nonossifying Fibroma
Chondroblastoma
Solitary bone cyst
Lesions with no pain or periostitis
Fibrous dysplasia
Enchondroma
Nonossyfing fibroma
solitary bone cyst
Automatics younger than 30y
Infection
eosinophilic granuloma
Automatics older than 40y
infection
metastatic disease
multiple myeloma
Epiphyseal Lesions
infection
Giant cell Tumor
Chondroblastoma
Geode
Differential for Rib lesions
Fibrous dysplasia
Aneurysmal bone cyst
metastatic disease and myeloma
enchondroma and eosinophilic granuloma
Certain bones in the body can be considered "epiphyseal equivalents" for purposes of differential diagnosis. These include
the patella, the calcaneus, and most apophyses. the classic epiphyseal entities such as chondroblastoma, giant cell tumors and aneurysmal bone cysts.
With a long lesion in a long bone, think of
fibrous dysplasia.
Differential Diagnosis of Multiple Lucent Bone Lesions
Mnemonic = FOGMACHINES --> FEMHI
Fibrous Dysplasia
Metastasis / Myeloma
Hyperparathyroidism (brown tumors) / Hemangioma
Infection
Eosinophilic Granuloma / Enchondroma
Multiple myeloma Characteristics allg.
most common primary bone tumor
95% >40y
plasmacytentumor distribution wie red marrow: vertebral bodies, axial skeleton (skull, spine, ribs, pelvis)
Staging multiples myelom Ia und b
Ia limited disease or plasmacytoma
Ib mild diffuse disease with <5 lesions
Staging multiples myelom IIa, b
III a , b
IIa, b moderate diffuse disease 5 - 20 focal lesions
IIIa und b severe diffuse disease >20 lesions
Klinik Multiples myelom
und Komplikationen
IgA und G peak
Bence jones Protein im Urin
bone pain anemia
Pathologic fractures
Amyloidosis
most Plasmacytomas progress to multiple myeloma
Wie sieht das Plasmacytom aus?
Wo kommt es häufig vor?
large und expansile
vertebral body, pelvis, femur
Multiples myelom hat 2 common radiologic appearances, welche
multiple well defined punched out lesions 80% und
generalized osteopenia
common lytic
kidney, lung, thyroid, breast
common sclerotic metastases
prostate, breast
Bone metastases Häufigkeit
Kinder
Neuroblastoma
leukemia, lymphoma
medulloblastoma
sarcomas
Wilms tumor
Other rare sclerotic
hodgkin lymphoma
carcinoid
medulloblastoma
neuroblastoma
TCC
Was ist ein simple bone cyst?
common benign fluid filled lesion of childhood of unknown cause
10 - 20y, 50% present with pathologic fractures and pain
most resolve with bone maturity
Simple bone cyst Rx features
central (intramedullary) metadiaphyseal
respects physis
expansile lesion
fluid filled cavities
fallen fragment sign pathognomonic
no periosteal reaction unless fractured
Was ist das?
Häufige Location?
Aneurysmal bone cyst
posterior elements of spine
metaphysis of long bones
pelvis
Wie ist die Definition?
expansile nonneoplastic lesion containing thinwalled bloddfilled cystic cavities, age 5 - 20y
rapid progression with acute pain
Rx features aneurysmal bone cyst
eccentric in location, expansile, thin maintained cortex, no periosteal reaction unless fractured
respects epiphyseal plate
large lesions may appear aggressive
fluid fluid levels in cystic components
DD fluid fluid levels
ABC
simple bone cyst
teleangiectatic osteosarcoma

und andere
Was ist pathognomonisch für Hyperparathyroidism?
bone resorption subperiosteal
radial aspect of middle phalanges
Wo findetman brown tumors am häufigsten?
pelvis, jaw, femur
loss of lamina dura, soft tissue calcification, chondrocalcinosis, compl. fractures
welche Knochen haben die Tendenz sich wie Epiphysen zuverhalten (bei DD)
Apophyses, carpal bones, tarsal bones und patella
Was ist ein Chondroblastom wo kommt es vor?
seltener Tumor in the epiphysis of immature skeleton, lobulated geographic lucency
around knee und humerus Th curretage
Was ist das?
