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135 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which type of environment is associated with extremely large cetacean group sizes |
pelagic/open ocean |
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What species of cetacean is well known for its life long pair bond between allied males |
bottlenose dolphin |
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Which marine mammals' social structure is organized into matrilines, pods, clans, and communites |
Killer whales (Orcas) |
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The effect of grouping commonly known as "safety in numbers" |
"encounter dilution" effect |
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Mysticetes are typically solitary foragers, except for which species |
Humpback whale |
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The type of mating system in pinnipeds that leads to extreme competition among males |
polygyny |
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Type of mating system that involves sequential pairing between one male and one female over a breeding season |
serial monogamy |
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Selection of suitable pinniped rookery sites depends heavily on the absence of |
terrestrial predators |
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Type of breeding habitat that lends itself towards serial monogamy strategy |
pack ice |
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Sub-type of polygyny focuses on defending territory rather than defending females |
Resource defense polygyny |
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This group of marine mammals often produces calls below the range of human hearing (<20 Hz) |
mysticetes (baleen whales) |
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Whistles are high-frequency tonal sounds that are a signature of these marine mammals |
odontocetes |
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Group of marine mammals that frequently use 'trills' as part of their aquatic breeding strategy |
phocids (true seals) |
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Marine mammals that make a unique "bell" and "gong" sounds as part of their mating display behavior |
walruses (Odobenids) |
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The aggressive "clap threat" vocalization is a key sound of this species |
elephant seal |
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This force is the major factor preventing movement of a body in water |
drag
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In this type of boundary layer flow, water separates from the surface and comes off in eddies |
turbulent flow |
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This type of perpendicular hydrodynamic force is dependent on the shape of the body |
form drag |
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Swimming at or near the surface results in this resistant force |
wave drag |
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The metabolic energy required to move one unit of body weight over a unit of distance is called |
cost of transport |
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this type of social group in Sarasota bottlenose dolphins is thought to increase mating success |
male-male pair bonds |
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This typically happens to an elephant seal male within 1-2 years of his most successful breeding season |
death |
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This physical property can be used to determine the boundaries of odontocete melons using CT scans |
density |
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In elephant seals, the number of males copulating increases with increasing _____ |
harem size/number of females |
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This category of manatee vibrissae can detect hydrodynamic stimuli |
postfacial body hairs |
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The type of social system where animals join up to form large groups when foraging and split into smaller groups when resting |
fission/fusion |
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This environment that tends to have 'resident' animals and smaller, fluid groups |
coastal/inshore |
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What do social groups derive from their interactions? |
benefits |
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This is the optimal size for killer whale group hunting harbor seals |
3 |
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The term that describes taking care of offspring other than your own |
alloparental care |
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Phocids typically employ this type of pup rearing strategy |
fasting strategy |
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Otariids use what type of pup-rearing strategy |
foraging-cycle strategy |
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The type of habitat that is associated with very short lactation periods |
pack ice |
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This sub-type of polygyny focuses on defending against rival males rather than defending a territory |
female/harem defense |
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The mating strategy where males use elaborate display behaviors to attract mates |
lek/lekking |
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This species produces "songs" composed of repeating elements, phrases and themes |
Humpback whale |
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This group of marine mammals are far more vocal on land than in water |
Otariids |
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On crowded pinniped rookeries, using a unique call is important for |
mother/pup recognition |
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In pinnipeds, more frequent vocalizations and richer repertoire is associated with a higher degree of |
polygyny |
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Barking calls by adults of this species typically indicates submission |
walrus |
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what is the ideal shape for a body moving through water |
tear-drop/fusiform/torpedo |
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Dividing a body's length by its maximum diameter give what |
fineness ratio (FR) |
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Shorter pelage will reduce this type of drag |
friction drag |
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In what type of boundary layer flow does fluid flow undisturbed in parallel lines |
laminar flow |
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what type of drag is most commonly observed in ariplane wings and marine mammal appendages |
