Marine Bio Module #5 Cards

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Phylum Mollusca

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commonly called mollusks, has more representative species in the ocean than any other group; found in every major marine habitat; includes clams, abalone, cone shells, squid, and octopuses; they may look different, but share common traits; they have a bilaterally symmetric, soft body protected by a shell; the soft body is covered by a mantle; they also have somewhat complex nervous systems and a digestive tract

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Shell

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made up of calcium carbonate that protects the mollusk from the elements and predators, also provides body support

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Mantle

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a sheath of tissue surrounding the organs of a mollusk, producing the mollusk’s shell and performing respiration

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Foot

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a muscle used for locomotion, anchoring, or obtaining food

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Gills

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exchange gases with the surrounding water

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Radula

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an organ covered with hundred of small teeth, used for scraping food into the mouths of mollusks

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Class Gastropoda

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contains organisms commonly known as snails; gastro means stomach, pod means foot; they display a stomach-foot body shape; they are basically a coiled mass of organs surrounded by a dorsal shell and they rest on a ventral crawling foot

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Operculum

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a horny plate that forms a lid over the opening of the shell when the head and foot are pulled inside; acts like the door to a house, keeping predators from getting inside the shell and moisture then getting out

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Class Bivalvia

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made up of organisms such as mussels, clams, oysters, and scallops; bivalves have a hinged, two-piece (bi-valve) shell; they lack radulas and do not have a very noticeable head; have large and elaborate gills used for gas exchange and also for filtering food particles from the water; tiny cilia on the gills beat back and forth, creating a current that pulls in the water so that plankton and food particles can be trapped by the gills and swept to the mouth

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Siphons

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suck in and expel sea water

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Byssal threads

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some bivalves have these to attach themselves to rocks

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Class Cephalopoda

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most complex of the mollusks; “cephal” means head, “pod” means “foot” (head-footed); squid, octopus, cuttlefish, nautilus; carnivorous predators; have sucker-lined tentacles; have well-developed sense organs; large brains; they can camouflage themselves; most have a small internal mantle shell (squid) or no shell at all (octopus); they have complex eyes with a retina, cornea, iris and lens; have a brain that coordinates information; very agile swimmers due to the mantle; its body is protected by a muscular mantle enclosing its gills

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Chromatophore

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what allows them to camouflage and change colors according to their surroundings

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Chitin

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a derivative of carbohydrates that provides both flexibility and support

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Open circulatory system

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a circulatory system in which blood flows out of the blood vessels and into body cavities, where it comes in direct contact with cells

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Closed circulatory system

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a circulatory system in which the blood always remains in vessels

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Hermaphroditic

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a species in which an individual can produce both male and female gametes

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Phylum Arthropoda

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(means joint-foot) more species in this phylum than any other phyla combined; found in all types of environments; common names are shrimp, lobsters, barnacles, crabs; they are all bilaterally symmetric; bodies are covered with a jointed suit of armor encompassing their abdomens, appendages and mouthparts

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Exoskeleton

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jointed suit of armor that encompasses their whole body; made of chitin

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Chitin

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a tough, flexible material that makes up an exoskeleton

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Class Crustacea

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most marine arthropods are in this class; considered ‘insects’ of the sea; shrimp, crab, lobsters; have gills for obtaining oxygen; specialized appendages for swimming; exoskeleton hardened by calcium carbonate; two antennae to help in sensing their surroundings

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Copepods

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abundant food group among planktons; some filter water for their food; others capture prey and some are parasitic; have an enlarged set of antennae that help them float in the water

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Barnacles

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commonly mistaken for mollusks because of their calcium plates surrounding their bodies; true crustacean; feeds by their ‘legs’ which are feather-like sweeping the water which capture plankton; while feeding, it extends out of its protective plates while feeding

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Amphipods / Isopods

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slightly larger than 1 cm in length; amphipods have laterally compressed bodies; isopods have ventrally flattened bodies; both are found among seaweeds and on seashores, among plankton, and even burrow in the skin of whales or fish

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Krill

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slightly larger than amphipods and isopods; grow to about 5 cm; planktonic; resemble shrimp; filter feeder that eat other plankton

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Head, thorax, abdomen

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most arthropods typically have this

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Cephalothorax

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the anterior part of an arthropod body, consisting of a head and other body segments fused together

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Carapace

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an armored shield that covers the anterior portion of crustaceans

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Order Decapoda

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shrimp, lobsters, crabs; means 10 legs; largest of marine arthropods; 5 pairs of legs for walking, first is usually larger and are claws to obtain food and defend

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Maxillipeds

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bottom-dwelling crustaceans have these appendages near their mouths which are used to maneuver food into the mouth

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Compound eyes

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2 eyes made up of light-sensitive receptors

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Class Pycnogonida

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commonly called sea spiders; not true spiders; have 8+ paired legs and a tiny body; feed on soft invertebrates and are found in cold waters

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Class Merostomata

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known as horseshoe crabs but are not true crabs; live on soft bottoms of shallow water; have a horseshoe-shaped carapace covering their 10 paired legs; living fossil

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Phylum Echinodermata

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marine phylum; sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars (called echinoderms); radially symmetric; larval forms are not radially symmetric but instead bilaterally symmetric (radial symmetry is secondary); have oral and aboral sides

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Pentamerous

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means their radial symmetry is based on 5 radiating parts

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Endoskeleton

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echinoderms skeletons are actually endoskeleton that form from the internal tissues of the animal

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Water vascular system

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a network of water-filled canals in echinoderms that is used for locomotion and feeding

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Tube feet

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tiny extensions of canals within an echinoderm's water vascular system that, when filled with water, extend for locomotion as well as sensory, respiratory and excretory duties

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Madreporite

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what most species contains to connect their water vascular system to the outside, located on the aboral surface

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Class Asteroidea

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commonly called sea stars or starfish; found on sandy bottoms, turtle grass beds, or under rocks and coral at depths greater than 1 meter; most have 5 arms that radiate from a central disc

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Ambulacral groove

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a channel along the oral surface of echinoderms through which the tube feet protrude

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Class Ophiuroidea

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known as brittle stars; smaller than most echinoderms and are found on rocky bottoms and coral reefs; most have 5 arms but are long, thin and flexible to aid in movement; tube feet are used more for feeding while their arms are used for locomotion; eat tiny animals and bits of organic matter that they find on the ocean floor; have the simplest digestive system; have a mouth, esophagus, and a sac-like stomach but no intestines or anus; sensitive to light

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Class Echinoidea

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includes sea urchins, sea biscuits and sand dollars

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Aristotle’s lantern

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sea urchin’s mouth is made up of a system of muscles and five teeth

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Class Holothuroidea

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commonly known as sea cucumbers; sausage-shaped and have no notable radial symmetry; have 5 rows of tube feet extending along their bodies

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Coelomic fluid

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most echinoderm’s bodies are filled with this fluid that transports nutrients and gases throughout their bodies

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Phylum Chordata

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very diverse group; zooplankton, large fish and whales

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Notochord

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a flexible supportive rod that runs the length of the body of the chordates

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Dorsal nerve cord

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a long bundle of nerve cells located along the dorsal part of an organism’s body

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Pharyngeal pouches

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folds of skin on all of chordates neck during their embryonic development that develop openings to allow water to flow over the gills located inside the pouches

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Subphylum Urucordata (tunicates)

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entirely marine; called this because adults cover themselves with a leather-like tunic

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Subphylum Cephalochordata (lancelets)

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less than 30 species; shaped like a fish