Chondromyxoid fibroma
very rare, resemble nof
mention when nof is mentioned, no calcified matrix
Was ist der Unterschied zwischen Apophyse und Epiphyse?
Epiphyse dienen dem Längenwachstum, Apophysen dienen als ligamentäre attachments
Welche Subtypen des Osteosarkoms gibt es?
teleangiectatic
multicentric

juxtacorticale -parosteal und periosteal
Definition Osteosarkom
second most common malignant tumor of connective tissue that produces osteoid matrix and variable amounts of cartilage matrix and fibrous tissue
Wann kommt dieser Tumor vor?
Rx features
Osteosarcoma
10y - 30y
poorly defined, intramedullary, metaphyseal mass that extends through cortex, matrix ossär, cartilaginous und fibrör
aggressive periosteal reaction
skin lesions und mets
Location Osteosarcoma
Tubular bones 80%
- around knee 75%
- Humerus
other bones 20%
flat bones, vertebral bodies
Was ist das characteristics?
teleangiectatic osteosarcoma, aggressive, worse prognosis
purely, large lytic lesion
cystic cavities filled with blood / necrosis (fluid fluid levels)
may mimic abc
Was ist das multicentrische Osteosarkom?
gleichzeitig OS an mehreren Stellen, metaphyseal und symmetrisch, nur bei children 5y - 10y sehr schlechte prognose
Was ist das?
Parosteales OS
low grade OS older age group (20y - 50y)
location similar to normal os
Rx. features 80% distal femur
attached to cortex only at origin
central calcification vs myositis ossifican mit ringförmiger ossification
wie ist die Überlebensrate der verschiedenen Typen OS?
parosteal 80%, Periosteal 50%, conventional 20%, teleangiectatic 20%
Was heisst ALMA?
Alter
Lokalisation
Morphologie
Ausdehnung
Charakteristika Lodwick 1a
Charakteristika Lodwick 1b
Übersicht Lodwick 1ABC
Altersverteilung Knochentumore
Welche matrixtypen gibt es bei chondraler und ossärer Matrix?
Erosive Arthrose Verteilung
Verteilung Frühform RA
PIP‘s, MCP‘s, pankarpal
Frühform RA Verteilung
RA Spätform
Definition CPPD
Kalzium-Pyrophosphosphat-Krankheit: Ablagerung von CPPD Kristallen in und um Gelenke
Definition Pseudogicht
Pseudogicht: Form der klinischen Manifestation der CPPD
Definiton Pyrophosphat-Arthropathie
Pyrophosphat-Arthropathie: Ausdruck der Gelenksdestruktion im Rahmen der CPPD Deposition
Ursachen
CPPD, Gicht, Hyperparathyreodismus, Hämochromatose, M. Wilson
Weichteile Normal
Subluxationen Keine
Mineralisation Regelrecht
Kalzifikationen TFC
Gelenkspalt Homogene Gelenkspaltverschälerung MCP; radiokarpal und zwischen Capitatum und Lunatum
Erosionen Nein, aber Zysten
Knochenpro-liferation Osteophyten am MCP, subchondrale Sklerose Navikulare, Capitatum, und Lunatum
Verteilung MCP‘s, Radiokarpal, Capitatum-Lunatum
Weichteile Fusiforme Fingerschwellung – 1°, 2° und 4° Finger
Subluxationen Keine
Mineralisation Regelrecht
Kalzifikationen Keine
Gelenkspalt Homogene Gelenkspaltverschälerung 2°- 4° MCP; Destruktion 4° PIP, 1° IP, 2° DIP
Erosionen Ja (gross; ‚pencil in a cup‘ IP)
Knochenproliferation Periostale Knochenneubildung
Verteilung MCP‘s, PIP‘s, DIP‘s im Strahl
Flowchart Ossäre Läsion
Was ist das?
posteriore Luxation
Was ist das?
Erosive Arthrose
Arthrose Hand Verteilung
Wie sieht ein Roux en y aus?
