Mass Media Exam 2

Front 1

What are the different sources of revenue for filmmakers and studios?

Back 1

1. Direct sales

2. Rentals

3. Subscriptions

4. Usage fees (admission to see the film)

5. Syndication

6. License fees (royalty fees)

7. Individual/corporate donations

Front 2

Critics argue that deregulation of the recording industry has did this to separate artists from the major record labels?

Back 2

Tightened the barrier to entry

Front 3

As the head of the Radio Corporation of America (RCA), this person helped from the National Broadcasting Company (NBC), the first successful broadcasting network?

Back 3

David Sarnoff

Front 4

Why are many independent artists also successful?

Back 4

Because they are more willing to take creative risks with their music.

Front 5

What is one way that independent artists like Macklemore circumvent the traditional recording system?

Back 5

Use of Social Media

Front 6

Thomas Edison invented this device that used radio waves to carry messages via Morse Code?

Back 6

Wireless Telegraph

Front 7

The Radio Act of 1927, among other things defined this?

Back 7

The FM (Frequency Modulation) band

Front 8

The need for background singers is on the decline because?

Back 8

Many artists do not want the added expense of hiring them.

Front 9

In regulating the emerging broadcast industry, the government instituted legislation that favored this?

Back 9

Large commercial broadcasters over smaller organizations and "amateur" radio operators.

Front 10

What were the reasons for the demise of the background singer?

Back 10

1. Artist began recording own background vocals

2. Techniques exist to replicate sound electronically

3. Money isn't available to pay for background singers.

Front 11

In 1940, how many tv sets were in homes in New York? By the end of the 1950's what percentage of homes had a tv set?

Back 11

1. 10,000

2. 90%

Front 12

How did radio survive TV?

Back 12

Radio stations became segmented toward smaller, local audiences.

Stations developed distinct music formats and focused solely on music content for the most part, instead of serials and stories as before.

The marriage b/w radio and the record industry. Each promoted the other.

Front 13

What were the new music formats to develop during the 50's?

Back 13

1. Rock-n-roll: roots in R&B, gospel, country-western

2. Top 40--Hour long playlist of songs.

Front 14

The early U.S. publishing scene was dominated by a few NYC publishers and musicians. Dating back to the last 15 years of the 19th century, a small sector of the city (28th st between Broadway and 6th ave) houses the companies that came to dominate early American popular music. This was known as?

Back 14

Tin Pan Alley

Front 15

What did the record/publishing industry consist of before the radio?

Back 15

1. Publishers of sheet music

2. Victrola (the earliest of the phonographs).

Front 16

By the end of WWII, how many Victrola's had been sold in the US?

Back 16

2 million

Front 17

Records were originally made from this? and later switched to this?

Back 17

1. Acertate

2. Vinyl

Front 18

Who invented the record player?

Back 18

Thomas Edison

Front 19

What was one of the first and most successful record labels? How did it start?

Back 19

1. Columbia Records

2. Sheet music publishers

Front 20

Over 75% of recorded music is owned by large conglomerate music groups such as?

Back 20

1. Universal Music Group

2. Sony Music Group

3. Warner Music Group

Front 21

In 1988 there were seven large music groups and over time Universal and Sony absorbed most of them. They were?

Back 21

1. Sony

2. EMI

3. BMG

4. Polygram

5. Columbia Records

6. Universal

7. Warner

Front 22

This allowed for significant acquisition and cross ownership. Allowing the concentration of industry power to be in the hands of just a few groups. Some believe it is due to a large lobby group presence?

Back 22

The Telecommunications Act of 1996

Front 23

What is created and owned by the artist (lyrics, notes) and the record label (final product) is known as?

Back 23

Intellectual Property

Front 24

The large must groups, as members of this organization have been rigid in their protection of their copyrighted maters?

Back 24

The Recording Industry Association of American (RIAA)

Front 25

Unlike their industry counterparts, the music industry has been more vigilant in its protection of its material. Why?

Back 25

The emergence of illegal downloading. Says it takes away profits and constitutes theft.

