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107 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define sediment
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Matter that settles to the bottom of a liquid derived from preexisting rock.
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Sources of sediment are:
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Terrigenous (land-based)
Biogenic (organism produced) Authigenic (chemical) Residual (undersea erosion) Extra terrestrial (outer space) Anthrogenic (human activity) |
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Microfossils are:
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The skeletons of:
Coccolithophores Foraminifera Radiolarians Diatoms |
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How does sediment reach the sea floor?
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Pelagic rain
Thermohaline currents Gravity flow |
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Define biomineralisation
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The formation of a mineral skeleton which consist of carbonate, silicate, calcite and phosphate and are used for protection, food, reproduction and navigation along with many other reasons.
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What do mineral skeletons tell us about the ocean?
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Chemistry of seawater
Sedimentation Fossilisation Past events which occured |
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What are the unusual properties of water?
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High:
Freezing point Conductivity Boiling point Melting point Heats Evaporation rates Surface tension Viscosity Maximum denisty of 4 |
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Influence of salt during evaporation means:
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Higher salinity in water as salts cannot be absorbed
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Define convalent bonds
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Sharing of electrons between atoms with a strong bond
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Define Ionic bonds
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Elctrons are gained or lost by opposite attraction and weak bonds.
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Describe polarity in the ocean
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Amount of electrons in the ocean which can break down the ionic bonds of salts
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Define latent heat
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The amount of heat being added or removed changing a substances state but not its temperature.
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Describe the suns thermal inertia
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The ability for the sun to shine all day with the ocean temperature remaining the same by the movement of water around the ocean currents.
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What is Marcels principle of constant composition
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Salt content of the ocean remains the same and originates from sources such as volcanoes, vents and runoff.
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Define nutrients
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A chemical that an organism needs to live and grow or a substance used in an organism that is taken from the environment.
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What are some important nutrients (x4) and why
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Phosphate - ATP/ADP transfers
Silica - Skeletons Nitrate - amino acids CO2 - photosynthesis |
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How much CO2 is absorbed by the ocean?
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1/3
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Define the Carbonate Compenstaion Depth (CCD)
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All dissolved calcium carbonate occurs creating a high CO2 concentration in one region of the ocean.
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What are some forces which drive ocean circulation?
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Thermohaline circulation
Gyres Coriolis Effect Ekman Transport Westerlies/Easterlies |
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Define thermohaline circulation
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When dense, highly saline water sinks to the bottom of the ocean and fresh, light water sits on top.
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Define Coriolis effect
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Deflection of objects due to the earths rotation. Right in the North Hemisphere and Left in the South Hemisphere.
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Dedine Ekman Transport
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The 90 degree net transport of water of the surface layer.
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List the five important ocean gyres
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North Atlantic
South Atlantic North Pacific South Pacific Indian Ocean |
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Define El Nino
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Changes in ocean during southern oscillation (air pressure changes)
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Define La Nina
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Extreme changes in the ocean conditions. (Droughts etc)
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What drives 75% of production of air we breathe?
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Plankton
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What are the percentages of plankton between pelagic and benthic?
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98% Benthic
2% Pelagic |
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Define meroplankton
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Organisms which are plankton for part of their life cycle e.g. fish
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Define Holoplankton
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Plankton organisms all their life cycle e.g. copepods and salps
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Define Bacteioplankton
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Drive the pelagic food web, have cyanobacteria to fix nitrogen and are colonial.
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Define Dinophycaea
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The dinoflagellates which are abundant in summer and cause toxic red tides which poison shellfish
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Define Prymnesiophycciea
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The coccolithophores which are colonial and cause major plankton blooms
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Plankton are classifed by their:
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Size - 0.02-200mm
Distribution - pelagic to benthic |
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Describe the main plankton type:
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Diatoms
- Round and long - covered in pores - hard carbonate skeleton - silica cell wall - tendency to sink in ocean |
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What are some common zooplankton:
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Cnidarians
Ctenophores Arthropods Molluscs |
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Plankton have ____________ diversity?
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Low
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Why are Foraminifera important?
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Allow reconstruction of the historical ocean temperatures
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Foraminifera have five main assemblages, list these:
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Sub Polar
Polar Sub Tropical Tropical Temperate |
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In order to study Forminifera you need to have:
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Census (sample, proportion)
Shell Size Shell Infrastructure (pores) Indicator species (determine location) Transfer functions ( relationship with environment) Coiling Direction (Dextral >10, SInstral <10) Dissolution Rate (rate of dissolving carbon) |
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Ocean drilling has uncovered that:
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Modern ocean is new
Thermohaline circulation is new Miocene and Oligocene events which occured |
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Three main need for estuaries:
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Economical - harvesting, tourist attractions, transport and industries.