lift-induced drag |
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In odontocetes, the diameter of the melon can filer out what |
low frequency sounds |
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What is the metric used to determine the strength of the social bond between two male bottlenose dolphins |
Coefficient of association (COA) |
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On Ano Nuevo Island, up to 43% of pup mortality can be attributed to |
male-male competition |
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According to LeBoeuf (1974) what it the age limit for elephant seals on Ano Nuevo Island |
14 years |
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What is she anatomical structure in manatees defined by "substantial innervation, a dense connective tissue capsule and a prominent circumferential blood sinus complex" |
follicle-sinus complex (FSC) |
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What process moves nutrient rich, deep water along the ocean basins of the word |
thermocline-circulation |
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What is typically the limiting factor for phytoplankton growth in the euphotic zone |
nitrogen |
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Which marine regions typically have the most primary productivity in summer |
Subpolar (high-latitude) regions |
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Which statement about the aerobic dive limit (ADL) is FALSE |
ADL increases with higher metabolism |
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Which of the following is NOT an adaptation to increase ADL |
Decreased amount of blood vessels in lung alveoli |
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What odontocete feeding strategy involves retracting the tongue like a piston, and is used by species with a reduced number of teeth |
suction feeding |
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which type of baleen whale feeds on benthic invertebrates by sucking up and filtering out bottom sediments |
Gray whale |
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Which baleen whale feeds by skimming the surface for zooplankton |
Right whale |
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Which strategy will reduce heat loss in marine mammals? |
having a body temperature closer to the ambient temperature. |
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Deep-diving marine mammals have photoreceptors that absorb light best at which wavelengths? |
480 (Blue) |
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Which of the following is NOT an adaptation for hearing in odotocetes |
An enlarged tympanic membrane (ear drum) |
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A thicker and stiffer basilar membrane is an adaptation for |
hearing at higher frequencies |
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List the Oder-Species name of a bottlenose dolphin |
Order: Cetaceans Suborder: Odontocetes Family: Delphinidae Genus: Tursiops Species: Truncatus |
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List identification characteristics of mysticetes |
1. Baleen 2. Two blowholes |
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List the identification characteristics of Odontocetes |
1. Echolocation 2. Asymmetrical skull 3. One blowhole |
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List the identification characteristics of Sea Lions |
1. External pinnae 2. Can walk on land using hind flippers |
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Dolphins |
1. Falcate dorsal fin 2. Echolocation 3. Conical Teeth 4. One blowhole 5. Asymmetrical Skull |
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Porpoises |
1. Triangular dorsal fin 2. Echolocation 3. Spatulate Teeth 4. One Blowhole 5. Asymmetrical Skull |
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The anatomical adaptation that allows manatees to digest food with a high amount of cellulose |
long intestine |
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The regions where food concentrates in the marine environment from physical forces |
Convergence zones, Eddies, or Fronts |
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The skull adaptation of the cetacean skull that makes it longer than that of its terrestrial ancestor |
Telescoping |
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The anatomical adaptation in cetacean teeth that makes all their teeth look the same |
homodont dentition |
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The basal ancestor of modern pinnipeds |
Enaliarctos |
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The only extant member of the Family Physteridae |
sperm whale
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What is the physical force responsible for ocean surface currents |
wind
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What is the physical force/process responsible for thermohaline circulation |
ice formation |
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Where do "new" nutritents come from that enter the ocean's sunlit surface layer |
upwelling |
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Region that tends to generate the LEAST primary productivity |
open ocean |
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What are the two important processes that occur in mammalian diving reflex |
1. Bradycardia: slowing of the heart rate
2. Peripheral vascoconstriction: shut down of blood vessels. |
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what is the process that maintains water and electrolyte balance in on organism |
osmoregulation |
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The kidney structure in marine mammals that is elongated, allowing them to concentrate their urine above the osmolarity of seawater |
Loop of Henle |
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What shape of the kidney allows for marine mammals to produce large quantities of urine |
Lobed (reniculated) or large |
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What are the structures in the skull that enable marine mammals to reduce respiratory water loss |
nasal turbinates (think nose hair!) |
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What is the unique arrangement of blood vessels that allows them to minimize heat loss at the skin's surface |
counter-current heat exchange (periarterial venous rete PAVR) |
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What are the 3 physical factors that determine the rate of heat loss in a given substance |
1. Conductance 2. Surface Area 3. temperature gradient |
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What structure in the eye reflects light bact to the photoreceptors after it has passed through the retina |
