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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Homeostasis
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Balance.
The family does whatever it takes to keep balance. Can be functional or dysfunctional (alcoholic fam) |
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Disruptions
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Change (according to family systems theory)
Not all bad Could be: birth of a child, marriage, college, etc. Creates disequilibrium |
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Family Systems Theory
Murray Bowen |
Explains family phenomenon (child outcomes, family grief, divorce, communication)
EVERYONE is interconnected. Homeostasis, Disruptions, communication is predictable, Boundaries (open/closed), communication rules |
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Circumplex Model
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Disengaged Enmeshed
Chaotic......................................................... Rigid............................................................. |
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Symbolic Interaction Framework
Symbols |
Use language to attach meaning to symbols
Smile could mean: Happy, nervous, or embarrassed Roses mean... Culture and Family shape meanings given to symbols |
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Symbolic Interaction Framework
Proxemics |
Physical Distance to someone
Middle East=close proxemics U.S.=Distance is more comfortable Personal bubble |
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Symbolic Interaction Framework
Roles |
Ex. husband, friend, son, instructor, etc.
Also, the alcoholic family (enabler, lost child, etc.) |
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Symbolic Interaction Framework
Role Strain |
Competing demands from multiple roles (mom works And cleans)
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Symbolic Interaction Framework
Role Conflict |
Psychological stress due to incompatible roles. Creates pursuer distancer situation
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Communication
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**MEMORIZE:
The process of making and sharing meanings Different types of messages: -Relational (about the relationship) -Non-relational (issue outside of relationship) -Decoding (interpreting unspoken exchanges (important and tricky)) |
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Types of Emotional Messages
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Positive Emotional Message: Love, pleasure, affection
Negative Emotional Message: Anger or irritation Neutral Emotional Message: Ambiguous--difficult to deciper |
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Private Couple Meanings
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Special communication between partners
Predictive Based on info only shared between partners **Most common conflict in newlywed relationships: TIME SEX MONEY |
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Types of Communication
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Assertive: (most effective style of communication) Saying how you feel in a respectful way
Passive: Not sharing your feelings (keeping things bottled up inside) Aggressive: Communicating your feelings in an abrasive or harsh manor Passive/Aggressive: Bottling up your feelings, then taking them out on yourself or someone not related to the issue (come out sideways) |
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Albert Mehrabian's Communication Study
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7% happens in Spoken Words
38% happens though Voice Tone 55% happens via general Body Language *Moral is that communication is a lot more than spoken word. |
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John Gottman
4 Horseman of the Apocolypse |
Criticism: You always...you never/attack on someone's character
Contempt: Body language (rolling eyes, etc) Harsh name calling. Defensiveness Stonewalling: Emotionally shutting down 5:1 Ratio='s happy marriage 8:1 Ratio='s divorce |
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Destructive Conflict
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Hurtful words, 4 horseman, loud, braking things, slamming doors, speeding away in a car.
Typically unresolved Children: Tend to have lower self-esteem, difficulty in their own relationships (symbolic interaction theory), lower academic achievement, and worse social networks. |
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Constructive Conflict
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Calm (or at least take a time-out first--under 90 BPM), assertive, resolving, compromise, brings the couple closer (strengthens)
Children: Tend to have higher self-esteem and social skills, do better in school, and have better marital relationships |
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Validating Couple
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Empathetic, supportive, seldom express negative emotions
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Volatile Couple
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Intense emotion, passion, romance, intense disputes, but stay intimately connected
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Conflict-Minimizing Couple
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Avoid conflict, minimize significance of trouble, conflict kept below the surface (closed boundaries)
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Non-regulated Couples
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Trouble resolving conflicts
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Conflict Habituated Couples
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Almost always in overt (out in the open) conflict (becomes "normal" to the couple)
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Destructive Communication
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Covert Communication: Not out in the open or visible
Denial: When words and actions don't match Disqualification: cover-up of an emotion Displacement: take out emotions on someone else Disengaged: No emotional closeness Pseudo-mutuality: False closeness w/underlying anger |
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Communication Differences (men v women)
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Men: Want to fix things
Women: Want to be heard *When men listen to women releases Oxytocin (hormone that increases sexual desire, lowers anxiety, and incnreased calm around spouse |
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Where does ANGER come from?
