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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
American Mothers
STATS |
-Teens pregnancies decline
-10% of all births are teen mothers -Costs $9Billion -60% of 20% of single mothers are low SES -1.5 Mill unmarried women gave birth in 2004 -35.7% births were to unmarried womein in 2004 (2008 was 41%) up from 28% in 1990 -20-24 yr old birth rate dropped -25-29 yr olds birth rate was highest of any group -20s is peak of their childbearing yrs -birthrates increased in women in their 30s and 40s -delay childberning to establish careers -older women have more education |
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Conception (Germinal)
3 Phases |
1. Begins with the fusion of sperm and egg. Cell duplication occurs-genetic information duplicates itself.
2. Cell differentiation-zygote has divided into 8 cells, cells take on genetically determined traits and forms. 3. Blastocyst forms and implants in the uterus. |
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Infertility (when conception fails)
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Sterility-absolute inability to reproduce
Infertility-inability to conceive after a year of trying |
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Women and Infertility
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-Probs w/ovulation are reponsible for most female infertility
-May be due to ...hormonal imbalances ...poor nutrition ...intense athletic training ...pituitary gland tumors (rare) |
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Men and Infertility
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-1/3 of fertility difficulties due to male reproductive systems
-2 primary forms of infertility -AZOOSPERMIA: no sperm cells are produced -OLIGOSPERMIA: few sperm cells are produced -adequate number of sperm is 20 million per milliliter of semen |
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Improving Fertility in Men
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-Take proper vitamins and minerals
-Limit alcohol intake and stop smoking -Stay cool...testicles need to be cooler than the rest of the body for healthy sperm production |
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Assisted Reproductive Technology
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-In-vitro fertilization (IVF)
Average cost-$12,400 per/attempt -Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)...UNFERTILIZED eggs and male's sperms are placed in the woman's fallopian tubes. Designed to foster natural fertilization. Implantation rates are higher for this technique ($10,000). -Zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT). FERTILIZED in laboratory placed in fallopian tubes rather than uterus allowing it to travel to uterus to implant naturally ($10,000). -Surrogacy |
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Pregnancy Trimesters
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1st-first 12 weeks
2nd wks 13-26 3rd wks 27-40 *Babies born prior to 37th week are considered pre-term (also based on weight) |
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1st Trimester
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-Rapid cell differentiation
-4 wks:ambryo 1/4 inch long -7 wks: less than 1" with beating heart, eyes, nose, arms, legs, digestive system -9 wks: embryo reaches status of fetus -12 wks: 3" long, 3 ounces *completely formed with all of the anatomical structures and organs |
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2nd Trimester
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-quickening: movements of the fetus around 20th wk
-begins to develop hair -soft downy hair-lanugo -begins to suck |
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Smallest baby ever born
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8.6 oz
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Third Trimester-Baby
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-begins the 7th month of preg (women want to be done w/it)
-baby dev fatty tissue -15 inches long -weighs 2 1/2 lbs -digestive and respiratory systems still dev -8th mon-brain and nervous system nearly dev -9th mon baby will gain 1-2 lbs/wk -Will weight 6-10 lbs -will reach length of 20-23 in |
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Third Trimester-Mother
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-mother should feel at least 10 fetal movements from breakfast to dinner
-more fatigue -pressure on bladder and persistent backache -colostrum secreted from nipples -braxton-hicks occur |
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Labor and Delivery
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PHASE 1 (pre labor):
-0-3 centimtrs -contractions 5-15 min apart PHASE 2 (active labor): -4-7 centi.) -most challenging part -contractions 3-4 min. apart -baby descends further into birth canal -may last 3-5 hrs PHASE 3 (transition): -8-10 cent. -transition presents most physically challenging -contractions 2-3 min apart -descent of baby causes severe backache |
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Cervical Dilation
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1 cm-cheerio
3 cm-slice of banana 4 cm-cracker 7 cm-soda can 10 cm-bagel |
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Sex and Relationship Satisfaction
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-wait 6 wks to have intercourse
-allows episotomy to heal -sexual desire lower for mother about 1st yr after birth -some pain during first intercourse after deliv -all changes place stress on new parents (67% of couples struggle) |
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Unexpected Outcomes
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Caesarean section-delivery of fetus through incision in abdomen
1/4 of all babies born in 2004 were by c-section |
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Pregnancy Loss
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-miscarriage: loss of a fetus or embryo before the 20th week of pregnancy
-early miscarriage-loss of fetus before the 12th week -late miscarriage: loss of fetus between 12th and 20th week |
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Neonatal Death
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-premature birth is a cause or contributor of about 20% of all neonatal deaths (when a baby dies within the first 28 days of life) *most common cause is birth defect
Respiratory Death Syndrome: babies born before 30 weeks have high risk of brain bleeds |
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Protecting Your Reproductive Health
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-Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI): diseases transmitted through sexual contact.
