Marine Bio Test 3

Front 1

Distribution of biogenous (shells of living organisms) sediments depends on what three processes?

Back 1

productivity
destruction
dilution

Front 2

what are the two types of biogenous sediments?

Back 2

Neritic Deposits(carbonate and stromatolites)

Pelagic Deposits (siliceous ooze and calcareous ooze and the CCD)

Front 3

these are layers of carbonate and cyanobacteria where mucus is formed and clay attached to create layers.. forming a bulb of carbonate

Back 3

Stromatolites

Front 4

these types of deposites are of carbonate minerals containing CO3 (primarily limestone)
...most limestones contain fossil shells.

Back 4

Carbonate deposits

Front 5

what are the two types of pelagic deposits?

Back 5

siliceous ooze
calcareous ooze

Front 6

how are siliceous oozes formed?

Back 6

siliceous tests are accumulated faster than the sea can dissolve them (many sink at the same time)
once the deposit of siliceous ooze is on the sea floor, they become buried beneath other siliceous tests and are are no longer exposed to the dissolving effects of seawater

Front 7

how are calcareous oozes formed?

Back 7

high CO2 in the deep ocean causes carbonic acid to form which causes calcium carbonate dissolution.

Front 8

What is the CCD

Back 8

CCD is the Calcite Compensation Depth
-calcareous bodies dissolve below this line (undersaturation) due to the CO2 the water is able to hold at that depth (CO2 dissolves calcareous bodies)
-at the CCD : rate of calcareous sediment accumulation = rate the sediments dissolve
-Above the CCD there is accumulation of sediments (supersaturation)

Front 9

calcareous oozes can be found at greater depths due to what?

Back 9

sea floor spreading

Front 10

where are calcium carbonate oozes found?

Back 10

near mid ocean ridges where there is sea floor spreading

Front 11

____________ are minerals that precipitate directly from the sea water

Back 11

hydrogenouse sediments

Front 12

sources of hydrogenous sediments

Back 12

submerged rock and sediments
hydrothermal vents
leaching of crust at ocean ridges

Front 13

types of hydrogenous sediments

Back 13

manganese modules
carbonates
phosphates
metal sulfides

Front 14

these sediments are small proportioned compared to biogenous sediments

Back 14

hydrogenous

Front 15

what are evaporites?

Back 15

minerals that form when seawater evaporates

Front 16

the ______ ocean has abyssal clay and the _______ ocean has calcareous sediment

Back 16

Due to its subduction zones , the pacific ocean has abyssal clay which accumulates due to the deeper water

Front 17

Pelagic and Neritic Sediment Distribution:
Distribution is controlled by...?

Back 17

proximity to source of lithogenous sediment

productivity of microscopic marine organisms

sea floor features

Front 18

distribution of silaceous oozes, abysal clay, and calcareous ooze amongst the atlantic, pacific, and indian

Back 18

most to least:
Calcareous oozes...
1 Atlantic ocean
2 Indian ocean
3 Pacific oean

silaceous oozes...
1Indian ocean
2pacific ocean
3 Atlantic ocean

Abyssal clay...
1 Pacific ocean
2 Atlantic ocean
3 Indian ocean (so close to atl ocean)

Front 19

why is the Atlantic ocean bottom covered by much more sediment than the Pacific Ocean bottom?

Back 19

-atlantic is fed by many rivers
-atlantic basin is smaller
-Pacific ocean has namy oceanic trenches to trap sediments

Front 20

shore

Back 20

zone that lies between the lowest tide level and the highest elevation on land that is affected by storm waves

Front 21

the ____________ extends inland from the shore as far as the ocean related features can be found

Back 21

coast

Front 22

what marks the boundary between the shore and the coast

Back 22

coastline

Front 23

parts of the shore:

Back 23

backshore and foreshore

Front 24

the highest storm waves are found at the...

Back 24

coastline

Front 25

what is the beach? what is it made of?

Back 25

-it's the entire active area of a coast affected by waves
-split into nearshore and shore

Front 26

order of the coastal region landmarks from the ocean to land:

Back 26

offshore

beach [NEARSHORE and SHORE(foreshore, backshore)]

Coast

Front 27

this is the entire active area of a coast affected by waves

Back 27

the beach

Front 28

shore and its components:

Back 28

backshore: avove high tide line (only covered with water during storms)

foreshore: from low tide water line to high tide line

Front 29

______ is the low tide breaker to low tide shoreline area

Back 29

nearshore

Front 30

________ is beyond low tide breaking waves

Back 30

offshore

Front 31

the is the wet, sloping surface that extends from the berm to the shoreline

Back 31

the Beach face

Front 32

where sediment runs parallel to the shore
this is at the foot of the dunes and marks the normal limit of sand deposition by wave action

Back 32

berm

Front 33

what is the berm?

Back 33

the dry, gently sloping region at the foot of the coastal cliffs or dunes. It is often composed of sand (favorite place for beach goers).

Front 34

what is the beach face?

Back 34

the wet, sloping sureface that extends from the berm to the shoreline
(favorite place for runners because sand is wet and hard packed)

Front 35

berm crest

Back 35

peaked top of highest berm

Front 36

beach scarp

Back 36

base of the berm carved by wave action at high tide

Front 37

longshore trough

Back 37

below the low tide mark, wave action, backwash and longshore currents excavate this trough parallel to shore

Front 38

longshore bars

Back 38

irregular bars of sand parallel to coast (submerged or exposed)

Front 39

composition of beaches

Back 39

formed from locally available material... (coarse or fine grained)

boulders from local cliffs
sand from rivers
mud from rivers
(biological material on tropical beaches)

Front 40

how is sediment transported along the coast?

Back 40

swash and backwash
longshore current

Front 41

parallel movement of sand along beach

Back 41

longshore current (up-coast or down-coast)

Front 42

during what season will there be heavy wave activity where backwash dominates and sediment is moved away from the shore

Back 42

winter

Front 43

during the summer, there is light wave activity and....

wide or narrow beaches (berms)?
flattened or steep beach faces?
swash or backwash dominates?
longshore bars present or absent?

Back 43

wide, sandy berms
steep beach faces
swash dominates
longshore bars are absent

Front 44

what is longshore current?

Back 44

current that moves sediment along the shoreline between (surf zone and upper limit of wave action)

Front 45

what are the two types of coasts?

Back 45

erosional and depositional

Front 46

this kind of coast results in sediment loss and is rocky

Back 46

erosional coast

Front 47

features of erosional coasts:

Back 47

sea arches
sea caves
blowholes
sea cliffs
sea stacks
wave cut benches

Front 48

the rate of erosion of erosional coasts depends on....?

Back 48

hardness and resistance of rocks
violence of the wave shock
local tidal range

Front 49

factors that effect erosional coasts?

Back 49

land erosion
sea lvl change
volcanism
plate techtonics

Front 50

these types of coasts are low energy coasts that rarely get battered by large waves (gulf of Mexico)

Back 50

depositional coasts

Front 51

depositional coast features

Back 51

dominated by sediment (beaches)
tombolo
barrier islands
deltas
lagoons

Front 52

list in order the anatomy of barrier islands from the ocean to the lagoon

Back 52

ocean
ocean beach
dune
barrier flat
salt marsh
lagoon

Front 53

this part of the barrier island is stabilized by grasses and protects the lagoon from strong storms

Back 53

dunes

Front 54

body of water between barrier island and mainland

Back 54

lagoon

Front 55

types of deltas

Back 55

wave dominated delta
-more erosion than deposition (smooth shoreline)

river dominated delta
-deposits more sediments than can be taken away

tide dominated deltas
-parallel to river flow