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Hurt
FEAR Unmet Request (verbal or expected) |
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GOOD Communication Skills
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I statements, Make specific complaints, Be a good listener (validate), Turn positive (get off the negative train), Take responsibility, Compromise, re-program your brain (instead of feeling like the victim, see how you can grow from the experience), make your marriage a TOP priority 9take time), compliment, use humor-be goofy!, forgive and let go, relax, give thanks, appreciate, write the story of your marriage
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SEX
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Refers to biological traits that distinguish males and females
Internal and external reproductive anatomy Chromosomes Hormones *an individual's sex is determined when the sperm and egg unite xx=female & xy=male Cell duplication and cell division occur within a few hours of the formation of the zygote Cell division happens shortly after conception |
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Gender
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Refers to the social traits that distinguish males and females
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Gender role
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Behaviors, attitudes, beliefs and values appropriate for males and females
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Gender Identity
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How an individual adapts to expected gender roles (adapt=accept or reject)
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Gender Presentation
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How an individual presents his or her gender identity (clothes, walk, talk, etc.)
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Gender Stereotypes
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Cultural beliefs about gender roles and how they should be enacted (where do these come from?)
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Egalitarian
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Where both parents/couples share similar roles
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Cell Differentiation
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Zygote is divided into 8 cells
Genetically determined traits and forms begin to develop |
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Male
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XY
When a Y chromosome is present, gonadal tissue begins to form the testes Testes begin to produce androgens, the masculinizing sex hormones Reproductive organs being to develop |
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Female
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XX
Y chromosome is NOT present, no testosterone is produced Absence of testosterone produces a female Female genitalia begin to appear by third month of pregnancy |
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Intersex
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Someone who is genetically somewhere between male and female
Basis for this is always genetic (having to do with SEX (genetically dtermined)) May have both male and female genitalia Genitalia is ambiguous |
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Hermaphrodite
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TRUE hermaphrodite is rare. Just a few hundred in the world
May be born with both ovarian and testicular tissue or a combination. Male pseudo-hermaphrodite: XY Chomo structure, have testes, but are not descended, has the appearance of being female Female pseudo-hermaphrodite: XX Chromo structure, female internal reproductive organs, external genitalia is masculinized |
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AIS
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (curable) |
Abnormal X chromosome
No androgens present Sexual anatomy is female When person reaches puberty, does not menstruate |
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Turner's Syndrom (X)
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One X choromosome is absent
Affects female only Short in stature Estrogen replacement helps promote development of secondary sex characteristics |
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Klinefelter's Syndrome (XXY)
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XXY chromosomal arrangement
Reproductive organs and genitalia develop normally Testes do not produce sperm Round body type, taller than relatives, little or no facial hair |
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Social (Gender) Norms for Men in U.S.
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Aggressive
Competitive Independent Dominating Bottle Emotions (don't cry) Confident Protective Risk-taker Leader Disorganized |
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Social (Gender) Norms for Women in U.S.
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Passive/Kind
Polite & Ladylike Relationship-oriented Submissive Talkative Empathetic Nurturing Risk-avoider Follower Responsible |
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Transgender
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Appearing as, wishing to be considered as, or having UNDERGONE surgery to become a member of the opposite sex.
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Androgynous
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Having both female and male characteristics (could be hermaphroditic)
Being neither distinguishably masculine nor feminine, as in dress, appearance, or behavior. |
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Physiological Androgyny
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Deals with physical or biological traits
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Behavioral Androgyny
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Involves the blending of masculine and feminie traits at the same time
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Psychological Androgyny
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Involves the individual's gender identity
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Sexual Preference:
Heterosexual Homosexual Bisexual Asexual |
Heterosexual: Erotic and amorous desires for memebers of the opposite gender
Homosexual: Erotic and amorous desire for members of the same gender Bisexual: Attraction to both or either genders Asexual: No sexual attraction to either gender |
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Fluidity
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Sexual preference is fluid
Meaning: it is on a continuum "Most people are not 100% heterosexual or 100% homosexual" |
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Membership knowledge (Gender)
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Understanding that their gender belomgs to one group or another
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Gender typicality
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Degree to which people feel their gender experiences are typical
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Gender contentedness
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Degree of contentedness with biological gender assignment
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Gender conformity
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Pressure people feel from their environment to conform
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Intergoup Bias (Gender)
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The degree to which people believe their sex is superior to another sex
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FTM (Female to Male)
MTF (Male to Female) |
Born female but see themselves as partly to fully masculine.
