March 22Nd Material

Front 1

Angiosperms: Flowers

Back 1

noice

Front 2

From outside to center the parts are: sepal, _______, stamens, ________.

Back 2

petals, carpel

Front 3

______ are the whorl inside the petals. Their name is Latin for "warp threads," they are the male reproductive part of the flower.

Back 3

stamens

Front 4

Oldest version of stamens were _____-shaped. Some primitive families like magnolias still have flat, _____-shaped stamens.

Back 4

paddle, strap

Front 5

Strap shaped stamens have _____ vascular traces, and 2-4 pollen sacs. The pollen sacs are ______.

Back 5

3, microsporangia

Front 6

Lollipop shaped stamens replaced these types around ______ MYA.

Back 6

110

Front 7

Modern stamens have a long ______ and a small _____ at the tip.

Back 7

filament, anther

Front 8

The filament is a long, cylindrical _____ which supports the anther.

Back 8

stalk

Front 9

The _____ is the swollen tip which sits on the filament.

Back 9

anther

Front 10

Anthers contain two pairs of ____ ____, which are microsporangia. Meiosis within these structures produces _____.

Back 10

pollen sacs, pollen

Front 11

All of the stamens together form the "_____" meaning "house of man"

Back 11

androecium

Front 12

Pollen consists of the immature male ______ inside the walls of the microspore. Pollen is Latin for "____ ___"

Back 12

gametophyte, fine powder

Front 13

The _____ splits open when _____ is ready to disperse.

Back 13

anther, pollen

Front 14

_______- the innermost whorl.

Name is Latin for "_____," this is the female reproductive part of the plant.

Back 14

Carpels, fruit

Front 15

A carpel is a folded __________.

Back 15

megasporophyll

Front 16

______ is Greek for "fruit within a vessel"

Back 16

Angiosperm

Front 17

The carpel is made up of the stigma, _____, and _______.

Back 17

style, ovary

Front 18

The _____ is the swollen, glandular tip of the style. this is where the pollen grains adhere.

Back 18

Stigma

Front 19

In flowers pollinated by _____, the stigma is the largest part of the flower.

Back 19

wind

Front 20

Saffron is obtained from the stigma of the ________ ______. Used for medicines, food flavor, dyes, perfumes, etc.

Back 20

saffron crocus

Front 21

It takes ________ hand picked stigmas per pound of saffron. Very expensive.

Back 21

225,000

Front 22

The _____ is a stalk which connects the stigma to the ovary.

Back 22

Style

Front 23

Some carpels lack a style, indicating the ______ state.

Back 23

ancestral

Front 24

The ______ is the part of the plant which contains the ovules. Every ovule has a single ________.

Back 24

ovary, megaspore

Front 25

Each megaspore contains a female gametophyte called the "_____ ____", every female gametophyte produces an ____.

Back 25

embryo sac, egg

Front 26

_______ is the location and manner in which the ovules attach to the ovary wall.

Back 26

Placentation

Front 27

All carpels together are called a "_______"

Back 27

gynoecium

Front 28

This _____ may be composed of one to several carpels

Back 28

gynoecium

Front 29

They may be separate carpels, in which case it is said to be _______.

Back 29

apocarpous

Front 30

The carpels may also be fused or partially fused. Many can look like they only have one large carpel- this is called a "______ gynoecium", and is formed from the coalescence of several carpels.

Back 30

syncarpous

Front 31

In some literature, a syncarpous gynoecium with a single stigma, style and ovary is called a "____"

Back 31

Pistil

Front 32

A flower with all four sets of parts is said to be _____, whereas a flower missing one or more parts is said to be _____.

Back 32

complete, incomplete

Front 33

However, a flower with both a gynoecium and androecium (regardless of petals and sepals) is said to be ______.

Back 33

perfect

Front 34

Complete always = perfect but perfect does not always =complete

Back 34

confusing but hokay

Front 35

Missing either the androecium or gynoecium is an ______ flower. ________ flowers only have stamens, ________ flowers only have carpels.

Back 35

imperfect; staminate, carpellate

Front 36

A plant with both staminate and carpellate flowers is called ______.

Back 36

monoecious

Front 37

A plant that has either/or is called ______.

