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154 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to each other?
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Anatomy
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The study of the function of organism and how its works?
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Physiology
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Study of visible structures which can be seen by the naked eye?
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Gross Anatomy (macro)
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Study of structures not visible to the human eye, only visible by microscope?
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Microscopic anatomy
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Study of structures in a particular region of the body, EX: Head, cranium, skull?
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Regional anatomy
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Study of a specific system and its travel path?
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Systemic anatomy
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Relationship of body structures to overlying skin structures?
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Surface anatomy
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The level of structural organization that contains atoms, molecules, and organelles?
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Chemical level
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The level of structural organization that contains cells (made up from molecules)?
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Cellular Level
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The level of structural organization that is the smallest unit of life?
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Cellular Level
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The level of structural organization that is a group of similar cells that have a common function?
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Tissue Level
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Types of tissue found in the tissue level? CMEN
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epithelium, muscle, connective, nervous
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Type of tissue that covers the surface and line cavities?
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Epithelium
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Type of tissue that provides movement?
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Muscle
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Type of tissue that supports and protects body organs?
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Connective
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Type of tissue that provides the means for transmitting electrical impulses?
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Nervous
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The level of structural organization with at least 2 types of tissue that perform a specfic function?
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Organ
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The level of structural organization that have organs working closely together to accomplish a common purpose?
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Organ System
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The level of structural organization, highest level of organization, all systems working together?
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Organism
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A necessary life function that keeps inside seperate from outside?
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maintaining boundaries
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Maintaining bounderies at a micro level, example?
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Plasma membrane around the cell.
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Maintaining bounderies at a macro level, example?
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Skin covering the skeletalon and muscles.
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A necessary life function that promotes movement (muscular system) and provides the framework (skeletal)?
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Movement
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Movement on a cellular level is called?
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Contractility
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A necessary life function has the ability to sense changes and respond, EX: nervous sys?
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Responsiveness
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Responsiveness is also known as?
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Irratibility
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What is the term when the organsism is over stimulated?
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Highly irritable
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A necessary life function that is the process of breaking down food into molecules?
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Digestion
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A necessary life function that is largely regulated by hormones, EX: Endocrine Sys?
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Metabolism
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Two types of metabolism?
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Catabolism and Anabolism
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The building up part of metabolism?
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Anabolism
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The breaking down part of metabolism?
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Catabolism
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A necessary life function that helps the body via the digestive system to rid the body of indigestible food and urea?
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Excretion
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A necessary life function that has both cellular and organismal levels?
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Reproduction
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Type of reproduction that allow (mother)original cells to divide into two identical daughter cells?
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Cellular reproduction
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Type of reproduction that is formed by the combination of egg and sperm?
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Organismal reproduction
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A necessary life function that increase in the size of a part of the body or entire body?
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Growth
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Type of survival need that has carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and minerals for energy and cell building?
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Nutrients
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Type of survival need that helps to release energy from nutrients?
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Oxygen
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Type of survival need that provides necessary environment for chemical reactions?
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Water
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Type of survival need normally 98F/37C, random movements by the muscular system to maintain and produce this?
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Normal body temperature
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Type of survival need that is described as the force of the air exerted on the surface of the body?
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Atmospheric pressure
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Termed the ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions?
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Homeostasis
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What are the 3 INDEPENDANT components of homeostasis?
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Receptor, Control center, Effector
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Type of component that senses stimuli?
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Receptor
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Type of sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes?
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Receptor
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Determines the range of a variable, analyzes and responds?
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Control Center
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The factor or event being regulated?
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Variable
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Part that provides the means for control center response to stimuli?
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Effector
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Type of feedback that shutts off stimulus variable so to revert back to normal?
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Negative Feedback
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Type of feedback which enhances stimulus so change occurs in same direction?
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Positive Feedback
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If blood glucose level is too high, what type of feedback is used to return it to normal?
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Negative
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If insulin is too high, what type of feedback will return levels to normal?
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negative
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What acts as the receptor for glucose during negative feedback of Excessive glucose?
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Cells of the pancreas
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What acts as the effector for excessive glucose?
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Liver
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What is an example of Positive feedback?
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Think blood clotting, or labor
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What is the appeal of anatomy and why?
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Anatomy is concrete, body structures can be seen, felt, and examined.
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Physiology is explainable only in terms of?
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The underlying anatomy
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You use this type of anatomy to feel for pulses and draw blood?
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Surface anatomy
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Type of anatomy that traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout life?
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Developmental anatomy
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Type of developmental anatomy that concerns developmental changes that occur before birth?
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Embryology
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Type of anatomy that studies structural changes caused by disease?
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Pathological anatomy
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Type of anatomy that studies internal structuress as visualized by X-ray images or specialized scanning procedures?
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Radiographic anatomy
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Type of anatomy that studies subcellular level?
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molecular biology
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Type of physiology that concerns kidney function and urine production?
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Renal Physiology
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Type of physiology that explains the workings of the nervous system?
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neurophysiology
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Type of physiology that examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels?
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cardiovascular physiology
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Anatomy provides a ______ image, and physiology reveals the body's ________ nature?
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static, dynamic
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In the principle of complementary of structure and function, ________ always reflects _______?
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Function always reflects structure.
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The simplest level of the structural heiarchy?
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chemical level
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Tiny building block of matter?
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Atom
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Atoms combine to form?
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molecules
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Molecules associate in specific ways to form?
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organelles
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Basic components of the microscopic cell?
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Organells
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Smallest units of all living things?
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Cells
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Each organ is a specialized function center because?
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Responsible for a necessary activity that no other organ can perform.
