Marine

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People

Back 1

What they did

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Lindeman 1942

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Ecological efficiency the 10% law (only 10% passes on to the next trophic level

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Tilman 1997

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Diversity plots (more species less variation in biomass) more resilient

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Facilitation species

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Second species of succession develop conditions for a species to invade later

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Phosphorus cycle

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Required by all organisms(nucleic acids) no atmospheric pool(gas) limiting nutrient in ecosystems. Takes millions of years. Producers take it and consumers eat it

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Nitrogen cycle

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N2 must be converted to be ‘fixed’ to be used in biological processes.

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Diazotrophs

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Nitrogen fixing bacteria

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nitrosomonas/nitrobacter

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Nh3 to nitrites/ nitrites to nitrates

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Calcareous and acidic soils

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6.5+ grows calciole plants/ 5- calcifuge plants

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Equilibrium species

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Strong competitors, invest energy in defence or endurance mechanisms, capable of maintaining resource share in crowded habitats

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Opportunistic species

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Good dispersal mechanisms, exploit uncolonised environments, weak competitors for long term resource share

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Metamorphosis

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Major change in anatomy before reproductive stage

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Iteroparity

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Repeated reproduction

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Semelparity

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Single reproductive stage

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fecundity

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Number of offspring/ reproductivity

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Soma

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Non reproductive body tissues

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precocity

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Early onset of reproduction

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Ecology

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The study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment.

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Biosphere

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Interactions between the Abiotic and biotic environment. Self regulating

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Biomes

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Large scale areas of similar abiotic and biotic environments. Eight biomes

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Ecosystems

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The highest tier or biological organisation

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Community

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Interacting populations of different species affecting each other's distribution

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population

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A group of organisms of the same species living in a same place

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Coriolis effect

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Fluids such as water and air to curve as they travel across the earth's surface.

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Large scale winds

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Atmospheric cells of wind that circulate from the surface to the atmosphere

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Axial tilt

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The tilt of the earth 23.5 causes seasons

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Niche

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The niche a organism occupies is the total of all the ways its uses the resources of its environment

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Fundamental niche/the realises niche

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The set of resources the species can utilise in the absence of other organisms/ the niche that a organism actually occupies due to other organisms

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Competitive exclusion

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Two species cannot occupy the same niche

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Tropical rain forests

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6% of earth, 40% of earth's o2 . rainfall 2000-4000mm, 2,250g new growth m2 year

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Savanna

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700g new growth m2 year. Fires scattered trees

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Desert

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70g new growth m2 year, 20% earth surface

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Temperate grasslands (prairie)

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8% earth's surface, 500g growth m2 year

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Temperate forest

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1200g new growth m2 year (boreal forest 800g)

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Tundra

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140g new growth m2 year

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Gross primary production GPP

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Total amount of co2 that is fixated by the plant in photosynthesis

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Net primary production NPP

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Net amount of primary production after the costs of respiration are removed

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% light energy that goes into primary production

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1

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% light energy that gets reflected

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15

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Autotroph

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A organism that synthesises its own organic molecules (producers)

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Heterotroph

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A organism that obtains organic molecules from other sources (consumers)

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Detritivore

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A organism that ingest non living matter

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Saprotroph

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A organism that lives on or in nonliving organic matter secreting digestive enzymes

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Entropy

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Energy dispersal, high entropy = high energy dispersal (more useless energy)

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Pool

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The amount of a particular element stored in a part of a ecosystem (unit PG= 10^15g )

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flux

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Processes that transfer the element from one pool to another (unit PG= 10^15g )

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Source

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Part of the biosphere where a particular element is released faster than absorbed

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Sink

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A part of the biosphere where a particular element is consumed faster than released

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Net ecosystem production NEP

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Net amount of primary production after the costs of respiration by organisms

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Taxonomic diversity

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The number of species

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Phylogenetic diversity

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Relationships among species based on time elapsed since evolutionary divergences

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Functional diversity

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The variation in functional traits

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Interaction diversity

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Variation in biotic interactions eg competition, predation, parasitism

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thermocline

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Decreasing temperature

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pycnocline

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Region in which water density increases rapidly with depth. Due to halocline or thermoclines

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halocline

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Increasing salinity

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Parasite abundance

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Total number of individuals in a sample of hosts

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Acanthocephala

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Thorny headed worms

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Rhizocephala

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Damage to organs (parasite coming out of crab) sterilize host

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Commensalism

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Benefit to one member whilst not harming the other

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Inquilinism

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Living in the home/in one but not being parasitic

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Physical carbon pump

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Downwelling and upwelling currents mixing

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Biological carbon pump

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Respiration means the co2 rises then photosynthesizers turn it into o2 (shells store C in deep ocean)