Ecological - allow migration of fish and birds for spawning with low threat rates Cultural - recreation, education, research and traditional practices. |
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Three forms of estuary formation:
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Rise in sea level
Land subsidence Formation of barriers |
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List the three salinity profiles:
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Salt wedge - freshwater pushes salt into vertical profile
2 layered - body of freshwater lies on top of saline water Well mixed - weather causes layers of salinity to mix |
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Where do the following inhabit in estauries:
- Fish and molluscs - Crustaceans - Bivalves |
- Fish and molluscs - head
- Crustaceans - intertidal mudflats - Bivalves - mouth |
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Primary production of the ocean is due to:
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Synthesis of organic matter from inorganic matter inside the water column via photosynthesis and photosynthesis.
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Describe the process of photosynthesis
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Using light energy to bond CO2 and split H2O as a electron donor. The RUBSICO enzyme fixes CO2 to form organic carbon.
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Describe the process of chemosynthesis
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Converting one or more molecules into organic matter using inorganic compounds as a source of energy.
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90% of fish lie under the order _____________ ?
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Teleostii (Teleosts)
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What are characteristics of Teleosts?
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Flexible skeleton
Swim bladder Complex Jaws |
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What are adaptations needed by fish to live in the marine environment?
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Streamlined body shape - fusiform
Bouyancy - fish tissue is denser than water compensated for by a swim bladder Gas exhange - counter-current capillary exchange Osmosis - regulates/conforms with salinity in environment Reproduction - correlate with environmental conditions |
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Two types of fisheries are:
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Small scale artisian fisheries e.g. hook and line
Large scale industrial fisheries e.g. trawls/longlines |
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List the hypotheses of biodiversity: (x6)
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Geographic
Historical Glaciation Spatial distribution Species Energy Productivity Evolutionary rates |
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List the biomes of the ocean (x10) and some features
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Open ocean - <3800m deep
Coastlines (Nearshore) Abyssal depth - 4-6000m deep, largest biodiversity Continental Slope - zone of organism changes Continental margins - 0-135m of rough structure Mid ocean ridge - seamounts and vents. 80 degrees Seamounts - high nutrient and productivity Coral reefs - shallow, tenperate biomes Icy waters (Antartica and Artic) |
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Algae are the members of which kingdom and domain?
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Kingdom: Protista
Domain: Eukarya |
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What are Algae defining characteristics?
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A flagellum, spore reproduction, no roots and carry out photosynthesis.
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Three types of Algae:
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Chlorophyta
Phaeophyta Rhodophyta |
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Describe Chlorophyta:
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Pigments of Chlorophyll B.
Green Algae. Cellulose Cell wall |
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Describe Phaeophyta:
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Pigments of fucoxanthin.
Brown Algae. Alginate cell wall |
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Describe Rhodopyta:
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Pigments of pycocanthin.
Red Algae. Agar and carrageenan cell wall. |
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Describe Angiosperms:
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Advanced vascular plants that reproduce with flowers and seeds and generally founf on land. Example: Sea grass.
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Why is Algae important?
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Primary producer of productivity.
Food source Habitats Responsible for toxic algal blooms |
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Define community
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Population of species which occur in the same place and time.
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What is a habitat?
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The organisms physical address
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What is a niche?
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The organisms occupation.
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What are other words for wide and narrow tolerances?
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Wide: EURY
Narrow: STENO |
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Population density is measured by:
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the number of individuals per unit or volume
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Three types of population layouts are:
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Uniform when there is equal space between each organism (RARE)
Clumped when certain areas offer optimal growth (COMMON) Random when one organism does not affect another (RARE) |
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What is the benthic realm?
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The seabed including an area of high productivity
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What is the function of a biological pump?
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Pumps organic particles form primary production to the seabed.
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Sources for the benthos include:
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Zooplankton detritis e.g. skeletons
Large food falls e.g. carcasses Plant matter Marine snow |
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An organic flux allows for...
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high input of organic matter to the benthos with the surface choosing how much is deposited and the depth determining how much reached the sea floor.
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What are two ways to retrieve benthos samples?
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Grab sampler
Trawls |
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What information can you retrieve form sampling benthos?
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Salinity levels
Temperature Productivity levels Water depth Substratum content |
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Explain a multi-variate analysis:
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Sample is collected and compared.
Displayed on a dendrogram to show environmental drivers. |
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Microscopic benthic fauna have...
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Low biomass but large species turnover
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Benthos can be disturbed by:
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Storms, salinity reductions, sediment reworking and feeding.
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The pattern of recovery from disturbances depends on:
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Seasons
Biota Larvae Environment Nature of the disturbance |
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A latitudinal gradient ____________ biodiversity due to...
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Increases.
Due to temperature and biomass being higher. |
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Define a bauplan:
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Structural plan or design including unicellular and multi-cellular tissues, size, layers, cavity and development.