-2/3 of all STI's are found in young adults under the age of 25 |
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Stress Defined
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Normal Psychological and Physical reaction to the demands of life (Mayo Clinic)
*what happens?...When the brain percieves a threat, it realeases a burst of hormones to fuel the "FIGHT or FLIGHT" responses. **this is fine if your life is in danger, but not all the time. |
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Stress Hormones
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-Hormone Regulation System is the Endocrine System
*In times of stress the body releases: -cortisol: increases blood sugar, suppress immune system, and increase belly fat -Norepinephrine: Increases heart rate, blood flow, blood pressure |
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Who was Hans Selye, Ph.D.?
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-founder of the concept of stress
-professor and director of the Institute of Experimental Medicine and Surgery at the University of Montreal |
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Types of Stress
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Acute Stress: "fight or flight response" Can cause PTSD or even heart attack
Chronic Stress: persistent stressors. Can lead to headaches or insomnia Eustress: healthy, positive feelings. Good. ex. Rising to challenging situation Distress: unhealthy. negative emotions. |
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Stress Related Illnesses
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1. Cardiovascular Disease
2. Heart ATtack 3. High Blood PREasure 4. Obesity 5. Migraine and tension headache 6. Insomnia (70 million americans) 7. Ulcers 8. Cancer 9. Cold/Flu 10. Anxiety (40 million) 11. Depression 12. Irritable Bowel Syndrome |
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Stress and the Family
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Chronic Stress='s a decrease in individual Well-Being
-Decrease in individual well-being ='s more negative behaviors which in turn ='s lower relationship satisfaction in marriage and parent/child interactions |
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Stress and Marriage
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External Daily Stressors
-work stress -traffic -bad weather *external daily stressors overall are worse for marriages than critical life events. *Higher external daily stressors=an increase in marital dyad stress *Higher external daily stressors=less sexual activity for women and more sexual activity for men |
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Notes from Movie on Stress
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-stress can unravel our chromosomes
-ulcers were first disease discovered through stress (being stressed doesn't allow body to repair (causing ulcers) -Stress effects memory in two ways ...can't remember things (chronic) ...can't remember for short time (high acute stress) -Goal in life is to not get rid of stress but find good stress -rank and stress=how you perceive where you are |
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Basic Goals of Parenting
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Survival Needs of Infants
Food Shelter Safety Security Love Socialization Needs of Children Ensuring they become productive, contributing members of society |
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Parenting
7 Essential Parenting Responsibilities |
Providing a safe environment
Providing basic needs Teaching children moral and values Developing mutual respect Providing effective and age-appropriate discipline Being involved in the child’s education Knowing the child and communicating with him/her |
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The 4 Parenting Styles
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-Started by Diana Baumrind (1927 – Present day)
-Clinical & Developmental Psychologist -Works at UC Berkeley Important Note! Maccoby & Martin focused her research into the “4 parenting styles” Neglectful (also called Uninvolved) Indulgent (also called Permissive) Authoritarian Authoritative |
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Neglectful (univolved) Parenting
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Low in:
-Responsiveness -Warmth -Affection (parents may reject and neglect their children) Results: -Children have poor self-control -Low self-esteem -Less competence |
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Indulgent (Permissive) Parenting
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Indulgent parents (anything goes)
-High levels of warmth, affection and responsiveness toward their children -Adequate to high levels of parent/child communication Results: Children have low self-control Trouble with authority Poor academic outcomes |
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Authoritarian Parenting
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Obedience and status oriented
-Demanding and controlling of children -Lack warmth or affection -Rigid rules -Parent child communication low -Power is the key Results: Children are obedient Low self-esteem Low social competence |
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Authoritative Parenting
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-Parents are responsive, have clear rules, and stick to them.
