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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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North Pacific currents
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north pacific current
californis current north equatorial current kuroshaio current |
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endo pacific aka south pacific currents and subsurface currents
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3 gyres
richest and most diverse area west wind drift - main driving force peru current subsurface current = kromwelt current when peru and kromwelt flow together --> major upwelling off ov western south america south equotorial current east australian current |
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north atlantic current
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gulf stream current
north atlantic current canary current north equotorial current |
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what do gyres make
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seas
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what do the north atalantic currents enclose
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sargasso sea - sargussum plant is a brown algae that exclussiely lives there and supports a large ecosystem
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rate of currents
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rate is faster and narrower on the west side and slower and wider on the east side (more nutrient rich) known as western intensification. causes be the earths roation causes the corioles effect which affects rate of curretns.
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currents are used for?
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transport of organisms
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geostrophic flow
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wind that results from the corioles force and the pressure gradient being in balance
water is driven to the center of the basin becasue of the corioles force. the center of the basin is higher then the edges. therefore the water runs downhill in a clockwise in the northern hemisphere which helps provide the energy needed to drive the currents. |
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el nino
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equotorial counter current picks up steam in the early winter and runs against the peru current and with the CA counter current, a density current = the stronger the density the stronger the flow so it is influence by water runoff, to bring warm water. pushes the other cold currents off shore. low nutient levels reults in ecosystems having to move to survive.
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flow of current
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open ocean currents flow east to west
boundry currents flow north to south |
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which side of gyre is most nutrient rich
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east
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haloplankton
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entire life in waer column
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meroplankton
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entire life not in the water column
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reproductive strategy
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broadcast approach is a buckshot approach. a lot of eggs and sperm in hope that they will meet. most succesful in moving water hence global and local currents. want to get away from parents so they dont compete for the same resources. no real investment on the part of the parents
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teloplantic larvae stage
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extended period as larvae
can be meroplanktin or haloplanktin |
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how can the period of time spent as larvae be extended
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enviromental factors such as cold water. cold water slows process. drop eggs at lower depth to extend the process.
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larve are genetically programed to
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move to best current flow for greatest dispersal, salinity, and temperature. can monitor preadtires. regulate amount of lige.
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two type
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planktotrophic - long time, hunt fro food
lacithotrophic - shorter time, yolk sac |
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how do they recognize each other
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chemical attractions
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goals of larvae
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suitable place where in no competiontion with adults
find areas where adults are to reproduce remain larvae as long as possible because it is easier to be a kid, less metabolically demanding adn less competition |
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gametic survival stratgies
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release of very large numbers
synchronized release of gamtes ability to manuevuer = good mixing ability to swarm sperm released during low water motion times use of isolated pools at low tide to diminish dilution of gametes sperm release in viscous fluids counteract dilution effects aperms chemical ability production of large eggs |
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larval survival strategy
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internal brooding by parents
release of large number at one time ability to move to favorable ares extension of larve life by envorinment small size |
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key goals
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find suitable habitat
exist in larval stage for as long as possible survive predation by other animals |
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key anatomical features
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small size
numerours appendages and body extension to increase surface area large eyes being transparents and/or very gelantaneous |
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stepping stones
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island or island groups act as steps to dispersal of some organisms or group of organisms. the closer proximity of the island clusters to each other, the easier it should be for dispersal of organisms
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eddies
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the flow of water that is created between island groups, around islands, and between currents along cosastlines that may prevent larvae from dispersing to far. this explains why the concentraion of larvae arounf islands and coral reefs are so high.
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east pacific barrier
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that stretch of open water extending from the hawaiin islands to the costs of the north, central, and south americas. a difficult physical barrier for most organisms to cross.
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dispersion patterns
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dispersion is generally west to east.
more species on islands than mainlands becasue the corioloes effect drives water toward the islands. far moe pacific forms in the atlantic than atlantic forms in the pacific becasue the pacific in newer more harsh the animals are more adaptive. there was a connection between the two. |
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anti-tropical dispersion
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there si a pttern seen in both terreterial and benthin marine froms of animal and in terrestial and intertidal/subtidal forms of plant where their presence is seen in temperate to subplaor latitueds in the both the southern and northern hemisphere, but where thay are absent in the tropical region inbetwee. the tropics seem to be an impossibel barrier.
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phytoplankton and productivity
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small to microscopic froms of algae that passively drift or freely swim int he water column, capable of performing photosynthesis nad acccounts ofr 95% of all marine productivity.