Was ist das iliotibial band syndrome?
kann bei endokriner orbitopathie nur ein muskel betroffen sein?
ja in 5 % meist superior rectus
Wie heisst das ?
basilar invagination
Wie sieht die Chiari 1 malformation aus?
Wie sieht die Chiari II Malformation aus?
Wie sieht dandy walker aus?
Wie sieht die lissencephaly aus?
was ist die lissencephaly?
smooth brain surface, fehlende gyrierung
my be secondary to cmv infectionin utero
wie werden die holoprosencephaly eingeteilt?
alobar, lobar, semilobar
Was ist die holoprosencephaly?
failure of primitive brain to cleave into left and right hemispheres
wie sieht die alobar holoprosencephaly aus?
wie sieht die lobar holoprosencephaly aus?
Wie sieht die semilobar holoprosencephaly aus'
Was ist das May Thurner Syndrom?
Was heisst MELAS?
Mitochondrial encephalopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke
Was heisst PRES?
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome
Was heisst ADEM?
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis
Was heisst CADASIL?
Cerebral autosomal-dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarction and leukoencephalopathy
Was heisst PML?
Progressive multifocal Leukoencephalopathy
Diagnose?
Empty sella
Dg?
Cortical heterotopie
Diagnose?
Lissencephalie
Diagnose?
Septooptic dysplasie
Diagnose?
polymicrogyrie
Dg?
interhemispheric lipoma
dg? aka
dyke davidoff
cerebral hemiatrophy

compensatory skull thickening
Dg?
Ependymoma
Misme multiple inherited acoustic schwannoma (bilateral), meningioma, ependymoma,
NF 2
DG?
acoustic schwannoma
NF 2 auch cranial trigeminus
Dg?
von Hippel Lindau syndrome
Dg?
hemangioblastoma bei VHL
Manifestationen VHl Disease
Dg?
NF 2
dg?
optic nerve glioma
NF ?
NF 1
Dg?
tibial pseudoarthrosis

NF ?
1
Dg?
mediastinal schwannoma
Dg?
Schwannoma
Was ist das?
hemangioblastoma
Was ist das?
Mit was ist das assoziert?
VHL
Dg?
spinal ependymoma
Dg?
Astrocytoma spine
Dg?
Astrocytoma spine km
Dg?
acute localised myelitis
Was ist das?
pseudomeningocele
Was ist das?
trefoil spinal stenosis
Dg?
Guillain Barre
Dg?
Guilain Barre
Dg?
arachnoiditis
with intradural cysts
DG?
lipomyelomeingocele
DG?
tethered cord
Dg?
CIPD
chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease
DG?
Pott disease
Dg?
Diastematomyelia
Dg?
Hydrosyringomyelie
Dg?
Hydrosyringomyelie axial
Dg?
Optic nerve glioma

assoziert mit
NF 1
Dg
Von Hippel lindau disease
Dg?
NF 2
Dg?
hemangioblastoma
DG?
Hemangioblastoma spine VHL
DG?
Neurofibroma whole spine
Dg?
Ependymoma
Dg?
spinal neurofibromatosis
Dg?
VHL
Phaeochromocytomas usw.
DG?
cortical heterotopie
RIVA=englisch
LAD (left=CX und RIVA)
RIVP= englisch
PDA=posterior descendent artery
right
Was ist ein Askin Tumor?
form of primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET). It arises in the soft tissues of the thorax.
Was ist das?
Askin Tumor

Children and young adults chest wall pain.
mass with or without rib destruction.
Rib destruction is less common than in Ewing sarcoma.
+- pleural effusion.
metastasizes to lung and bone are common.
Assoziert mit?
COPD

Definition?
Saber sheath trachea is a trachea in which the coronal dimension is less than or equal to 2/3 of the sagittal dimension. The extrathoracic trachea is normal
Was ist das?
Tracheopathia osteochondroplastica, rare
cartilaginous or osseous submucosal mural nodules
no treatment
Dg? Warum?
lower lobe predominant emphysema, combination with cirrhosis or bullae
in nonsmokers, symptoms or signs rarely develop before age 55
Was ist das?
aortic transsection
intimal flap
am aortic isthmus nach autounfall
und wandhematoma
beschreiben und Diagnose
Axial NECT shows upper lobe nodular opacity straight arrow and surrounding bronchogenic spread with centrilobular nodules and tree-in-bud opacities open arrow.