-Does not use shame, withdrawal of love, guilt to control behavior -Typically has the best longitudinal outcomes for children. (But not always…) -Provides children with balance of control and warmth Results: -Children are more social competent than others -Lower levels of problem behavior at all levels -Able to balance the demands of conforming to others’ expectations with their own needs -Better academic results -Long Term Results: Tend to do better in marriage |
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Why People Decide to Have Children?
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-For the experience
-Improve status -Biological Drive -Sense of Purpose -Natural Order of Life (everyone else is doing it) -For the relationship -For the moral worth -To pass down your traditions, values, etc. -So a part of you loves on. |
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Why Couples Choose the No-Kids Track
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-Time
-Freedom -Financial benefits/security -Dual careers -Can’t change your mind -Overpopulation and environmental resources Note: This is an increasing trend across much of the world |
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Social Factors Linked to No-Kids Track
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-Increase in women’s education levels
-Participation in the job market -Changing social values -Decreasing importance of religion -Access to legal abortion -Effective contraceptives -Financial security -Job security |
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Non-Child Trends
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-Becoming the norm in Canada, United Kingdom, New Zealand and other countries.
-Growing trend in the U.S. -65% of couples ranked personal happiness and fulfillment as more important than having children – Pew Research Center (2006). |
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Married with Children (Reasearch shows...)
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-90% of all marriages lower in satisfaction from year 1 to 5 anyways.
-One of the biggest contributors: ...When men take on a satisfactory “father” role, this increases the mother’s overall marital satisfaction, which in turn increases the father’s marital satisfaction. |
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Juggling Parenting and Household Chores
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Second shift:
Mothers who work outside the home and still have the majority of the household task Routine housework: House cleaning, meal preparation, grocery shopping, laundry Women still do a majority of housework, but gap is closing. Residual tasks: Bill paying, yard work, chauffeuring children |
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Household Chores
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Factors that contribute to division of household chores
Women’s employment : the more hours women work outside, the more men share household tasks Men’s Employment: men who work fewer hours outside the house, tend to share more in childrearing and household tasks Education: the higher the education, the fewer household tasks women perform, more often they will hire outside help; men with higher levels of education engage in more household labor Presence of Children: when children enter relationship, household labor is less frequently shared |
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Work-Family Spillover/Conflict
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Dual earner couples:
are more vulnerable to work-family conflict Family to work spillover: parent has an argument with a teenager before leaving for work and has a bad day at work Work-to-family spillover: bad day at the office and ends up being a bad day for the entire family Remember the “Kick the Dog Syndrome”? |
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Parent Role Changes
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26% of children under 18 live in single parent homes
2 million babies a year born to unmarried women Over 2 million fathers are primary caregivers for their children This number has been increasing 12% of all single parent homes are father led Over 2 million grandparents are primary caregivers for their grandchildren This number has been increasing |
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Teen Parents
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1 million teenagers will become pregnant in the next year
500,000 teenagers will give birth – about one a minute |
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Women As Single Parents
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-79 million single-parent households headed by women
-43% have never been married -1/3 of these live below the poverty level -60% are low SES -Divorced single mothers fare better than never-married single mothers -White single mothers are more likely to have been married |
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Divorce Trends
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Crude Divorce Rate:
The number of divorces that occur per 1000 in a population Useful for comparing trends over time Trends: Rates increased with no-fault divorce legislation in the 70s Divorce rate began to decline in the 90s 1st time marriage, lifetime divorce rates. Post Civil War: 5% divorce rate 1960: 2.2/1,000 divorce 1980 (peak): 5.2/1,000 divorce 2006: 3.6/1,000 divorce Today: 43% - 46% divorce (Amato, 2010) |
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Divorce Trends Cont'd
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Divorce is now more common than “death” as the end of a marriage (Pinsoff, 2002).