Back 37

dioecious

Front 38

Three basic flower structure patterns:

Back 38

•Hypogynous

•Perigynous

•Epigynous

Front 39

•Thesepals, petals, and stamens are attached to the receptacle beneath the ovary

•Theovary is said to be superior

Back 39

Hypogenous. Ovary has highest position in the flower.

Front 40

•Thefused bases of sepals, petals, and stamens form a “hypanthium”

•Abowl or cup that sits around the base of the ovary

Back 40

Perigynous. hypanthium surrounds, but is not fused to the gynoecium.

Front 41

•Thesepals, petals, and stamens apparently arise from top of ovary

•Theovary is said to be inferior

Back 41

Epigynous.

Aninferior ovary is buried under layers of tissues with only its style(s)protruding

Front 42

Flowers can be displayed singly or in a grouping called an ________.

Back 42

inflorescence

Front 43

INFLORESCENCE TYPES

Back 43

NOICE

Front 44

•Unbranched

•Elongated

•Flowersare sessile

•Flowersmature from the bottom of the inflorescence upwards

Back 44

Spike inflorescence

Front 45

•Unbranched

•Elongated

•Flowershave pedicels

•Flowersmature from the bottom of the inflorescence upwards

Back 45

Raceme inflorescence

Front 46

•Apetalous(have no petals)

•Unisexual

•Eithersessile or with very short pedicels

•Arrangedin a dense spike or raceme

Back 46

Catkin inflorescence

Front 47

•Sometimescalled a head

•Flowersare arranged in a very dense cluster

Back 47

Glomerule inflorescence

Front 48

•Branched

•Elongated

•Racemose

•Flowersmature from the bottom of the inflorescence upwards

Back 48

Panicle inflorescence

Front 49

•Paniculate

•Determinate

•Theterminal flower blooms first

•Eachterminal flower is subtended by a pair of lateral flowers

Back 49

Cyme

Front 50

•Cymose

•Flowersonly open on one side of the inflorescence

•Thiscauses the inflorescence to be coiled like a spiral or helix

Back 50

helicoid cyme

Front 51

•Flat-toppedor round-topped

•Racemose

•Lowerpedicels are longer than the upper pedicels

Back 51

Corymb

Front 52

•Flat-toppedor round-topped

•Acorymb made up of smaller corymbs

Back 52

compound corymb

Front 53

•Flat-toppedor convex

•Pedicelsarise more of less from a common point

•Likethe struts of an umbrella

Back 53

Umbel

Front 54

•Anumbel made up of smaller umbels

•Thecharacteristic inflorescence of the Carrot Family (Apiaceae)

Back 54

Compound umbel

Front 55

•Alsocalled a Head

•Adense cluster of sessile flowers

•Thecharacteristic inflorescence of the Compositae (Asteraceae) or Daisy Family

Back 55

Captiulum

Front 56

•Theentire capitulum is subtended by numerousindividual overlapping bracts called phyllaries

•Allthe phyllaries form an _____

Back 56

involucre

Front 57

•There are two types of smallflowers (florets) in a capitulum:

•Tubeflowers, Ray flowers

species can be formed by all one or the other

Back 57

Usually found with a ring of ray flowers surrounding a tube flower

Front 58

Grasses (Poaceae) have unique flowers and inflorescences

Back 58

neat

Front 59

Grass flowers are called ______. They have two tiny basal scales called _____. These may be reduced sepals.

Back 59

florets, lodicules

Front 60

In the florets, the androecium consists of three stamens with large _____.

Back 60

anthers

Front 61

The floret contains a superior ovary with two styles, each style has a ______ stigma.

Back 61

feathery

Front 62

Grass florets are protected by an upper and lower bract, called the ____ and ____.

Back 62

lemma, palea

Front 63

Grass florets grow alternating along a long central axis called a rachilla, at the base of which sit two empty bracts called "____".

Back 63

glumes

Front 64

Thepair of glumes, the rachilla, and one to several florets makeup a ____

Back 64

spikelet

Front 65

Flowers manipulate the behaviors of _____ to achieve pollination.