vice versa |
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Intersexuals
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May accept as natural their mixed gender
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Transgenderist
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A person who lives as a gender opposite to their biological sex
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Transsexual
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A person whose sexual identity is opposite their assignment at birth
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Gender reassignment
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Involves psychological counseling, hormonal supplements and sex reassignment surgery
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Equality (Law)
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Sexual harassment is prohibited by the Civil Rights Acts of 1964
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Violence against Women and Men
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Domestic violence affects both men and women
-Women are 5 times more likely to experience violence than men |
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Media Watch
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Works to change the portrayal of women and treatment of women in primetime television
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Gender in Advertising
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Messages are mostly that women are weak and men are strong
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Intimacy Defined
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The reciprocity of trust between partners
Emotional closeness Physical closeness (doesn't have to be) Levels of self-disclosure between partners -Both partners are comfortable -Can openly share their thoughts and feelings |
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Intimacy Needs
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Need for affiliation: need to have relationships
Need fulfillment: Drive for interpersonal relations, fulfilling psychological needs. *Gives purpose to ones life. Need Intimacy: Drives us to share our innermost feelings with others Social Integration: Needs that make us want to be part of a group Nurture: need to care and be cared for Assistance: The need for assiance from others Reassurance: Need to know we are wanted, needed and loved |
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Emotional Attachment (Mary Ainsworth: Attachment theory)
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It's characterized by feelings that promote a sense of closeness, bonding, and connection
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Three parts of Intimacy
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1. Disclosing things that are personal and private
2. Experiencing positive feelings about each other 3. Having interpersonal interactions that improve understandings of each other (get to know spouse personally) |
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Emotional Affair
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Typically how all affairs begin.
-Begins with emotional attachment, intimacy, then... -Progresses to phsycal intimacy -People say, "I don't know how it happened?" 90% of Americans disapprove of sexual affairs Sexual affairs is one of the top reasons for divorce Approximately 3.6% of married adults report having an extramarital affair in the past year |
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How to prevent an Emotional Affair
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Boundaries are key!
Be polite, but keep a safe emotional distance Look out for work affairs or friendships (very common) *Work to build intimacy with significant other: If it's not working, seek help |
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Components of Intimacy
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1. Conflic Resolution (resolution of differences of opinion)
2. Affection: showing feelings of emotional closeness (gottman's 5:1) 3. Cohesion: committed to the relationship (how well we work together) 4. Sexuality: Communicating and fulfilling sexual needs 5. Identity: Not losing individual identity to couple identity (some level of enmeshment is normal) 6. Compaitibility: relationship is complimentary 7. Expressiveness: sharing personal thoughts, beliefs, feelings 8. Autonomy: Independence and personal space |
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Intimate
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Capable of experiencing closeness, forming an emotional attachment to another, committed to depth in a relationship (long lasting)
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Pseudo-intimate
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APPEARS to be intimate but lacks depth, never progress beyond friendship, relationships are doomed fromt he outset
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Pre-intimates
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Haven't quite gotten there.
Capable of intimacy, but lack the ability to sustain long-term relationships |
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Stereotyped relationships
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Surfaced.
has many casual relationships but these lack depth and commitment |
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Isolates
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Socially withdrawn with no need for close interpersonal relationships.
