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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the calculated age of the universe?
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15 billion years ago
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How do we know the age of the universe?
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red shift phenomenon
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What is the age of the solar system
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about 4.5 billion years
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How do we know the age of the solar system?
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the relationship between 87 rubidium and 87 strontium
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How much more is the surface pressure of Venus in relation to Earth
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90X
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How did the water end up on the surface of the water?
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volcanism following the loss of the early atmosphere
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What are the three most abundant cations?
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sodium, magnesium, and calcium
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What are the three most abundant anions?
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Chloride(most abundant part of seawater), sulfate, bicarbonate
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What is the best way to measure salinity?
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conductivity(K15)
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What are bio-unlimited elements?
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show no enrichment or depletion in surface waters due to biological activity(Cl, Na, K)
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What are bio-intermediate elements?
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show slight enrichment or depletion due to uptake and decay processes(coccoliths)
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What are bio-limiting organisms
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can be totally depleted and limit the growth of organisms(diatoms, radiolarions, N, P)
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What are conservative properties?
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Temperature, salinity, and bio-limiting elements
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non-conservative properties?
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effected by biology and chemistry- bio intermediate and bio limiting elements
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Where do anions come from?
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volcanism
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Where do cations come from?
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weathering of continental rocks
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What is the principle of constant composition?
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ratio of the concentration of any particular major ion to the total is essentially constant
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What 3 elements have the longest residence times?
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sodium, chloride and magnesium
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Which elements precipitate first to last(halite, calcite and gypsum)
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calcite, gypsum, halite
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What percent of the ocean (0-5 degrees and 35-35 o/oo salinity)
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75%
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What kind of circulation does the Mediterranean have
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"anti-estuarine"
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What is more thick continental crust or oceanic crust
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continental
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What is the bimodal distribution of Earth elevations due to?
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isostacy
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What are degrees of tilt for the following places: shelf, slope, rise
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shelf tilts less than .5; slope averages about 4; and rise about 1
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Who invented the H1-H4
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John Harrison
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Who proposed continental drift
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Alfred Wegener
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What term refers to convection currents in the mantle that could power the movement of crustal plates?
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seafloor spreading
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What happens when the dozen lithosphere plates collide
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forms mountains, volcanoes and earthquakes
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What is an example of an oceanic convergent margin?
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Aleutians
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What is an example of continental margin
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West coast of South America or Himalayas(continent against continent
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Where is an example of an oceanic divergent margin
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East African rift zone
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Where is an example of a continental divergent margin?
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East African rift zone
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Where is an example of a transform fault
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San Andreas fault
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Where do earthquakes occur
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at transform faults
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What records the history of magnetic reversals
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vertically layered lava sequences
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What is some evidence for tectonics
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distribution of earthquakes, geometric fit of continents, sediment age vs distance from ridge axis, linear features from isolated hot spots
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How man times has the earth's oceans been recycled?
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18 times
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What is an example of an ocean basin wannabe?
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East African Rift Valley
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What is an example of a baby basin
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Red Sea
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What are some phenomena explained by Plate tectonics?
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orogenesis, continental drift, volcanism, evolution of the climate of continents, and divergent evolution of once similar species
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What are the two major ways marine sediments are classified?
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by size and origin
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Which particles are stacked on the bottom: larger ones or smaller ones?
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larger ones
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Deep sea Sedimentation has two main sources for sediment: What are they?
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terrigenous material from land and biogenic from the sea
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What is the lysocline?
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depth below which carbonates start dissolving
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What is the CCD
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depth at which enough dissolution takes place that carbonates account for less than 20% of the sediment mass
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How does much of the sediment get to the deep sea?
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zooplankton
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What is a diurnal tide?
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one high and low per day: low tidal range
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What is a mixed tide?
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2 high and 2 low per day(heights of each hi/low different)
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What is a semi-diurnal tide?
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2 high and 2 low per day
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What exerts more gravitational attraction the moon or sun?
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moon
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What is the diurnal period
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24 hours and 50 minutes
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What happens during a spring tide?
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earth moon and sun aligned(very high tides and very low tides)
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What happens during a neap tide?
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earth moon and sun at 90 degree angle(low high tides and high low tides)
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What do cotidal lines connect
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points on the rotary wave that experience high tide at the same time
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What are corange circles
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lines connecting points which experience the same tidal range
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What temperature is water at its maximum density?
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4 degrees C
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Does seawater ever reach maximum density?
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No, it freezes before it can
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When does density increase in relation to T, S, and P
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temperature decreases, Salinity and pressure increase
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By how much does density differ between freshwater and salty seawater?
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3 degrees
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Low latitudes have much ______(greater or smaller) variation in density with depth than high latitudes?
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greater
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the potential temp(sigma-t) is the temp after removing influence of pressure and is always _____(less or more) than the in-situ temp
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LESS
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What is the pycnocline?
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region of most rapid change in density
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Does speed increase with increasing temperature towards _______(surface or bottom)
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surface
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Does speed increase w/ increasing pressure towards _________(bottom or surface)
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bottom
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When is a wave referred to as a deep water wave
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when waves in water with depth > half the wave length
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When is a wave referred to as a shallow wave
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when water depth < 1/20 wavelength
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What is it called when the maximum fetch and duration are reached for a wave?
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"fully developed sea"
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When do waves break?
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when height exceeds 1/7 of wavelength
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What is a longer period wave that can propagate for great distances with little energy loss?
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swell
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What is the change in direction associated with a change of speed as waves encounter shallow water and change speed?
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wave refraction
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Change in pressure across a ________(horizontal or vertical) distance is a pressure gradient?
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horizontal
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The rotation of the earth strong influences what?
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winds
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Where is deflection greater?
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high latitudes
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What are the 3 major convection cells?
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hadley, ferrel, polar
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Where do no to little winds occur?
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at doldrums and horse latitudes
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What way do winds blow when there is a high pressure inside and low pressure outside?
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clockwise
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What is the spiraling pattern described by changes in water direction and speed w/ depth?
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ekman spiral
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What is the net transport of water by wind-induced motion?
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ekman transport
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What two factors equal when there is a geostrophic flow>
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pressure gradient equals Coriolis effect
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By how much is water bumped up in the gyre?
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one meter
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Which direction is the geostrophic mound deflected to?
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west
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Where is an example where westward intensification leads to strong western boundary currents?
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Gulf Stream
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Are warm rings south or north of the gulf stream
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NORTH
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Convergent surface flow leads to ________(up or downwelling)
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downwelling
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Upwelling results in Ekman transport ________(offshore or onshore)
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offshore
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