Back 65

animals

Front 66

Branding colors on flowers allow animals to remember and repollinate specific flowers. Animal transport is _____ and discriminating.

Back 66

reliable

Front 67

Sexual reproduction via animal transport does not require a ____ of _____.

Back 67

film, water

Front 68

Widely dispersed individuals via animal transport leads to a more diverse species. Protects them from _______ and ______.

Back 68

parasites, pathogens

Front 69

Seeds germinate to form a ______ sporophyte.

Back 69

seedling

Front 70

seedling matures and eventually _____.

Back 70

flowers

Front 71

Angiosperms are heterosporous-- both _______ and ________ are produced within the same flower

Back 71

microspores, megaspores

Front 72

Faster production of male and female ______ than in gymnosperms.

Back 72

gametophytes

Front 73

Ovules produced within the ______ of the carpel. Each ovule contains a single diploid _________ mother cell.

Back 73

ovary, megaspore

Front 74

Megaspore undergoes _______ to produce four ________, three of which will die.

Back 74

meiosis, megaspores

Front 75

Survivor fills the space in the ______.

Back 75

nucellus

Front 76

After three divisions it forms a ______ gametophyte.

Back 76

female

Front 77

•These divisions produce eightnuclei arranged in two groups of four:

Back 77

one group near micropyle, one opposite the micropyle

Front 78

One _____ from each group migrates to the center, forming two polar _____. The large, center cell is ______.

Back 78

nucleus, nuclei. binucleate.

Front 79

•The three remaining nuclei at theend near the micropyle lay down walls to form:

Back 79

•Anegg

•Twosynergids, one on each side of the egg

Front 80

Thethree remaining nuclei at the end opposite the micropyle lay down walls to form:

Back 80

three antipodals

Front 81

The mature female gametophyte is the ______ ___. ____ cells and ____ nuclei. No archegonia formed.

Back 81

Embryo sac. 7,8

Front 82

Microspores are produced within pollen sacs (Microsporangia) on the _______.

Back 82

anthers

Front 83

In the pollen sacs, _____ mother cells undergo meiosis-- this produces ______ of microspores known as pollen grains.

Back 83

diploid, tetrads

Front 84

Theinnermost layer of the wall of the pollen sac is a

Back 84

Tapetum

•The tapetum feeds the developing pollen grains andadds a lipid-rich coat to their surface

Front 85

•Malegametophytes develop within the walls of the pollen grains

At which point they are _________.

Back 85

immature

Front 86

•Immature Male Gametophytes:

•Initiallyconsist of two cells

Back 86

tube cell

generative cell

Front 87

In 2/3rds of species, pollen is shed before the _______ ____ splits.

Back 87

generative cell

Front 88

generative cell splits to form two ____ _____ in 1/3rd of species. Then the pollen is shed.

Back 88

sperm nuclei

Front 89

Many species can be identified based on _____ characteristics.

Back 89

pollen

Front 90

pollen grains' outer walls contain __________ which resists decay. Excellent for fossils.

Back 90

sporopollenin

Front 91

Pollen grains packed with ____ or _____. Eaten by birds, beetles, bats, etc.

Back 91

starches, oils

Front 92

_______ pollen is rich in starch. Used to make bread.

Back 92

Cattail

Front 93

In Angiosperms, pollen grains are coated with a layer of ______. this layer often contains yellow, orange, blue, green, cinnamon, or other pigments.

Back 93

grease

Front 94

Anthers are usually cut by florists before sale to avoid pollen grains staining things.

Back 94

tru

Front 95

Colored _____ ____ may be used to attract insects. In some species it may be scented. Could serve as ____ repellant.

Back 95

Pollen grease, water

Front 96

the grease globules are hard to digest, dense, and adhesive. this glues pollen to insects. These can cause ____ and _____ in humans when carried by wind.

Back 96

fever, asthma

Front 97

Powerful allergen associated with the _____ grains that surround the sperm

Back 97

starch

Front 98

in spring, Oaks, Maples, Hickories, Birches are major causes of _____ fever

Back 98

Hay

Front 99

In summer hay fever is caused by _____ like Bermuda grass, orchard grass, timothy

Back 99

grasses

Front 100

in fall....

Back 100

RAGWEED