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Represents the sum total of all structural levels working together to promote life?
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Organismal level
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The muscles systems cells ability to move by shortening is called?
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contractility
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All chemical reactions that occur within the body cells is termed?
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Metabolism
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Using nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP?
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Cellular respiration
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The energy rich molecules that power cellular activity?
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ATP
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Metabolism depends on which systems to make and distribute nutrients and oxygen?
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Digestive and Respiratory (for nutrients and oxygen), and cardiovascular to deliver.
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The process of removing excreta or waste from the body?
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Excretion
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What body systems participate in excretion?
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Digestive, urinary, respiratory
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Rids the body of indigestible food residues in feces?
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Digestive system
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Disposes of nitrogen-containing metabolic wastes such as urea in urine?
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Urinary System
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Rids the body of carbon dioxide, which is carried to the lungs, where it leaves the body through exhalation?
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Respiratory system
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For true growth to occur _________ activities must occur at a faster rate than __________ activities?
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Constructive, destructive
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Is accomplished by increasing the number of cells?
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Growth
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The ultimate goal of all body systems is to?
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maintain life
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What are the survival needs to maintain life? WONNA
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nutrients, oxygen, water, normal temperature, and atmospheric pressure
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Type of nutrient that acts as the main energy fuel for body cells?
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Carbohydrates
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Type of nutrient that is essential for building cell structures?
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Proteins and fats
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Type of nutrient that cushion body organs, form insulating layers, and provide a reserve of energy-rich fuel?
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Fats
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Which mineral helps to make bones hard and is required for blood clotting?
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Calcium
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The chemical reactions that release energy from food are what type of reactions?
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Oxidative reaction
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Oxidative reaction require what element to perform?
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Oxygen (O)
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Oygen is made available to the blood and body cells by cooperative efforts by which systems?
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Respiratory and cardiovascular
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Accounts for 60 to 80% of body weight?
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Water
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Is the single most abundant chemical substance in the body?
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Water (H2O)
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What happens to chemical reaction if the body temperature drops below 37C/98F?
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Metabolic reactions become slower and slower, and finally stop
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Water is obtained for use in the body from?
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ingested food or liquids
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What happens if the body temperature gets to high?
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Chemical reactions occur at a frantic pace and body proteins lose their characteristic shape and stop functioning.
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Breathing and gas exchange in the lungs depend on?
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appropriate atmospheric pressure
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At high altitudes what happens to atmospheric pressure?
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It is lower and the air is thin, gas exchange may be inadequte to support cellular metabolism.
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Function always reflects?
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Structure
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The simplest level of the structural hierarchy?
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Chemical level
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Give example of chemical level?
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2 Hydrogen + Oxygen=
H2O |
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Finish the line:
atoms-molecule-__________-__________? |
Organelles, Cells
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Basic components of the microscopic cell?
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Organelle (mitochondria, lysosome, peroxisome)
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Smallest units of all living things?
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Cells
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Necessary life functions?
(MR MD GERM)think |
Maintaining bounderies, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth.
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The integumentary system helps to maintain?
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bounderies
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Includes the activites promoted by the muscular system?
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Movement
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Internal and external movement examples?
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propelling ourselves forward like in running, and the movement of foodstuffs through the digestive system
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The breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood?
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Digestion
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Forms the external body covering?
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Integumentary system
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Protects deeper tissue from injury?
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Integumentary system
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Synthesizes Vitamin D?
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Integumentary system
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Site of cutaneous pain, pressure, etc, receptors?
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Integumentary system
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Contains sweat and oil glands?
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Integumentary system
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Protects and supports body organs?
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Skeletal system
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Provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement?
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Skeletal system
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Formes blood cells and stores mineral (red bone marrow and calcium)?
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Skeletal system
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Allows manipulation of environment, locomotion?
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Muscular System
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Allow facial expressions?
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Muscular System
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Maintains posture?
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Muscular System
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Produces heat?
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Muscular System
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Fast-acting control system of the body?
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Nervous system
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Responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands?
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Nervous system
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Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth?
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Endocrine System
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Regulate reproduction and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells?
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Endocrine System
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Blood vessels transport blood?
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Cardiovascular System
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Carries oxygen to body organs and carbon dioxide away from body organs?
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Cardiovascular System
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Carries nutrients, waste from the body through veins and arteries?
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Cardiovascular System
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Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood?
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Lymphatic/Immunity System
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Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream?
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Lymphatic/Immunity System
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Houses white blood cells involved in immunity?
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Lymphatic/Immunity System
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Attacks foreign substances within the body?
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Lymphatic/Immunity System
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Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide? (gas exchange)
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Respiratory System
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Gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs?
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Respiratory System
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Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells?
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Digestive System
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Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces?
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Digestive System
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Eliminatee nitrogenous waste from the body?
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Urinary System
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Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-based balance of the blood?
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Urinary System
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Type of metabolism that breaks down substances into their simpler building blocks?
Ex: polysaccharide to monosaccharide |
Catabolism (Cata=down)
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Synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler substances? Ex:
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Anabolism (ana=up)
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Use of nutrients and oxygen produce ATP via?
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Cellular respiration
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The survival needs? (WONNA)
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Water, oxygen, nutrients, normal body temperature, atmospheric pressure
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Accounts for 60-80% of body weight?
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Water
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The chemical reactions that release energy from food is?
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Oxidative
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Head, neck and trunk make up this division of the body?
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Axial
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Limbs, appendages make up this division of the body?
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Appendicular
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Two fundemental divisions of the body?
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Axial, Appendicular
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