Martini Chapter 16 Anatomy And Physiology

Front 1

urination

Back 1

the voiding of urine. micturition

Front 2

ACh

Back 2

acetylcholine. a chemical neurotransmitter in the brain and peripheral nervous system. released at neuromuscular junctions and
synapses of the parasympathetic division.

Front 3

serotonin

Back 3

neurotransmitter in the CNS. enhances inflammation and released by activated mast cells and basophils

Front 4

sympathetic division

Back 4

AKA thoracolumbar division. division of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for fight or flight reactions. primarily concerned with elevated metabolic rate and increased allertness

Front 5

preganglionic neuron

Back 5

a visceral motor neuron in the CNS whose outputs controls one or more ganglionic motor neurons in the PNS

Front 6

autonomic ganglion

Back 6

a collection of visceral motor neurons outside the CNS

Front 7

beta receptors

Back 7

membrane receptors sensitve to epinephrine. stimulation may result in the excitation or inhibition of the target cell.

Front 8

parasympathetic division

Back 8

AKA: craniosacral division. one of the 2 divisions of the ANS. responsible for activities that conserve energy and lower the metabolic rate.

Front 9

cholinergic synapse

Back 9

a synapse where the presynaptic membrane releases ACh on stimulation

Front 10

adrenergic

Back 10

a synapse terminal that when stimulated releases norepinephrine

Front 11

collateral ganglion

Back 11

AKA prevertebral ganglia. a sympathetic ganglion situated anterior to the spinal column and separate from the sympathetic chain.

Front 12

nicotinic receptors

Back 12

ACh receptors on the surface of sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglion cells. respond to the compound nicotine

Front 13

autonomic nerve

Back 13

a peripheral nerve consisting of preganglionic and postganglionic fibers.

Front 14

spinal nerve

Back 14

one of 31 pairs of nerves that originate on the spinal chord from anterior and posterior roots.

Front 15

amygdaloid body

Back 15

a basal nucleus that is a component of the limbic system. acts as an interface between the limbic,cerebrum and sensory systems.

Front 16

collateral ganglion

Back 16

sympathetic ganglion situated anterior tot he spinal collumn and separate from the sympathetic chain.

Front 17

norepinephrine

Back 17

a catacholamine neurotransmitter in the PNS and CNS released at most sympathetic neuromuscular and neuroglandular junctions. a hormone secreted by the adrena medulla.

Front 18

preganglionic neuron

Back 18

a visceral motor neuron in the CNS whose output controls one or more ganglionic motor neuron in the PNS.

Front 19

postganglionic neuron

Back 19

an autonomic neuron in the peripheral ganglion. activities control peripheral effectors.

Front 20

suprarenal gland

Back 20

AKA adrenal gland. small endocrine gland that secretes steroids and catecholamines. located superior to each kidney.

Front 21

alpha receptors

Back 21

membrane receptors sensitive to norepinephrine or epinephrine. stimulation normally results in excitation of the target cell.

Front 22

muscarinic receptors

Back 22

membrane receptors acetylcholine and muscarine (toxin found in certain mushrooms) located at all parasympathetic neuromuscular and neuroglandular junctions and at a few sympathetic neuromuscular and neuroglandular junctions.

Front 23

reticular activating system

Back 23

the mesencephalic portion of the reticular formation. responsible for the arrousal and maintenance of conciousness.

Front 24

hypothalamus

Back 24

the floor of the diencephalon. contains centers involved with the subconcious regulation of visceral functions, emotions, drives, and the coordination of neural and endocrine functions.

Front 25

parasympatheic division

Back 25

AKA craniosacral division generally responsible for activities that conserve energy and lower the metabolic rate.

Front 26

prevertebral ganglion

Back 26

AKA gollateral ganglion

Front 27

suprarenal medulla

Back 27

AKA adrenal medulla. the core of the adrenal gland. a modified sympathetic ganglion that secretes catacholamines into the blood during sympathetic activation.

Front 28

hippocampus

Back 28

a region of the brain beneath the floor of the lateral ventricle involved with emotional states and the conversion of short term memories to long term memories.

Front 29

autonomic nervous system

Back 29

centers, nuclei, tracts, ganglia, and nerves involved in the unconcious regulations of visceral functions. includes components of the CNS and PNS

Front 30

limbic system

Back 30

group of nuclei and centers in the cerebrum and diencephalon that are involved with emotional states, memories and behavioral drives.

Front 31

beta receptors

Back 31

membrane receptors sensitive to epinephrine. stimulation may result in excitation or inhibition of the target cell.

Front 32

2 divisions of the ANS

Back 32

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

Front 33

neurotransmitter that releases at the preganglionic axon

Back 33

ACh

Front 34

neurotransmitter released at the postganglionic axons in the PSNS

Back 34

ACh

Front 35

neurotransmitter released at the postganglionic axons in the SNS

Back 35

Epinephrine or Norepinephrine

Front 36

fight or flight- stimulatory

Back 36

SNS

Front 37

body maintenance and conservation of energy. usually inhibitory

Back 37

PSNS

Front 38

what does the liver produce more of in times of "fight or flight"

Back 38

glucose. to provide readily available energy

Front 39

what happens to blood vessels of nonessential organs during "fight or flight"

Back 39

constriction. blood is shunted to skeletal muscles

Front 40

what are the "E" activities the SNS is responsible for.

Back 40

exercise, excitement, embarrassment, emergency

Front 41

where do the axons of the preganglionic neurons of the SNS originate

Back 41

lateral horns of T1-L2. leave cord from ventral root via white ramus communicantes to enter sympathetic chain

Front 42

where do the axons of the preganglionic neurons of the PSNS originate

Back 42

Cranial nerves III, VII, IX, and X and S2-S4 synapse in terminals or intramural ganglia (w/in walls of effector organ)

































































































































































































































































































































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Front 43

the majority (75%) of preganlionic PSNS fibers originate from what nerve

Back 43

cranial nerve X, the Vagus nerve.

Front 44

white rami communicantes can only be found where

Back 44

T1-L2

Front 45

short preganglionic axons long postganglionic axons

Back 45

SNS

Front 46

long preganglionic axons
short postganglionic axons

Back 46

PSNS

Front 47

paravertebral ganglia

Back 47

form the sympathetic chain from neck to pelvis

Front 48

postganglionic exit ganglia via

Back 48

gray ramus communicantes (found along entire length of chain allowing sympathetic output to reach all areas of the body.

Front 49

preganglionic options upon entering sypathetic ganglion

Back 49

1. synapse w/ a ganglionic neuron w/in the sympathetic chain
2. pass through the chain to synapse with collateral ganglia
3. synapse directly with adrenal medulla.

Front 50

T1-T4

Back 50

head

Front 51

T1-T6

Back 51

thorax

Front 52

T5-L2

Back 52

abdomen (spanchnic)

Front 53

T10-L2

Back 53

pelvis