Between 25% of marriages end in separation or divorce within 5 years of marriage (Bramlett & Mosher, 2001). Divorce costs the US Federal Government over 33 billion per year! (Schramm, 2006). Utah Stats 18% divorce within the 1st year. |
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Divorce: African American Culture
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African American Women are 50% more likely to divorce than Caucasian women (Bramlett & Mosher, 2001).
70% of all marriages to African American Women end in divorce (Raley & Bumpass, 2003). Why? Economic & Social Disadvantages – leads to: Poor health care, school, social services, more gangs, drugs/alcohol Racism creates chronic stress which hurts a marriage (Bryant et al., 2010). 55% enter marriage with at least 1 child from previous relationship compared to 22% for Caucasian. |
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Divorce: Latino Culture
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Largest minority group in the U.S. (14%) – estimated to be around 25% by 2050 (USCB, 2008).
Around 52% divorce rate (Bramlett & Mosher, 2001). Very religious (92% identify as religious) – mostly Catholic (Skogrand, et al., 2009). There is much shame in divorce. Many different sub cultures make up the total U.S. minority population, so don’t overgeneralize. Of the 14%: 64% from Mexico 9% from Puerto Rico 7.6% from Central America 5.5% from South America 3.4% from Cuba |
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Divorce: Other Cultures
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Asian Americans boast the lowest divorce rates – no exact number though (Chin et al., 2007).
Thought to be due to: Strong commitment to family. Native Americans: Not enough research has been done – big resistance to outside influence (i.e., researchers) (Red Horse, 1997). Need much more research on ethnic/racial minorities! Grad school is calling |
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The Great Divide
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“Haves” and “Have Not's”
Top 20% SES owns 50% of the wealth in the US Bottom 20% SES owns only 3.4% of the wealth in the US Poorest of the poor (family who make less than $11,000/year) is growing. Ethnic and Racial minorities tend to be low SES (60%). |
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Correlates of Divorce
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Predictors of divorce
Couple’s age Young age (less than 20 years old) Premarital pregnancy Or bringing a child from another relationship into marriage Parental separation If your parent’s were divorced Cohabitation before marriage Less emphasis on commitment and the institution of marriage. Religiosity and religious homogamy of the couple Believe/practice similar religion Socio-economic background of the couple Financial status/debt |
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Sociocultural Causes of Divorce
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Secularization trends
Marriage no longer a covenant or binding union between husband and wife Desacrilization contributes to temporary nature of marriage Liberalization of divorce laws No fault divorce laws Divorce socially and culturally accepted |
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Individualism Trends
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Western cultures have become more individualistic in recent years.
Marriage emphasizes individuals’ needs rather than mutual responsibilities. Emphasis on individual fulfillment increases demands on the marriage. Mutual support is sacrificed for individual fulfillment. |
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Unrealistic Expectations-Newlyweds
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Most newlyweds have unrealistic expectations of marriage (Larson, 2002).
A difficult transition to marriage (i.e., high conflict, poor communication, low satisfaction) can actually carry on throughout a marriage longitudinally. Problems early in marriage can lead to separation and or divorce as long as 13 years into a marriage (Gottman, et al., 1994; Huston, et al., 2004). |
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Impact of Divorce for Individuals
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Lower overall well-being for children & adults (Amato, 2000).
Economic hardship for mother & children (Amato, 2000). Greater risk for mental and physical health issues (Amato, 2000). Increased risk of suicide (Amato, 2000). Usually takes 2-3 years to recover emotionally and financially from the stress (Hetherington & Kelly, 2003). |
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Sometimes Divorce is Good
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In cases of high conflict and or abuse (Amato, 2010; Choi & Marks, 2008).