Mycoplasma Pneumonie
Was ist das beschreiben und diagnose
Axial CECT images (#1-3) show circumferential thickening of the aortic wall straight arrow. Enlarged tortuous pulmonary arteries curved arrow and prominent ectatic collaterals (open arrow, #1) are also seen.
Takayasu arteritis
Was ist das?
talcosis
progressive massive fibrosis
könnte auch silicosis und sarcoidosis sein
wichtig ist pmf
Wie heisst das Zeichen?
WIe die Diagnose?
Cord sign
cortical vein thrombosis
Wie ist die Verteilung der Läsionen bei neurosarcoid?
Was ist das ?
creutzfeld jakob classic variant
nucleus caudatus, putamen gray matter (auch asymmetric)
Was ist die DG?
CJD variant
pulvinar t2 und flair hyperintensity
Was ist das?
hockey stick sign

cjd beide
Dg?
PCA infarction
Dg?
PCA infarction
Was ist das?
PICA infarction
Was ist das Wallenberg syndrom?
Horner syndrome, ataxia, and contralateral hemisensory
Stromgebiet?
Medulla und Kleinhirnhemisphere PICA (AICA ist hier nicht hell!)
Was ist das?
SCA infarction, notice limitation to the midline!
Aus wem kommen die mediale lenticulostriatae aus wo die laterale?
Was ist das?
normal pressure hydrocephalus

Wieso'

dilatierte ventricle und silvii fissur gleich stark dilatiert, 4th fast normal
Wie werden die Cholangiokarzinome eingeteilt?
Was ist hier typisch für was?
Klatskin tumor bei Cholangiokarzinom keine Verbindung zwischen den dilatierten Gallengänen im Hilus / Gabelung
Wo sollte der Nabelvenenkatheter liegen
Übergang rechter Vorhof VCI
Wo sollte der Nabelarterienkatheter liegen?
Katheterspitze nicht auf Höhe der abgehenden Gefässe (Thrombosegefahr)
Katheterposition:
high lines: Spitze in der thorakalen A.desc. (Th8-10)
low lines: Spitze unterhalb L3

Spitze nicht zwischen Th10-L3
Was ist das beschreiben...
feingranuläres Muster HMK I
Was ist das beschreiben...
Zwerchfell und Herzkontur knapp abgenzbar
Deutliches Air-bronchogramm
HMK 2
Was ist das beschreiben...
HMK III white lung
Was ist das?
Wie heissen die Linien am Ellbogen?
Einteilung Aitken und Salter Harris
Was ist hier typisch für was
Barrett Oesophagus macht typischerweise low or mid esophageal strictures
Was ist das?
Spontaneous omental infarcts almost always occur near the ascending colon and usually resolve without complication
Was ist typisch?
Melanome sind die häufigsten Metastasen der Gallenblase und sind bekannt dafür gerne dorthin zu metastasieren.
Dg?
Anular pancreas
Pfeile zeigen normales pankreasgewebe um das duodenum
Gross dilation of pancreatic duct, plus intraductal tumor are classic findings of
intraductal pancreatic mucinous tumor (IPMT)
beschreiben und DG.
Budd chiari
moderate ascites
liver enhances heterogeneously with the peripheral segments appearing low in density and diminished in size. The deep right lobe and caudate enhance normally and are relatively hypertrophied. The hepatic veins are small and do not enhance, causing them to simulate dilated intrahepatic bile ducts.
Axial CECT shows a small liver with deep scars and lobular contour, typical of cirrhosis due to PSC. Note the irregular dilation of intrahepatic ducts and esophageal varices
Was sieht man?
caroli disease
cystic dilation of many intrahepatic ducts, many of which contain calculi. The dilated ducts are evident as bright "cystic " lesions straight arrow. Within the most dilated ducts, low signal stones are evident
Was ist das Bouveret syndrome?
Bouveret syndrome
Gallstone eroded into duodenum
Was ist das?
size, exophytic extension, and foci of necrosis are characteristic features of a gastric stromal tumor (GIST).
