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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Angiosperms: Flowers
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noice
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From outside to center the parts are: sepal, _______, stamens, ________.
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petals, carpel
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______ are the whorl inside the petals. Their name is Latin for "warp threads," they are the male reproductive part of the flower.
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stamens
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Oldest version of stamens were _____-shaped. Some primitive families like magnolias still have flat, _____-shaped stamens.
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paddle, strap
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Strap shaped stamens have _____ vascular traces, and 2-4 pollen sacs. The pollen sacs are ______. |
3, microsporangia
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Lollipop shaped stamens replaced these types around ______ MYA. |
110 |
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Modern stamens have a long ______ and a small _____ at the tip.
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filament, anther
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The filament is a long, cylindrical _____ which supports the anther. |
stalk
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The _____ is the swollen tip which sits on the filament. |
anther
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Anthers contain two pairs of ____ ____, which are microsporangia. Meiosis within these structures produces _____.
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pollen sacs, pollen
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All of the stamens together form the "_____" meaning "house of man" |
androecium
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Pollen consists of the immature male ______ inside the walls of the microspore. Pollen is Latin for "____ ___"
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gametophyte, fine powder
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The _____ splits open when _____ is ready to disperse.
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anther, pollen
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_______- the innermost whorl.
Name is Latin for "_____," this is the female reproductive part of the plant. |
Carpels, fruit
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A carpel is a folded __________.
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megasporophyll
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______ is Greek for "fruit within a vessel" |
Angiosperm
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The carpel is made up of the stigma, _____, and _______. |
style, ovary |
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The _____ is the swollen, glandular tip of the style. this is where the pollen grains adhere. |
Stigma
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In flowers pollinated by _____, the stigma is the largest part of the flower. |
wind
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Saffron is obtained from the stigma of the ________ ______. Used for medicines, food flavor, dyes, perfumes, etc. |
saffron crocus
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It takes ________ hand picked stigmas per pound of saffron. Very expensive. |
225,000
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The _____ is a stalk which connects the stigma to the ovary. |
Style
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Some carpels lack a style, indicating the ______ state. |
ancestral
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The ______ is the part of the plant which contains the ovules. Every ovule has a single ________. |
ovary, megaspore
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Each megaspore contains a female gametophyte called the "_____ ____", every female gametophyte produces an ____. |
embryo sac, egg
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_______ is the location and manner in which the ovules attach to the ovary wall. |
Placentation
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All carpels together are called a "_______" |
gynoecium
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This _____ may be composed of one to several carpels |
gynoecium
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They may be separate carpels, in which case it is said to be _______. |
apocarpous
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The carpels may also be fused or partially fused. Many can look like they only have one large carpel- this is called a "______ gynoecium", and is formed from the coalescence of several carpels. |
syncarpous
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In some literature, a syncarpous gynoecium with a single stigma, style and ovary is called a "____" |
Pistil
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A flower with all four sets of parts is said to be _____, whereas a flower missing one or more parts is said to be _____. |
complete, incomplete
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However, a flower with both a gynoecium and androecium (regardless of petals and sepals) is said to be ______. |
perfect
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Complete always = perfect but perfect does not always =complete |
confusing but hokay
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Missing either the androecium or gynoecium is an ______ flower. ________ flowers only have stamens, ________ flowers only have carpels. |
imperfect; staminate, carpellate
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A plant with both staminate and carpellate flowers is called ______. |
monoecious
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A plant that has either/or is called ______. |
dioecious
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Three basic flower structure patterns: |
•Hypogynous •Perigynous •Epigynous |
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•Thesepals, petals, and stamens are attached to the receptacle beneath the ovary •Theovary is said to be superior |
Hypogenous. Ovary has highest position in the flower.
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•Thefused bases of sepals, petals, and stamens form a “hypanthium” •Abowl or cup that sits around the base of the ovary |
Perigynous. hypanthium surrounds, but is not fused to the gynoecium.