In emotionally dead relationships (low conflict – low emotional connection and satisfaction). |
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History of Marriage and Family Therapy
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-Seeds were planted in the 1940s
-Cybernetics originated from a conglomeration of various fields including mathematics, medicine, psychology, anthropology, anatomy, and sociology -Growth of MFT has grown every decade since |
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MFT vs. Social Work vs. Psychology
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Social Work:
General, macro perspective Covers 11 areas including: Administration/Supervision; Aging; Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drugs; Child Welfare; Children, Adolescents and Young Adults; Health; Mental Health; Private Practice; School Social Work; Social Work and the Courts and Social and Economic Justice & Peace. personal well-being, prevent crises and to counsel individuals, families, and communities Psychology: Individually focused Assessments Usually requires doctorate MFT: More family focused Systemic From the AAMFT website: brief solution-focused specific, with attainable therapeutic goals designed with the "end in mind." |
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Therapies within MFT
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Family Systems theory
Solution focused brief therapy There are many different theories that fall under the MFT umbrella. The therapist has many different tools to choose from in therapy. |
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Benefits of Seeing a Therapist
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With high utilizers, those who participated in MFT showed significant reductions of 68% for health screening visits, 38% for illness visits, 56% for laboratory/X-ray visits, and 78% for urgent care visits (Crane and Christensen, 2008)
Decrease in dysfunction and increase in positive functioning |
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What Prevents individuals from seeking therapy
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Insurance and payment concerns
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What does MFT treat?
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Clients with these problems:
-Depression -Anxiety -Parent-child issues -adult schizophrenia -affective (mood) disorders -adult alcoholism and drug abuse -children's conduct disorders -adolescent drug abuse -anorexia in young adult women -childhood autism -chronic physical illness in adults and children -marital distress and conflict. 65.6% of the cases are completed within 20 sessions 87.9% within 50 sessions About half of the treatment provided by marriage and family therapists is one-on-one with the other half divided between marital/couple and family therapy, or a combination of treatments. |
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Effectiveness of therapy overall
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3 out of 4 clients show improvement (decrease in dysfunctional symptoms and increase their positive functioning)
Depression, anxiety, substance abuse, adolescent delinquency, and childhood conduct disorder show improvement |
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Not so effective for a minority of people
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Therapy does not show improvement for 20-30 percent of people
5 percent of clients might actually get worse |
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Specific Target Groups
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Adolescent drug use :
-Reduced past month symptoms by 44 percent between intake and end of therapy -At 3 month follow up, 64-65 percent of teens had not used drugs in the past month. EFT has a 70 to 73 percent recovery rate for relationship distress Marriage enhancement communication skills are better at the end of treatment and 6 months later MFT shows clinically significant results in 40-50 % of individuals treated |
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What leads to change in therapy?
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Empathy and the ability to connect is essential in therapy
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What to expect from therapy
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Time limits:
-The average number of sessions has been estimated to be anywhere from 3 sessions to 6-8 sessions. ...Can be more depending on the problem/issue and what the client wants ...Can be as few as 1 session Costs: Anywhere from over$45 to $200 per session Individuals can often find cheaper services through universities or training facilities |
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Assessment Tools
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Pencil Paper Assessments
Outcome Questionnaire 45-2 (OQ 45-2) Example: I have thoughts of ending my life (Never, Rarely, sometimes, frequently, all the time) Revised Dyadic Assessment Scale (RDAS) Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) Marital Questionnaire (MQ) Clinical Interview Genogram-Family map or outline |
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Diagnostic and Statsitical Manual (DSM-IVTR)
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Background: A group of experts determined the various categories and what constitutes the diagnosis.
Example 300.23 Social phobia -A marked and persistent fear of one or more social or performance situations in which the person is exposed to unfamiliar people -Exposure to the feared social situation almost invariably provokes anxiety -The person recognizes fear is excessive -The feared social or performance situations are avoided or else are endured -Interferes significantly with the person’s normal routine -Specify: Generalized includes most social situations |
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Solution Focused Brief Therapy
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-The client has resources that can help them to overcome the problems they are experiencing
-Client is the expert of their lives -The problem does not exist all of the time. -Life is always changing Common Interventions: -Miracle question -Looking for exceptions -Scaling |