Dg weshalb
heterogeneously hypervascular. Hepatic adenomas are often seen with a foci of fat, necrosis, or hemorrhage. few intrahepatic processes are hyperintense on T1WI, except for hemorrhage and fat.
Wie erkennt man einen arterioportalen shunt?
arteriel hell wedge shaped
portalvenös isodens
dilatierte arterien im hilus
Was ist das?
mucinous cystic pancreas tumourmost common cystic neoplasm, usually occurring in middle-aged women in the body-tail segment. The mass may have peripheral calcification.
Was ist das?
agger nasi cells
most anterior ethmoid cells frequently pneumatize adjacent bones like frontal bone , maxilla, middle turbinate
Was sind onodi cells?
most posterior ethmoid cells that surround optic canal and optic nerve
Was sind haller cells?
posterior ethmoid cells invading the medial orbit floor can obstruct ostia, can be source of infection
Was sind nasofrontal ducts?
frontal sinus drains directly into frontal recess of nasal cavity
was ist die fossa pterygopalatina?
pyramidal space between upper pterygoid process and posterior wall ox maxillary antrum
Connections der fossa pterygopalatina?
foramen rotundum to middle cranial fossa
sphenopalatine foramen to posterior nasal cavity
pterygoid (vidian canal) inferior and lateral to foramen rotundum
Bedeutung und connection pterygoid canal? (vidian)
pterygopalatine fossa and foramen lacerum
(from below)
Was ist das?
Inverted papilloma
associated with?
HPV and malignancy
Was ist das?
Esthesioneuroblastoma
fromolfactory epithelial cells
extends through cribriform plate
Was ist das?
findings und bei wem?
Sjögren, autoimmune disease, sicca complex, women
Unterschied zwischen acute und chronic sjögren?
multiple small cysts vs. atrophy
(cystic degeneration) microcysts and fatty replacement
Was ist eine Ranula?
retention cyst from sublingual glands in floor of mouth
Was ist eine BLC?
assoziert mit?
benign lymphoepithelial cyst
HIV, bilateral parotid cysts, can be indistiguishable from sjögren
DD warthin tumor
was ist ein Warthin tumor?
cystic tumor benign, bilateral 10%, accumulation of pertechnetate, intermediate signal mass with cystic areas
was ist ein Warthin tumor?
cystic tumor benign, bilateral 10%, accumulation of pertechnetate, intermediate signal mass with cystic areas
Was ist der häufigste maligne Parotis Tumor?
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
dicke enhancende wand
Was ist der häufigste benigne Parotis Tumor?
Pleomorphic adenoma=benignmixed tumor
calcification in a parotid mass is very suggestive of
Wie sieht ein adenoidcystic carcinoma aus'
homogenously enhancing, keine Zysten, 2.häufigster maligner Parotis tumor
Woraus besteht die tripod fracture?
1.laterale orbita wand
2.Orbitaboden
3.arch zygomatic
4zygomaticomaxillary suture/posterolateral wall of maxillary antrum
Was ist das?
Wo läuft sie durch?
separating the caudal maxilla from the midface. The fracture involves all walls of the maxillary sinus and the nasal septum. pterygoid plates are fractured as with all le fort fractures
Wo läuft die le fort II durch?
pyramidal fracture involving the nasoethmoid region and the orbital floor. The anterior and posterolateral wall of the maxillary sinus are involved
Wie kann man die le fort 3 beschreiben?
the medial and lateral orbital walls, most cranial
intraconal vs. extraconal
intraconal= innerhalb der racti muskeln,
extraconal = ausserhalb
Was ist das für eine Erkrankung, warum?
Caroli disease, central dot ist pathognomonisch
Was ist das?
Desmoid tumor
bei Gardner syndrome encasement of vessels, histologisch benigne
DG?
Mucocele of the appendix with characteristic eggshell calcification
Wie heissen die beiden Zeichen bei traumatic diaphragmatic rupture?
collar sign=einkerbung des magens bei durchtritt durchs zwerchfell
fallen viscus sign magen bzw. dünndarm an hinterer Thoraxwand angrenzend
Was ist das? Wieso?
typisches late enhancement und fibrose mit einziehungen
Was ist das?
radiation colitis
bowel wall edema with hyperenhancement of the mucosa and serosa, as well as low attenuation in the wall of the bowel
Was ist das beschreiben?