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size in plankton
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femto
pico ultra nano micro meso macro mega |
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how do they move
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special appendeges:
cilia ot flagella to swim oil droplets- mor oil you rise, less oil you sink |
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why do they move
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obtain the right amoutn of light to do photosynthesis.
too much light = destruction of nuclear DNA not enouhg light = no photosyntheses |
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ability to control climate
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more photosyntheseis, the less CO2 in atmosphere.
Iron and phosphates and some nitrogen are the limiting factor for algae growth Some say ironize the ocean but there is No gurantee which forms of alage will grow.. could be toxic forms. and some produce shells of calcium carbonate. The single cells die. So left with shells that decay and release dimethyl sulfide. Dimethyl sulfide causes clouds. It is iatrical to cloud formation. Cloud traps heat. |
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biological pump
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phytoplankton make their own organic matter from dissolved carbon dioxide, which is ultimately drawn out of the atmosphere. when phytoplankton die and sink to the bottom, carbon is removed from contact with the atmosphere for hundrers of years, until the ocean currents bring the carbon back up. aka - the phytoplankton act as a biological pump that transports carbon to the ocean deep.
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cloud formation
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clouds are fromed by dimethyl sulfide. clouds trap heat.
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compensation depth
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the depth int he water column where the rate of photosynthesis equals the rate of respiration.
trophogenic = water above this depth. tropholytic = water below this depth. |
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types of photoplankton
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cyanophyta
coccolithophores diatoms donofalggellates |
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cyanophyta
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kingdom monera.
species trichodesium. blue algae so blue colored has accesory pigments that produce other colors such as red |
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coccolithophores
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kingdom plantae. calcium carbonate shells decay into dimethyl sulfide.
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diatoms
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kingdom plantae. outer shell fo two pieces like a petri dish. either centric or pennate. aseual reproduction.
coscinodiscus - perfectly centric. rhizosolenia - pennate. Chaetoceros – centric, from side it has long hair-like extension. If two organisms get too close they tangle up which they do purposely to increase surface area to sink slower. Found in chains not in bunches. Asterionella – pinnate, froms star like to sink slower Nitzschia – pinnate, never seen by itself. Secrete a mucas shealth to hold themselves together to sink slower. move together towards or away from each other. Bizarre because they slide together. |
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dinoflagellates
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kingdom plantae. two flagella. naked or armored. Nasty toxic chemicals that have accessory pigments to turn red. Results in red tide. Kills fish.
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biomass pyramaid
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graphic way of representing the amount of productivity present or available at each step in a food cahin. there is the energy pyramaid which shows how much energy is available fro each step. then there is the biomass pyramaid whcih appears upside down because the pytoplankton can produce more for their size, yet have increidble turnover and reproduction rates.
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sharks vs true bony fish
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scales like sandpaper. scales smooth.
body is streamlined. body shape is variable. endoskeleton of cartilgae. ture bone. very oily liver, no swimbladder. swimbladder. sprial valve. no spiral valve. neutral body covers. all manner of colors. solitary in habit. schools are more common. tail with two lobes of unequal size. lobes equal size. dorsal fin prominenet. not prominet. increadible sense of smell. sense of smell not as acute generall has teeh. generally without teeth. fast random swimming. slow with fast bursts. generally large. small to large. birtihng by complex = leathery egg casees called mermaids purses, young within mother each with own yolk sac, and within mother each with placental attachment. birthing via many smal, unshelled eggs. eyes good. eyes good. almost all agressive. only few aggresive. several gill slit opening. only one external gill opening. generally preators. generall not. lateral line system well developed. same. |
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new findings on sharks
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there are not just eating machines or lam-brained noses.
some of their behaviore are far more reminescent of birds and mammals, than even in some true bony fishes. shark brains are huge. their brain to body weight ratio is mroe comparable to that found in birds and mammals than to other fishes. sharks are literally covered in sense organs. have good vision and can see color. have directional earing. a third eye is present in deap see forms on the top of the head. social rituals based on the ability to sense electrical signals. |
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deep sea organisms
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size
colors biochemical processes food gathering strategies mating strategies |
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size
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large or small.
body composition: weak and flaccid, very skinny alomst skeletal, firm bodied, elongate covered with a light producing tissue almost like a sheet os mucus |
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colors
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black, dark blue, brown, marron red, silver sided, transparent, and somew tih spiny or armoursed protection.