Front 26

Why do some people think downloading music illegally is okay?

Back 26

Enhances industry profile and maintains/builds an audience.

Front 27

How can an independent artist be successful without major industry backing?

Back 27

1. Social Media

2. Music festivals/touring

3. Understand the business of target marketing and narrowcasting

4. More willing to take risks with genres, blending of sounds.

Front 28

What are the challenges facing the music industry?

Back 28

1. The countless outlets for access do not equate to music sales

2. Piracy

3. Possibility of reaching and overcrowded marketplace.

Front 29

Electricity was unveiled where?

Back 29

Chicago's World Fair

Front 30

Who was fighting over patents that would aid in the popularization of the wireless telegraph?

Back 30

Guglielmo Marconi and Nikola Tesla

Front 31

What is compromised of electromagnetic energy that rises and falls at different intervals?

Back 31

Radio Waves

Front 32

What was the mainstay of early wireless communication?

Back 32

Ship-to-shore communication.

Front 33

By capturing energy from the atmosphere and transferring the signal to a desired destination, the following can occur?

Back 33

Signals can be carried along the radio wave.

Front 34

Who was awarded he nobel price for radio wave discoveries?

Back 34

Marconi, but based on Tesla's findings

Front 35

This allows for signal manipulation?

Back 35

Audion Vacuum Tube

Front 36

Who laid claim to the invention of the Audion vacuum tube, which amplified the radio wave signal to allow for stronger radio/transmission reception?

Back 36

Lee de Forest

Front 37

This person is known as the father of FM radio, who invented a "regeneration circuit" that strengthened the radio signal even more by feeding it's energy back and forth through the vacuum tube?

Back 37

Edwin Armstrong

Front 38

Who was involved in a patent dispute that lasted for many years?

Back 38

Armstrong and de Forest

Front 39

This allows sound to travel great distances? This doesn't travel as far but does have a greater atmospheric influence?

Back 39

1. Amplitude Magnification

2. Frequency Modulation

Front 40

By the early 1920's, interference b/w radio stations and "amateur" radio operations grew, the government saw the need for tighter regulation of the growing commercial radio industry. This granted such regulation?

Back 40

The Radio Act of 1927

Front 41

The Radio Act of 1927, created this governing body that would oversee a more controlled licensing of commercial radio stations?

Back 41

The Federal Radio Commission (FRC)

Front 42

This company played a large role in commercializing radio for popular consumption?

Back 42

RCA

Front 43

This was the first piece of legislation to regulate wireless technology/radio and said you needed a license to operate a radio station.

Back 43

The Radio Act of 1912

Front 44

This company established the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) in 1926?

Back 44

RCA

Front 45

Who was the head of NBC that started out as an assistant to Marconi and also became an executive at RCA? He also pushed for FM development but ended support once he saw it would hurt AM radio.

Back 45

David Sarnoff

Front 46

NBC had complete radio domination in the beginning with enough stations bought from AT&T to form two independent networks. They were?

Back 46

1. NBC Red

2. NBC Blue

Front 47

RCA was required to sell NBC Blue under government pressure in 1943. What did this rule become known as? What did NBC Blue become?

Back 47

1. Chain Broadcasting Rule

2. American Broadcasting Company (ABC)

Front 48

Who owned the first two radio stations in the US?

Back 48

AT&T and Westinghouse

Front 49

Where was the first television set unveiled?

Back 49

At the 1939 New York's World Fair

Front 50

What are the two types of radio stations?

Back 50

1. Owned and Operated

2. Affiliates

Front 51

These types of radio station are individual stations owned entirely by a radio network (like NBC)?

Back 51

Owned and Operated

Front 52

Those individual stations that are NOT owned by a network but sign a contract with a network to carry the network's programs are known as?

Back 52

Affiliates

Front 53

The Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) was founded in 1928 by this man and was funded by his family's cigar fortune?

Back 53

William Paley

Front 54

What was the primary focus of NBC? CBC?