tapetum lucidum |
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What adaptation of the pinniped ear allows the auditory bulla to fill with fluid (blood) and reduce the amount of air in this space |
carvernous tissure |
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What anatomical structure is primarily responsible for producing sound used in echolocation |
Dorsal Bursa Complex (monkey lips) |
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In Monterey Bay, wind-driven upwelling leads to increased primary productivity and supports a large number of what organism |
euphausiids (krill) ----> Blue whales |
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What are the two types of circular swimming patterns used by humpback whales to create bubble nets |
1. Double-loop 2. upward-spiral |
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Balaenidae |
Right whales, bowhead whales |
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Ziphiidae |
Beaked whales |
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Balaenopteridae |
Blue whales, Humpback whales, "Roquals" |
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Ursidae |
Polar Bears |
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Delphinidae |
Bottlenose dolphin, Orcas |
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Dugongidae |
Dugongs |
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Trichechidae |
Manatees |
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Pontoporiidae |
La Plata (Franciscana) dolphin |
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Eschrichtiidae |
Grey Whale |
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Plantanistidae |
Ganges/Indus River dolphin |
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Iniidae |
Amazon River Dolphin |
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Physeteridae |
sperm whale |
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Kogiidae |
pygmy and dwarf sperm whale |
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Phocoenidae |
Porpoises |
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Monodontidae |
Narwhals, beluga |
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Phocidae |
True seals |
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Mustelidae |
Sea Otter |
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Otariidae |
seals and sea lions |
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Neobalaenidae |
pygmy right whale |
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Odobenidae |
Walrus |
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Why do cetaceans live in social systems |
1. increased access to mates 2. Protection from predators 3. Cooperative foraging |
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What are the costs of social systems |
1. Share resources (prey) 2. Competition for mating 3. Heirarchial group structure 4. Increased disease transmission |
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What is an aggregate |
defined by physical proximity, not necessarily social, gregarious. |
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What is a group |
long-term aggregate, derive benefit from interaction, social |
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What 2 factors determine social system formation |
Environment and Reproduction |
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How does environment determine social system structure |
1. Exposure to predation 2. Prey behavior and availability 3. Prey Schooling 4. Encounter Dilution effect |
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How does Reproduction determine social system structure |
1. Dependency of offspring 2. Protection of offspring form predation 3. Location of feeding and breeding sites |
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What are the Odontocete reproduction patterns |
calf interval: 2-8 years weaning time: 0.5-10 years mothers feed during lactation |
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What are the Mysticete reproduction patterns |
calf-interval: 1-3 years weaning time: 5-12 months mothers fast during lactation period |
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What is a fusion social system |
tendency to form large groups at night when feeding |
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What is a fission social system |
split off into smaller groups during the daytime |
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What three types of social systems do Dolphins form |
1. Male-male Alliances 2. Reproductive groups (fusion/fission) 3. Juvenile groups (fusion/fission) |
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What are the components of Sperm whale social systems |
1. Small (7-11) 2. Matrilineal 3. Babysitting (drive formation) 4. Interactions with other breeding groups 5. Female bonds based on cooperative care 6. Staggered diving |
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What 3 types of Killer whale social groups |
1. Resident (large, stable) 2. Trasnisents (small, fluid) 3. Offshore (large, fluid?) |
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what do matrilines in killer whale social systems consist of |
1. 2-9 individuals, age 3-6 2. rarely separate 3. close proximity |
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What are 2+ matrilines called |
pod |
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what are multiple pods called |
clan |
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what are multiple clans called |
communities |
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what are the benefits of mixed species groups |
1. Enhanced echolocation 2 Enhanced prey detection |
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Define the social system of mysicetes |
1. solitary (except humpback=gregarious) 2. Promiscuous 3. feed on schooling prey 4. large 5. aggregations due to feeding and breeding habitats. |
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What factors structure group formations in pinnipeds |
1. generally solitary 2. fish hearding, rare 3. thermoregulation 4. Predator free oceanic islands |
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What are the Reproduction characteristics of pinnipeds |
1. Parturition/estrous cycle 2. Seasonal 3. synchronous 4. estrus soon after parturition |
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What type of feeding strategy do large phocids use during lactation periods |
fasting strategy (short lactation) |
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What type of feeding strategy do small phocids and otariids use during lactation periods |
Foraging strategy (longer lactation) |
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What are the 3 foraging groups in pinnipeds |
1. mother/pups 2. adult males 3. juveniles |