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biochemical physiologies
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luminescent light organes (photophores) that are on the sides, in lures, rings around the side, on bellies and tila.
symbiosis with luminescent bacteria. usually convered by a dark cover screens. fast moving id large bodied. these would have well developed muscles. slow repiration lightly calcified bones body content is low protein high water muscles weakly developed small brains gills and kidneys large olfacotry organs to smell phermones slow metabloism no webbing between fins |
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food gathering strategies
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stalkers, ambusers, hunters, and gulpers
nibblers - go to top at night. all predatory. large or tiny mouths detachable jaws teeth bioilluminescent lures distensible stomachs large eyes sensitive eyes |
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deep sea findings
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new ecosystems based on chemosynthesis, the biological conversion of one or more carbon molecules and nutrients into organic matter using the oxidation of inorganic molecules.
producivity is four times higher than at surface sea water recycling through vents every 10 milliyears with changes in chemistry of sea water confirmation of continental drift viscal sbility to see minerals being made discovery of new species never seen beofre discovery of new physiology proceses. |
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mating strategies
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parastici mates
massive tesitislea to ensure pregnancy large male to female ration large olfactory organs in males to scence phermones |
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animal kingdom
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phlums:
cnidaria ctenphora mollusca cephalopods arthropoda chordata |
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phylum cnidaria
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pelagia panopyra
aurelia aurita atolla periphylla cubomedusae velella velella physalia physalis |
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physalia physalis
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air filled sac on top
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velella velella
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sail on top
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aurelia aurita
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gonads, mouth, 8 nodes, tentacles that paralyze prey and oral arms that bring prey up to mouth
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phylum ctenphora
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have 2 tentacles. have eight rows of cilia. cilia beat synchornized which propels through water column. prey captured by collobastes.
pleurobrachia bachei beroe forskalii |
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phylum mollusca
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various heteropod forms - atlanta and pterotrachea. janthina janthina
various pteropod forms - genus clio and clione. calcium carbonate shell. pinkish color. corolla spectabilis. pelagic cephalopods |
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janthina janthina
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purple counter shading. purple on top and white on bottom. hangs upside down. blows bubless to from a raft life sail that can be blown by the wind. more muscular squid at the top and more genantenous at the bottom.
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corolla spectabilis
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snail at bottom, cilia with mouth structure, mucus net that be up to nine feet in length. rotate the net in order to eat trapped food. only found in calm water becaseu they cannot use broken net. net costs a lot of energy.
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pelagic cephalopods
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squids
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phylum chaetognatha
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the arrow worms:sagitta
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sagitta
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inch and a half in length. look like slivers of glass. two pinchers at the end.
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phylum arthropoda
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copepods
the opposum shrimp:gnathophausia amphipod:phronima euphausids (krill) the insect halobates lepas |
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copepods
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very abundant. little body. big eyes. large attenaes. full of cilia to increase surface area to stay suspended in the water column. turn water salmon pink. tails.
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opposum shrimp
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found at the oxygen minimum layer. gnathophausia most common in SB. 2 to 3 inches.
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amphipod:phronima
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found in mesopelagic and bathopelagic zones. similar to a shrimp and travels in a house.
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euphausiids (krill)
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whales eat. yellow pink or salmon.
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the insect halobates
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insect between a spider and a cricket. live on surface water = nueston. lots of haris. secret bubbles of air. dive under for food.
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lepas
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mucus raft that susupeds then from surface
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phylum chordata
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subphylum urochordata
class thaliacea: pyrosoma, salpa, doliolum class larvacea:oikopleura suubphylum verterata class chondrichthyes: sharks. class osteichthyes: forms of various mesopelagic froms:angler fish, hatchet fish, viper fish, lantern fish. |
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marine snow
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the steady fall of organic materuak friom the top of water column fown to the bottom and inorganic matter. often geld together by blobs of mucus. it represents a carbon rich source of food.
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80-90% of plankton is the size of nanoplankton. too small fro filter feeders. who utilizes this resource?
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palagot tunicate : oikopleure dioica - indicator species - nanoplanton get caught in scrrens, made by mucus, nanoplankton eventually clog screrns, so dioca leaves throuhg the trap door and secrets new ball of mucus with new screens. old mucus are eaten by juvenille forms of fish and larvae.
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80-90% of plankton is the size of nanoplankton. too small fro filter feeders. who utilizes this resource?
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palagot tunicate : oikopleure dioica - indicator species - nanoplanton get caught in scrrens, made by mucus, nanoplankton eventually clog screrns, so dioca leaves throuhg the trap door and secrets new ball of mucus with new screens. old mucus are eaten by juvenille forms of fish and larvae.
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