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Two modes of feeding are:
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Suspension feeders by removing particles in the water column by filtering water.
Deposit feeders which retrieve nutrients via the sediment. |
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Describe Order Carnivora
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Polar bears: live in the artic whith adaptations such as larger paws for defence and swimming, thick fur and blubber for insulation and hibernation to avoid harsh extremities.
Otters: arose 3.3MYA and have adaptations such as high heat (homeotherm), insulating fur and modified respiratory system which includes high O2 in the haemoglobin. Pinnipeds: have three families, the phocidae (seals), otaridae (sea lions) and odobendidae (walrus) and have adaptations which include flipper for fast swimming, blubber for insulation, osmoregulation and high haemoglobin concerntrations. |
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Describe the Order Sirenia
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There are two families, the dugongs (dugondidae) and the manatees (trichidae) which feature adpatations such as large intestines, powerful diaphragms and dense bones.
Example: Extinct stellar sea cow. |
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Describe the Order Cretacea
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Includes the mysticetes (baleen whales) and the odonocetes (toothed whales) which converge on similar body shapes (fusiform) and thermoregulation (allows occupation of polar regions)
Mysticetes feed on zooplankton and odonocetes feed on small fish. |
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Describe dolphins and echolocation
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Releasing a click sound into the water and receiving the reflection. This reflection triggers neurons in the dolphin to work out whether prey is approaching/retreating/stationary and its surrounding environment. Interesting fact: Dolphins can determine density.
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Define a spring/neap tide
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Extreme tides (high/low) due to combined sun/moon gravitational pull.
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Describe tidal energy
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Tides are regular, predictable occurrences around the globe. The gravitational pull of the moon and the centripedal acceleration of earth orbiting a centre of mass causes tides to occur. To harvest tidal energy you need a tidal barrage which involves damming an estaury to harvest tide flow.
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Describe wave energy
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Two sources of energy from waves, potential and kinetic. The Pelamis sea snake harvests wave energy by movement of waves stretching and contracting the segments. (180m long, 4m wide) Another device is the oyster, which moves back and forward in shallow water generating energy for terrestrial power.
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Downsides of ocean energy include:
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High expense
Reliability of mechanics |
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Seven steps of oil and gas
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Source
Heat Migration Path Reservoir Seal/Cap Rock Traps Timing |
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Define Pollutant
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A substance which interferes with the natural biochemical processes indirectly and directly.
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List some natural pollutants:
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Methane
CO2 |
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Example of oil spills:
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Deepwater Horizon in 2010
Rena in 2011 |
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List some ways of mitigating oil spills:
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Containment booms
Vaccuming/Burning Manual clean up Counter chemicals |
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Describe the impact of debris in the ocean
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Intentional or unintentional distribution of debris in the ocean has detrimental affects of marine life. Example: Sea turtles mistake plastic bags for food source of jellyfish and drown.
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Describe the impact of anthropogenic noise in the ocean
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Masking of calls e.g. right whale communication decreased by 80%
Hearing damage e.g. beluga whale due to icebreaker ships Displacement e.g the harbour purpoise |
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List ways of mitigating anthropogenic noise:
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Seasonal exclusions
Moving shipping channels Bubble curtains to contain sound |
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What is New Zealands aquaculture goal for 2025?
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Have a 1 billion dollar profit from aquaculture that is clean and green.
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Negative impacts of aquaculture:
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Waste, nitrogen increases, harmful algal blooms, disease spread, cost of feeding fish and under farm habitats are anoxygenic (no/limited oxygen)
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Describe multitrophic aqualculture
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Surrounding fish farms with shellfish and seaweed beds in order to increases O2 contents and uptake wastes from fish.
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Explain green house gases:
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CO2,H2O and CH4 act like a cover trapping in chemical components of the earth under a blanket. Absorption and radiation of solar waves combined with chemical output increases the earths heat.
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Define overexploitation:
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The harvesting of a species at a rate higher than sustained by births.
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Describe Beverton-Holt model for maximum sustainable yield:
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Failed to account for competition between species, spatial and temporal variants, recruitment, and relied on accurate stock assessments.
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Describe discards
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The proportion of fisheries catch which is discarded as waste due to under size limit, market price or non target species. Over 95% of shrimp catch is discared and 65% of finfish trawls.
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Impact of discards
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Reduces survival of non target and target fish and alters the food web by providing abundances of food for scavengers such as sea birds.
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Describe bycatch
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The aspect of fisheries where non target species are sold or discarded due to unintentional catch in setnets and trawls. Bycatch includes dolphins, sharks, sea snakes and albatross.
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Mitigating bycatch includes:
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Rules to lower set nets if non target species caught
Protected areas Dyed baits Weights to hold down nets Ringer and beepers to alert predators |
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Define inertia
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The central force of earth in all aspects
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