Marine Bio Ch 7 Plankton

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Plankton

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- live in water column

- cannot swim against typical ocean currents

- classified based on: food source, life history, taxonomy, and size

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Phytoplankton

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- plankton that can photosynthesize

- groups/species vary in properties like density, swimming ability, bioluminescence, and nutrient needs

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Zooplankton

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- heterotrophic plankton

- various taxonomic groups

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Mixoplankton

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- mixotrophic plankton

- can photosynthesize and are heterotrophic

- example: dinoflagellates

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Holoplankton

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- spend whole life as plankton

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Meroplankton

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- born as plankton then undergo metamorphosis

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Neuston

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- live at the very surface of the water (almost floating)

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Pleuston

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- live at very surface of the water

- float half out of water and have appendages that are submerged

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Nekton

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- able to move and swim independently of the currents

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Where does the majority of plankton biomass occur?

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- in or near the epipelagic zone

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What are adaptations of planktonic organisms to keep from sinking?

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- density regulation

- swimming behavior

- increased drag using projections

- small size (low Re)

* turbulence also helps

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Major ecological role of planktonic heterotrophic organisms

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- break down organic material

- release minerals for reuse

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Cyanobacteria

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- bacterial phytoplankton

- Nitrogen fix

- makes nitrogen available to other producers

- can live in places that others cannot

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Diatoms

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- phytoplankton

- occur singly or in chains

- microplankton size

- silica shell with 2 valves

- usually radially symmetrical shapes

- reproduce asexually and sexually

- can double 1-2 times per day

- important in cold water

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Dinoflagellates

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- phytoplankton

- protists

- nano and microplankton size

- cellulose shell (test)

- 2 flagella

- include zooxanthellae

- heterotrophic and mixotrophic

- common in warm water

- sexual or asexual reproduction (benthic cysts)

- cause harmful algal blooms

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Coccolithophores

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- phytoplankton

- microplankton size requires high nutrients

- calcareous plate shells (calcium)

- very large blooms (can be seen from space)

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Name the main crustacean zooplankton

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- copepods

- euphausiid shrimps

- amphipods

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Crustaceans

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- zooplankton

- external chitin skeleton

- segmentation

- paired, jointed appendages

- usually compound eyes

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Copepods

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- crustacean zooplankton

- largest group of crustaceans in zooplankton

- sizes from <1 to a few mm

- planktonic form called calanoida

- no compound eye, medial naupilar eye

- feed on phytoplankton or smaller zooplankton

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Euphausiid shrimps

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- crustacean zooplankton

- abundant in antarctica and upwelling zones (main food of baleen whales)

- feed on phytoplankton or smaller zooplankton

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Amphipods

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- crustacean zooplankton

- large, well developed eyes

- live in swarms, solitary, or in association with gelatinous plankton

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Other groups of crustacean zooplankton

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- cumaceans

- ostracods

- mysids

- cladocerans

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Name the gelatinous zooplankton

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- cnidarian

- ctenophores

- salps

- larvaceans

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Scyphozoan jellyfish

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- cnidarian zooplankton

- muscular bell and tentacles

- mainly carnivores

- nematocysts, stinging cells on tentacles

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Hydrozoan jellyfish

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- cnidarian zooplankton

- meroplanktonic medusa stage

- mainly carnivores

- nematocysts

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Siphonophores

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- cnidarian zooplankton

- specialized colonial hydrozoans

- mainly carnivores

- nematocysts

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Ctenophores

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- gelatinous zooplankton

- comb jellies

- feed on smaller zooplankton, planktonic eggs, and invertebrate larvae (microcarnivores)

- 8 rows of ctenes (some have 2 long tentacles)

- anal pores

- sticky cells

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Salps

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- gelatinous zooplankton

- urochordates

- relatedtobenthic sea squirts, but have incurrent and exit siphons on opposite ends ofbody

- solitary or colonial

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Larvaceans

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- gelatinous zooplankton

- urochordates

- have a tail (typical tunicate swimming larvae)

- only a few mm long

- tailgenerates current through house, current is strained by fine fibers that trapfood

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Name the protistan zooplankton

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- foraminifers

- radiolarians

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Foraminifers

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- calcium carbonate skeleton

- foram ooze (sediment)

- filose pseudopodia

- sized 1mm to a few mm

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Radiolarians

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- protistan zooplankton

- 50um to a few mm

- silica skeleton

- radiolarian ooze (deeper than foram ooze)

- filose pseudopodia

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Chaetognaths

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- arrow worms

- zooplankton

- torpedo shaped

- a few cm in length

- carniverous

- rapid swimmers

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Pteropods

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- holoplanktonic snails

- swim by lateral projection of foot

- filter feeders

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Polychaetes

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- holoplanktonic worms

- well developed parapodia

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Defenses of planktonic organisms

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- cell walls

- bioluminescence

- toxins

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Diurnal vertical migrations

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- adaptation to avoid visual predators