Coeliac/Sprue
Intussusception mit intraluminalem Fett
Umkehrung der folds jejunal/ileal
was ist das ogilvie syndrome?
colonic pseudoobstruction
dilatiertes colon ohne sichtbare obstruktion meist coecum und ascendens mehr betroffen.
obstipation, postoperative
Was isnd das für liver nodules?
Liver cirrhosis with regenerative nodules. low attenuation lymph nodes = sarcoidosis
Was sieht man'
microabscesses
usually candida bei immunsupprimierten bsp lymphoma oder chemo
Was sieht man?
massive submucosal edema that is limited to the wall of the ascending colon and cecum, typical of typhlitis or neutropenic colitis.
characteristics?
Luminal narrowing and wall thickening of the cecum and ascending colon are characteristic of typhlitis. Typhlitis is due to polymicrobial infiltration of the colonic wall.
Welches sind die normalerweise ermittelten Metaboliten der MR Spektroskopie?
N-acetylaspartate, creatine, choline, lactate
was ist die colpocephaly
Colpocephaly refers to an abnormal appearance of the ventricular system of the brain in which there is asymmetric dilatation of its lateral ventricle occipital horns, but with normal caliber frontal horns.
was ist der torcular?
What are the most common lesions of nf1?
nf1 spots: high t2 weighted lesins in the globus pallidus, cerebellum, brainstem, capsula interna and thalami
Was ist das?
Was ist bildgebend typisch?
Sturge Weber
Cerebral hemiatrophy with "tram-track" gyral calcification, diffuse pial enhancement, prominence of choroid plexus, buphthalmos, and enhancement of the posterior globe are typical
Was ist das? Warum?
Juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma is a low grade astrocytoma (World Health Organization grade I) and is the most common primary brain tumor in children. The cerebellum is the most common site of origin (60%) with the optic chiasm being the next most frequent site (25%).
Was ist das ? warum?
Hepatoblastoma, häufigster lebertumor newborn häufig verkalkt.
A large, heterogeneous, hypoenhancing solid liver mass in a child less than 5 years of age is very suggestive of hepatoblastoma. Calcifications are seen in up to 50% of cases.
Was ist das ?
Hepatoblastoma is the most common pediatric primary hepatic malignancy, peaking in incidence between 1-2 year
Was ist das?
Cortical irregularity posteromedial portion of the distal femoral metaphysis, attachment of the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle. characteristic location and lack of aggressive features on any imaging study should help . bilaterally in 50-100% of cases.
Anatomie Hypophyse sagittal
Anatomie Sinus cavernosus
Anatomie Meckel
Was ist das?
lymphatic malformation
Was ist das?
Rathke cleft cyst
Wie ist die normale Form der Hypophyse?
Wann bei wem?
8mm concave male! 6mm kinder
10mm young women childbearing age convex
12mm late pregnancy postparum convex superiorly
Was ist das?
Was gibt es dazu zu sagen?
Macroadenoma
compressive symptoms
rare in children und adolescents
most common suprasellar mass
Was ist das?
Invasives Macroadenom
>1000ng/ml invasion des sinus cavernosus
Prolactinoma
galactorhea, amenorrhea
Was ist das?
Invasives Macroadenom
>1000ng/ml invasion des sinus cavernosus
Prolactinoma
galactorhea, amenorrhea
Invasive macroadenoma erzählen MR
cavernous invasion
iso t1 und t2 zu Gray matter
hemorrhage, cystic, extension through diaphragma sella schneemann heterogenes enhancement, encasement of ica, prolactin
Microadenoma erzählen
kleiner 10mm, lateral enhancen weniger als übrige Hypophyse
Mrimaging Microadenoma
dynamic phases 10-30% nur dann zu sehen, image every 10-15sec
Was ist das?
erzählen
Tuber cinereum hamartoma
>2jahre, precocoius puberty, M, zwischen infundibular stalk and mamillary bodies
signal follows grey matter, no enhancement
Was ist das?