Back 54

1. Efforts in technology, FM signals, television and color television

2. First rate talent, programming (news, comedy, etc).

Front 55

What factors determine what we now know as commercial broadcasting?

Back 55

1. The rise of national networks (CBS, NBC, ABC, and the Mutual Broadcasting Co.) and the vision of its founders

2. The Radio Act of 1927: reduced radio ownership and interference.

3. Technology

4. Radios becoming a household utility

5. Advertising beginning in 1929, referred to as TOLL BROADCASTING

6. Stressing entertainment programming.

Front 56

NBC,ABC,CBS controlled 90% of the the TV market until this came about?

Back 56

Cable TV

Front 57

The FRC (Federal Radio Commission) became this in 1934?

Back 57

The Federal Communications Commission

Front 58

This is the governing body of the radio broadcasting and telephone industries, but now also regulates television, wire, satellite and cable communications. It makes and enforces laws regarding content, licensing of stations, and towers, technology and frequencies?

Back 58

The Federal Communications Commission (FCC)

Front 59

What makes up the FCC board?

Back 59

5 commissions appointed by the current president. They serve staggered terms and majority rule prevails. No one party can have more than 3 members on the commission at the same time.

Front 60

TV stations have operating licenses the expire when?

Back 60

Have to be renewed every 7 years.

Front 61

The FCC is made up of?

Back 61

1700 employees, 7 bureaus, and 11 staff offices.

Front 62

According to the FCC, the airwaves belong to whom?

Back 62

The public-at-large, not individual station owners.

Front 63

This is known as the space used for broadcasting purposes and is limited?

Back 63

The radio spectrum

Front 64

This is the idea that not everyone can have a license to broadcast and is what guides the FCC decisions?

Back 64

The scarcity principle.

Front 65

According to the FCC, a station must make decisions that benefit communities or risk losing its license or not having it renewed. This is referred to as?

Back 65

Public Interest

Front 66

To be granted a license to broadcast by the FCC, one must:

Back 66

1. Be a US citizen

2. have no prior convictions (can't be a felon)

3. Not engage in conduct that would violate FCC regulatory policy

4. Can't have multiple ownership violations and in smaller areas there are restrictions on the number of stations that can be owned within that area.

5. Have qualified personnel to run station

Front 67

The FCC considers the following factors at renewal time:

Back 67

1. Programming--does programming fit community needs

2. Character--has it avoided violations

3. Expectancy--has radio station lived up to promise since last renewal.

Front 68

This gave tv stations 10 years to convert from analog to digital broadcasting? It was extended how many years after the deadline?

Back 68

The telecommunications act of 1996. 2 years

Front 69

Who was for the FCC not opening up whitespace for sale?

Back 69

National Association of Broadcasters, Broadway Producers (with Dolly Parton as their spokesperson).

Front 70

Who was for the buying of whitespace?

Back 70

Silicon Valley (Google, Microsoft, HP)

Front 71

Who originally was given the patent for radio waves? In 1904 the US Patent Office reversed the decision and gave the patent to?

Back 71

1. Tesla

2. Marconi

Front 72

What was the big invention pioneered by Motorola in 1970 that used Armstrong's FM technology?

Back 72

The DynaTac, aka the first cellular phone invented by Martin Cooper

Front 73

IN 1950, the FCC ordered that the licensing of new TV stations to stop so it could study the growth of the medium and make sure that the interference problems and chaos of early radio would not occur. This was referred to as a?

Back 73

Freeze

Front 74

IN 1952 The FCC lifted the freeze, defined the analog TV landscape and set aside frequencies for educational tv. This was known as?

Back 74

Sixth Report and Order

Front 75

These were set aside in each of the 242 TV markets?

Back 75

A channel devoted to educational programming.

Front 76

The frequencies that TV could broadcast were defined as?

Back 76

VHF (Very High Frequencies) and UHF (ultra high frequencies)

Front 77

Which TV frequency is stronger?

Back 77

VHF

Front 78

VHF is found on what channels? UHF on what channels?

Back 78

VHF= 2-13

UHF=14-69 (later used as space for cable)