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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What protein is necessary for the normal structure of the elastic fibers of connective tissue? |
Fibrillin-1 |
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Is Marfan Syndrome a dominant or recessive trait? |
Autosomal dominant |
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If a child's parents do not carry the gene for Marfan's syndrome, can the child still get the disorder? |
Yes through a mutation of the gene during sperm or oxygen formation |
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What are physical traits of people with Marfan's syndrome |
Limbs, fingers, and toes disproportioned to the rest of the body; heart murmur due to weakening of the connective tissue of the heart valves; poor vision; rupture of the aorta; collapse lungs |
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Is there a cure for Marfan's syndrome |
No |
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What is a treatment of choice for someone with Marfan's syndrome |
Blood pressure medications can reduce vascular risks |
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What are causes of skin cancer |
Chemicals, damage from UV light, X-rays, depression of immune system, inflammation, or inheritance |
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Why is a fair skinned individual more likely to develop cancer than a darker skinned individual? |
Due to the amount of protective melanin in the skin |
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What are some risks of developing skin cancer? |
Long term or intense UV exposure, individuals over the age of 50, those who engage in repeated outdoor activities, occupational exposure, or those who have experienced sunburns |
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What areas are more likely to develop skin cancer? |
Face, neck, ears, and dorsum of the forearm and hand |
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What are the three types of skin cancer? |
Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma |
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What cells are affected with basal cell carcinoma? |
Stratum Basale |
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What cells are affected in squamous cell carcinoma? |
Stratum spinosum |
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What cells are affected in melanoma? |
Melanocytes |
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What are characteristics of basal cell carcinoma? |
Open bleeding sores that can ooze or crust;reddish patches; shiny, pearly, or translucent bumps; or scar like areas of shiny taut skin |
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What is the recommends treatment of basal cell carcinoma? |
Removal or destruction of the tumor for most cases |
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Can basal cell carcinomas metastasize? |
Very rarely do they metastasize |
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What is the most common type of skin cancer? |
Basal cell carcinoma |
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What are characteristics of squamous cell carcinoma? |
Can appear like a wart like growth; a persistent red scaly patch; an open sore; or an elevated growth with a central depression |
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What is the treatment for squamous cell carcinoma? |
Removal or destruction of the tumor |
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Can squamous cell carcinoma metastasize? |
Yes but is very rare, in about 2-6% of cases |
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What does the ABCDE rule for detecting melanoma stand for? |
A- asymmetry (one side does not match the other) B- border irregularity (edges are ragged, rough, or blurred) C- color (pigmentation is not uniform) D- diameter (greater than 6 mm) E- evolving (lesions change over time) |
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How does a cancer cell metastasize? |
By leaving the site of origin, entering the circulation, and becoming established in a new location |
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Which type of cancer is the deadliest? |
Melanoma; accounts for 77% of skin cancer deaths |
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What are characteristics of melanoma? |
Most are brown or black in color but if a melanoma stops producing melanin, it can appear skin colored, pink, purple, or red |
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Can a mole develop into melanoma? |
Yes about 40% do |
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Where do melanocytes derived from? |
Neural crest cells |
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What is the gene that regulates neural crest cell migration? |
Slug |
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How is a melanoma cell able to metastasize? |
They first spread from the epidermis, some cells break through the basement membrane and invade the dermis, and then may enter the lymphatic or other blood vessels to spread to other parts of the body |
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What is needed for a cell to be able to metastasize? |
An accumulation of mutations that would enable the cells to detach from similar cells, recognize and digest the basement membrane, and become established elsewhere in the body |
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What is xeroderma pigmentosum? |
A rare disorder in which a DNA repair gene is defective and when UV sunlight damages genes, they cannot be repaired. Causes development of fatal skin cancers in children |
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UV-B radiation plays a significant role in the cause of basal and squamous cell carcinomas and most melanomas. True or false? |
True |
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UV-A radiation contributes to what kind of cancer especially? |
Melanoma |
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Can a melanoma be deadly if it invaded the dermis and metastasizes? |
Yes and can be difficult to treat |
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What is a burn? |
Injury to a tissue caused by heat, cold, friction, chemicals, electricity, or radiation |
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What is the "rule of nines" when considering a burn patient? |
It divides the body into areas that are approximately 9% or multiples of 9% of the BSA |
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What does BSA stand for? |
Body surface area |
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Would the rule of nines be accurate in children? |
No since the head makes up a larger proportion of the surface area |
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First degree burns involve what layer of the skin? |
Epidermis |
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Second degree burns involve what layer of the skin? |
The epidermis and dermis |
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What are the two classifications of burns? |
Partial and full-thickness burns |
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What are some classifications of first degree burns? |
Redness, pain, and edema of the area |
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What are some characteristics of second degree burns? |
Minimal damage causes redness, pain, edema, and blisters. If there is deep damage to the dermis, the wound can appear red, tan, or white |
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Can the epidermis regenerate from epithelial tissue in hair follicles and sweat glands? |
Yes in second degree burns |
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What is affected in third degree burns? |
The epidermis and dermis are completely destroyed and deeper tissue is sometimes involved |
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Why is it that third degree burn patients don't feel any pain in the area of the burn? |
The pain receptors in that area are usually destroyed |
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What are characteristics of third degree burns? |
Usually appear white, tan, brown, black, or deep cherry red and are usually surrounded by first and second degree burns |
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What constitutes a major burn? |
Third degree burn over 10% or more of the BSA; second degree burn over 25% percent or more of the BSA; or a second or third degree burn of the face, hands, feet, genitals, or anal region |
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What constitutes a moderate burn? |
Third degree burn over 2-10% of the BSA or a second degree burn over 15-25% of the BSA |
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What constitutes a minor burn? |
Third degree burn over less than 2% or a second degree burn over less than 15% of the BSA |
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Why would a skin graft from a pig or human cadaver unsatisfactory for a patient? |
Because the body's immune system will automatically recognize the graft as a foreign body and reject it |
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What is the preferred treatment for a full thickness burn patient? |
Use of laboratory grown skin where a piece of healthy skin from the burn patient is removed and placed in a flask with nutrients and hormones that stimulates rapid growth |