Craniopharyngioma
bizarre, 90% verkalkt, 90% zystisch, fluid debris levels, 90%enhance, often heterogen
craniopharyngioma age und allgenein
bimodale age range 5-15 und 50-60, present with mass effect headache, nausea, pituitary dysfunction
charakteristika neurosarkoid
klinik lack of adh diabetes insipidus
kann intra- und suprasellär sein
germinom verteilung
60 - 80 % pineal region mass
suprasellar 2.häufigste lokalisation
germinom synonyme
seminom, atypisches teratom, dysgerminom
was ist das?
sarkoidose
dural and leptomeningeal thickening with enhancement
wieso nicht bone infarct?
bone infarct is in children selten ohne underlying disease like sickle cell disease
was ist das?
apophysitis der rechten anterior superior spina iliaca
adolescents sportlich
was ist das? reasonable alternative?
epenymom, alternative pilocystisches astrocytom
floor of the 4th ventricle. Calcifications, cysts, and hemorrhage
was ist hier nicht in ordnung?
bone marrow signal too low, muskuloskeletal leukemia
Was ist das und wieso?
Was ist das nicht?
Exudative tracheitis
weil tracheawand verdickt.
Epiglottitis nicht da es nicht wie ein Daumen aussieht, könnte angeblich Croup sein aber die anamnese passt nicht und die tracheitis auch nicht
Was ist das?
Charakteristika?
Posterior urethral valves, häufigste Ursache für bilaterale Hydronephrose, auch unilateral nur boys
VCUG: valve tissue and or abrupt calibersprung
Was ist das?
congenital lobar emphysema
Dichte unterschied der Lungen im CT und Überblähung des rechten Oberlappens mit mediastinalshift nach links
lung cysts bei Adolescents
1. DD, Charakteristika
Papillomatosis
HPV, maternale Übertragung, dg vor 5, benigne, lung nodules cavitieren häufig
Bilateral lung cysts Dx. Adolescents?
Papillomatosis
Alter 14j, diaphyseal, was ist das?
Ewing Sarkom
permeation and remodeling being frequent features. The associated soft tissue mass is frequently out of proportion to the radiographically visible bony findings.
Was sieht man?
Was ist das?
little league shoulder
Salter 1 fracture
lateral gap and high signal intensity epiphysär und metaphysär
dg, sign?
4j, hypertension
3 sign aortic coarction, poststenotic dilataion
associated with other cardiovascular abnormalities, especially patent ductus arteriosus (66%), bicuspid aortic valve (50%), ventricular septal defect (33%), and transposition of the great vessels.
Was ist das?
coronary artery aneurysm
kawasai disease
thrombus hell in koronararterie
koronaraterienaneurysma kinder kawasaki disease vaskulitis der koronarien, idiopathisch, akut myokarditis später das hier
was sieht man?
Scimitar syndrome, Triad
Partial anomalous pulmonary venous return (PAPVR), hypoplastic right lung, and systemic arterial supply to the right lower lobe which can cause heart failure.
was ist das?
Ependymom
Ependymomas peak during the ages of 1-5 years and have a 60-70% 5-year survival rate. Spine imaging! heterogenous enhancement,classically extends through the outlets of the 4th ventricle (such as the foramen of Magendie, seen here, and the foramina of Luschka)
Wieso ist das kein Cpp oder Medulloblastom?
may arise in the 4th ventricle of adults, lateral ventricular atria in children. CPP is typically a hyperenhancing, lobulated intraventricular mass with hydrocephalus.
Medulloblastom is in 4th ventricle bt does not extend through foramina of luschkae and is hyperdense on CT.
Was ist das?
Charakteristika
AVM, anywhere
imaging: large feeding artery, nidus, early draining vein
bleeding risk 2-4%/Jahr,
Spetzler criteria, size, location, venous drainage
MRI: bag of worms, flow voids, stark enhancing, blooming n t2*,
Was ist das Charakteristika?