If no secure attachment when young then avoided attachment when older. |
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Erikson's Stages
Trust vs. Mistrust |
0-24 mon
Child develops a belief that his/her caregivers will provide a secure and trustful environment |
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Erikson's Stages
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt |
Toddlerhood, 2-4 yrs
Child develops a sense of independence and free will; feels shame if he/she doesn't sue the free will appropriately |
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Erikson's Stages
Initiative vs. Guilt |
Early childhood, 4-6 yrs
"the Age of Acquiring": child learns to explore his/her environment and acquires a newfound set of skills; feels a newfound sense of initiative and accomplishment. LITTLE EXPLORERS |
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Erikson's Stages
Industry vs. Inferiority |
Middle childhood, 7-12 yrs
"the Age of Mastery" Child masters the skills acquired during early childhood. "what is my purpose?" |
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Erikson's Stages
Idenity vs Role Confusion |
(Adolescence, 13-21 yrs)
Teen develops a sense of who he/she is in comparison to others (sense of "self"; develops a keen sense of role expectations *Risk taking behaviors |
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Erikson's Stages
Intimacy vs Isolation |
Young Adult, 22-35 yrs
Develops ability to give and receive love; beings to consider long-term relationships, marriage, and parenting as realistic options. |
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Erikson's Stages
Generativity vs Stagnation |
Middle Adulthood, 36-65
Develops interest in giving of themselves to younger generatinos by helping them lead meaningful lives and by caring for them. **Sense of purpose/meaningful |
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Erikson's Stages
Integrity vs. Despair |
Older adulthood, 65+
Desires to find meaningful and personal gratification with the life they have lived (LIFE REVIEW) Was it all worthwhile? |
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Peer Groups (5 stages)
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1-Pre-crowd stage
2-The beginning of the Crowd 3-The Crowd in Transition 4-The Fully Developed Crowd 5-Crowd Disintegration |
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Stage one: Pre-Crowd Stage
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Kindergarten through 5th grade
Same-sex peer groups--cliques (boys hang out with girls) |
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Stage 2: The Beginning of the Crowd
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6th grade, beginning of 7th
Shift to crowds of 10 or more members Practice interacting with opposite sex |
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Stage 3: The Crowd in Transition
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End of 8th grade-beginning of 9th grade
Smaller cliques are formed Pairing off into boy/girl couples |
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Stage 4: The Fully Developed Crowd
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Made up of oppose-sex cliques
Socialization into gender role characteristics |
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Stage 5: Crowd Disintegration
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Adolescents mature into adulthood
Become involoved in serious intimate relationships Friendships become loosely associated |
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Peer Group Formation: Adolescent/Young Adult Psychosocial Development
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Establishing an Identity: Beginning of individuation
Development of understanding of themselves Clearer sense of values, beliefs, and their relationship expectations Establishing Autonomy: Establishing a sense of independence Taking responsiblity for their own actions "how do you define yourself?" |
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Peer Group Formation: Adult Psychosocial Development
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Establishing Intimacy (Takes work)
Friendships become more significant Intimacy experiences differ for males and females (according to social norms) -Females attach more emotional importance -Females emphasize mutual understanding -Females discuss problems and activites -Males emphasize activity and achievement -Males discuss hobbies and sports more Establishing Comfort with Sexuality: Capacity to have intimate relationships changes Sexual intimacy is now possible Early Adulthood (17-25 or 30) -Referred to as the BRIDGE YEARS, deeper intimacy in interpersonal relationships |
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Barriers to Developing Intimacy
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Family enviornemtn: Key to individuals capacity to expereince intimacy:
-Family can be too emtionally close -Familiy environment may not encourage intimacy or emotions |
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Barriers: FEAR OF INTIMACY
(Manifested in many ways) |
Fear of failure
Fear of being vulnerable Fear of rejection Fear of being smothered in relationships Fear of sex Fear of losing someone we love Fear to takes a risk Fear of accepting responsbility Fear of anger or hostility Fear of abandonment Fear of being found out |
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Barriers to Establising and Maintining Intimacy
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Communication
-Crucial to the process of personal sharing -Familial intimacy is not possible without effecgive communication -Requires personal self disclosure to promote reciprocal sharing |
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Intimacy Building
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Find common activities
Common goals: Couples w/common goals tend to report greater relationship cohesion. Keeps couples pointed in a common direction |
