Marieb Chapter One Notes "the Human Body: An Orientation Lecture Outline And Study Guide"

Front 1

What is anatomy?

Back 1

the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another

Front 2

What is physiology?

Back 2

the study of the functions of the body parts

Front 3

What is gross anatomy?

Back 3

the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye

Front 4

What is regional anatomy?

Back 4

A subset of gross anatomy. When all the structures of a particular region (muscles, bones, nerves, etc) are studied simultaneously.

Front 5

What is surface anatomy?

Back 5

a subset of gross anatomy. When all the internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface are studied.

Front 6

What is systemic anatomy?

Back 6

a subset of gross anatomy. When the body is studied system by system.

Front 7

What is microscopic anatomy?

Back 7

studies structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye; usually uses a type of microscope.

Front 8

What is cytology?

Back 8

a subset of microscopic anatomy. studies cells.

Front 9

What is histology?

Back 9

a subset of microscopic anatomy. studies tiessues.

Front 10

What is developmental anatomy?

Back 10

traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout an organism's lifespan.

Front 11

What is embryology?

Back 11

A subdivision of developmental anatomy that involves changes in the body before birth.

Front 12

How is physiology generally subdivided?

Back 12

considers the operation of specific organ systems

Front 13

What is renal physiology?

Back 13

concerned with kidney function and urine production

Front 14

What is neurophysiology?

Back 14

concerned with the workings of the nervous system

Front 15

What is cardiovascular physiology?

Back 15

concerned with the operation of the heard and blood vessels

Front 16

What is physiology often focused on?

Back 16

molecular and cellular events

Front 17

How are anatomy and physiology related?

Back 17

They are inseparable; function is dependent on and reflective of structure. The form of a structure relates to its function.

Front 18

What is the simplest level of structural organization in the body?

Back 18

the chemical level (involves atoms and molecules)

Front 19

What is the second level of structural organization in the body?

Back 19

cellular level (involves organelles and cells)

Front 20

What is the third level of structural organization in the body?

Back 20

tissue level (involves epithelium, muscle, connective, and nervous tissue)

Front 21

What is the fourth level of structural organization in the body?

Back 21

organ

Front 22

Define an organ

Back 22

group of tissues working together

Front 23

define a cell

Back 23

smallest unit of living thing

Front 24

define tissue

Back 24

group of similar cells that have a common function

Front 25

What is an organ system?

Back 25

a group of organs working together to accomplish a specific task

Front 26

Put these in order from simplest level of structural organization to most complex:

organ, tissue, cell, molecule, organ system, organism, atom, organelle

Back 26

atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Front 27

What are the six necessary life functions?

Back 27

1. maintaining boundaries between internal and external environments
2. responsiveness(irritability),
3. movement
4. metabolism
5. growth
6. reproduction

Front 28

What does the plasma membrane do?

Back 28

surrounds each cell, helps maintain boundaries between internal and external environment

Front 29

What organ is involved in maintaining boundaries between internal and external environments?

Back 29

the skin

Front 30

What is responsiveness?

Back 30

the ability to sense and respond to stimuli

Front 31

What is another term for irritability?

Back 31

responsiveness

Front 32

What are the two types of movement?

Back 32

internal and external

Front 33

What is an example of external movement?

Back 33

when your skeletal muscle moves, your arm moves

Front 34

What is an example of internal movement?

Back 34

blood flow

Front 35

What is metabolism?

Back 35

the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body, including respiration, digestion and excretion

Front 36

What is growth?

Back 36

increase in the size of an organism

Front 37

What is reproduction?

Back 37

cellular division for growth or repair and/or production of offspring

Front 38

What are our survival needs?

Back 38

1. nutrients
2. oxygen
3. water
4. normal body temperature
5. appropriate atmospheric pressure

Front 39

What are nutrients?

Back 39

- chemicals for energy and cell building
- carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals

Front 40

What is oxygen essential for?

Back 40

energy release (ATP production)

Front 41

What is water the site for?

Back 41

chemical reactions

Front 42

What is water the medium for?

Back 42

a fluid medium for secretions and excretions

Front 43

Body temperature affects the _______ of chemical reactions.

Back 43

rate

Front 44

Why is appropriate atmospheric pressure necessary?

Back 44

For proper breathing and gas exchange in the lungs.

Front 45

What is homeostasis?

Back 45

- the ability of the body to maintain a relatively stable internal environment despite continuous outside changes

- a dynamic state of equilibrium and balance

Front 46

What organ systems are most involved in homeostatic control?

Back 46

nervous and endocrine

Front 47

Homeostatic control mechanisms involve continuous motoring and regulation of many _________.

Back 47

factors/variables

Front 48

What are the three major components of a control mechanism?

Back 48

1. receptor/sensor
2. control center
3. effector

Front 49

Describe the steps that occurs once there is "imbalance" in terms of homeostasis.

Back 49

1. stimulus produces a change in variable (example :cold = stimulus, variable = temperature).

2. the receptor detects the change (receptor = nerve endings)

3. information is sent along afferent pathway to control center (impulse = message sent to control center = brain).

4. output: information sent along efferent pathway to effector (brain tells skeletal muscles that body is cold and skeletal muscles should shiver)

5. response: the effector takes action. the response feeds back to reduce the effect of the stimulus and returns varable to homeostatic level (skeletal muscles begin to shiver, body temperature rises).

Front 50

Describe what the receptor/sensor does in terms of homeostatic control.

Back 50

- monitors the environment
- responds to the stimuli
- relays signal via afferent pathway

Front 51

What is an afferent pathway?

Back 51

sensory message, going to the cortex

Front 52

What is an efferent pathway?

Back 52

motor, indicates the brain telling the body to do something

Front 53

What is the control center's function in terms of homeostatic control?

Back 53

- determines the set point at which the variable is maintained

- receives input from the receptor

- determines the appropriate response

- efferent pathway

Front 54

What is the effector's function in terms of homeostatic control?

Back 54

1. receives output from the control center.

2. provides the means to respond

3. response acts to reduce or enhance the stimulus (feedback)

Front 55

How is feedback defined?

Back 55

response acts to reduce or enhance the stimulus

Front 56

What is most common, negative or positive feedback?

Back 56

negative feedback

Front 57

How does negative feedback cause the variable to change?

Back 57

In a way that opposes the initial change!

Front 58

How does positive feedback cause the variable to change?

Back 58

In a way that enhances the initial change!

- may exhibit a cascade/amplifying effect

Front 59

What does positive feedback usually control?

Back 59

infrequent events

Front 60

What are two examples of positive feedback in the body?

Back 60

1. enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin

2. platelet plug formation and blood clotting

Front 61

What is the standard anatomical position?

Back 61

- body erect

- feet slightly apart

- palms face forward, thumbs point away from the body

- Right and left refer to the person being observed