Capillary teleangiectasy
Def. dilated capillaries interspersed with normal brain, asymptomatic, rare blutung, brainstem, pons, T2 hell T2* dunkel, ill defined enhancement, stippled, keine therapie
Was ist das?
dural AVF
AV shunts in Dura
2 Types: erwachsene kleine Gefässe, Kinde multiple high flow shunts involving several thrombosed sinuses,
Grading Cognard
most common near skull base, hemorrhage wie avf 2-4%/jahr,
cct dural feeders&enlarged dural sinus, MR flow voids, corkscrew, angio multiple feeders, involved sinus often thrombosed, pseudophlebitic pattern
Was ist das, charakteristika?
DVA, isolated oder
assoziert mit cavernom
häufig, enlarged medullary veins, solitary, hemorrhage unusual, surrounding t2hyperintensity, acute edema in thrombosis, gliosis from chronic outflow obstruction, kein treatment! da venous infarct möglich
Was ist das und Charakteristika?
Cavernous malformation
variable sized intercapillary vascular spaces, no intervening brain, 2 types inherited und sporadic, little - no mass effect, hemosiderin black halo, ct verkalkungen, mr popcorn ball, surrounding edema in acute hemorrhage, angio occult
Was ist das?
Charakteristika?
Choroidplexustumor (papillom und ca nicht unterschiedbar)
Charakteristika: WHO 1, lateral ventriclemost common 4th in boys, multiple sites, hydrocephalus, seeding, BLUMENKOHL, intense enhacement, enlarged choroideal artery, ca WHO 3 necrosis und parenchymal invasion, heterogen,
Was ist das?
Charakteristika?
Choroidplexustumor (papillom und ca nicht unterschiedbar)
Charakteristika: WHO 1, lateral ventriclemost common 4th in boys, multiple sites, hydrocephalus, seeding, BLUMENKOHL, intense enhacement, enlarged choroideal artery, ca WHO 3 necrosis und parenchymal invasion, heterogen,
Woraus besteht der Clubfoot?
combination of hindfoot varus (decreased talocalcaneal angle of less than 20 degrees on AP and lateral views), hindfoot equinus (increased tibiocalcaneal angle of greater than 90 degrees on lateral view), and forefoot varus (long axis of 1st metatarsal lies medial to long axis of the talus on AP) seen in this case gives the classic talipes equinovarus (or clubfoot)
dg?
salter harris 2 with widening of physis and metaphyseal fragment
dg?
metaphysäre cornerfracture in 2 ebenen bei child abuse
was ist das?
There are 2 major types of right aortic arch: right arch with mirror image branching (where the arch branching pattern is a mirror image of normal) and a right arch with aberrant left subclavian artery (SCA), which is what is shown here.
was ist das?
segmental, noncommunicating bronchus filled with mucus. The distal lung segment is hyperlucent and overexpanded.
Well-defined margins and branching configuration to the atretic bronchus, in concert with the distal hyperinflation, is an Aunt Minnie.
was ist das?
increased perihilar markings and hyperinflation seen in this case are hallmarks of viral lung infection, asthma wäre auch nicht falsch...
was ist die normale Verteilung des congenital lobar emphysema?
normally found in the upper (left more than right) and right middle lobes.
was ist das?
unterschied zu
gastrochisis
omphalocele it sack gastrochisis ohn, keine organe ausserhalb des adomens
was ist das?
MR perfusion images in a patient with myocarditis, there is typically enhancement of the myocardium that spares the subendocardium and does not correspond to a coronary vascular distribution.
Was ist das und wieso?
RSV Bronchiolitis
Rx macht man um viral vs. bakteriell zu unterscheiden. Hier typisch für RSV: Consolidation OL und Air trapping, bact consolidation und preferably Pleuraeerguss, bakt ist seltener.
Was ist da pathologisch?
Diffuse zu helles Knochenmark, an Leukemia denken, wenn keine Speichererkrankung oder chronische Osteomyelitis bekannt ist.
An was muss man denken wenn man das sieht?
History of oliguria.
Pneu in newborn an pulmonary hypoplasie und oligurie, oligohydramnios denken und an bilaterale renale agenesie!!
Was ist das?
focal and severe bony narrowing of the posterior nasal cavities seen in this case is diagnostic of choanal atresia.