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•Thesepals, petals, and stamens apparently arise from top of ovary •Theovary is said to be inferior |
Epigynous. Aninferior ovary is buried under layers of tissues with only its style(s)protruding |
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Flowers can be displayed singly or in a grouping called an ________. |
inflorescence
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INFLORESCENCE TYPES |
NOICE
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•Unbranched •Elongated •Flowersare sessile •Flowersmature from the bottom of the inflorescence upwards |
Spike inflorescence
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•Unbranched •Elongated •Flowershave pedicels •Flowersmature from the bottom of the inflorescence upwards |
Raceme inflorescence
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•Apetalous(have no petals) •Unisexual •Eithersessile or with very short pedicels •Arrangedin a dense spike or raceme |
Catkin inflorescence
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•Sometimescalled a head •Flowersare arranged in a very dense cluster |
Glomerule inflorescence
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•Branched •Elongated •Racemose •Flowersmature from the bottom of the inflorescence upwards |
Panicle inflorescence
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•Paniculate •Determinate •Theterminal flower blooms first •Eachterminal flower is subtended by a pair of lateral flowers |
Cyme
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•Cymose •Flowersonly open on one side of the inflorescence •Thiscauses the inflorescence to be coiled like a spiral or helix |
helicoid cyme
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•Flat-toppedor round-topped •Racemose •Lowerpedicels are longer than the upper pedicels |
Corymb
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•Flat-toppedor round-topped •Acorymb made up of smaller corymbs |
compound corymb
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•Flat-toppedor convex •Pedicelsarise more of less from a common point •Likethe struts of an umbrella |
Umbel
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•Anumbel made up of smaller umbels •Thecharacteristic inflorescence of the Carrot Family (Apiaceae) |
Compound umbel
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•Alsocalled a Head •Adense cluster of sessile flowers •Thecharacteristic inflorescence of the Compositae (Asteraceae) or Daisy Family |
Captiulum
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•Theentire capitulum is subtended by numerousindividual overlapping bracts called phyllaries •Allthe phyllaries form an _____ |
involucre
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•There are two types of smallflowers (florets) in a capitulum: •Tubeflowers, Ray flowers species can be formed by all one or the other |
Usually found with a ring of ray flowers surrounding a tube flower
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Grasses (Poaceae) have unique flowers and inflorescences |
neat
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Grass flowers are called ______. They have two tiny basal scales called _____. These may be reduced sepals. |
florets, lodicules
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In the florets, the androecium consists of three stamens with large _____. |
anthers
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The floret contains a superior ovary with two styles, each style has a ______ stigma. |
feathery
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Grass florets are protected by an upper and lower bract, called the ____ and ____. |
lemma, palea
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Grass florets grow alternating along a long central axis called a rachilla, at the base of which sit two empty bracts called "____". |
glumes
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Thepair of glumes, the rachilla, and one to several florets makeup a ____ |
spikelet
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Flowers manipulate the behaviors of _____ to achieve pollination. |
animals
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Branding colors on flowers allow animals to remember and repollinate specific flowers. Animal transport is _____ and discriminating. |
reliable
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Sexual reproduction via animal transport does not require a ____ of _____. |
film, water
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Widely dispersed individuals via animal transport leads to a more diverse species. Protects them from _______ and ______. |
parasites, pathogens
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Seeds germinate to form a ______ sporophyte. |
seedling
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seedling matures and eventually _____. |
flowers
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Angiosperms are heterosporous-- both _______ and ________ are produced within the same flower |
microspores, megaspores
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Faster production of male and female ______ than in gymnosperms. |
gametophytes
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Ovules produced within the ______ of the carpel. Each ovule contains a single diploid _________ mother cell. |
ovary, megaspore
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Megaspore undergoes _______ to produce four ________, three of which will die. |
meiosis, megaspores
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Survivor fills the space in the ______. |
nucellus
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After three divisions it forms a ______ gametophyte. |
female
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•These divisions produce eightnuclei arranged in two groups of four: |
one group near micropyle, one opposite the micropyle
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One _____ from each group migrates to the center, forming two polar _____. The large, center cell is ______. |
nucleus, nuclei. binucleate.
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•The three remaining nuclei at theend near the micropyle lay down walls to form: |
•Anegg •Twosynergids, one on each side of the egg |
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Thethree remaining nuclei at the end opposite the micropyle lay down walls to form: |
three antipodals
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The mature female gametophyte is the ______ ___. ____ cells and ____ nuclei. No archegonia formed. |
Embryo sac. 7,8
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Microspores are produced within pollen sacs (Microsporangia) on the _______. |
anthers |
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In the pollen sacs, _____ mother cells undergo meiosis-- this produces ______ of microspores known as pollen grains.
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diploid, tetrads
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Theinnermost layer of the wall of the pollen sac is a |
Tapetum •The tapetum feeds the developing pollen grains andadds a lipid-rich coat to their surface |
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•Malegametophytes develop within the walls of the pollen grains At which point they are _________. |
immature |
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•Immature Male Gametophytes: •Initiallyconsist of two cells |
tube cell generative cell |
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In 2/3rds of species, pollen is shed before the _______ ____ splits.
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generative cell |
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generative cell splits to form two ____ _____ in 1/3rd of species. Then the pollen is shed.
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sperm nuclei |
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Many species can be identified based on _____ characteristics.
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pollen |
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pollen grains' outer walls contain __________ which resists decay. Excellent for fossils.
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sporopollenin |
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Pollen grains packed with ____ or _____. Eaten by birds, beetles, bats, etc.
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starches, oils
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_______ pollen is rich in starch. Used to make bread.
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Cattail
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In Angiosperms, pollen grains are coated with a layer of ______. this layer often contains yellow, orange, blue, green, cinnamon, or other pigments. |
grease |
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Anthers are usually cut by florists before sale to avoid pollen grains staining things.
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tru
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Colored _____ ____ may be used to attract insects. In some species it may be scented. Could serve as ____ repellant. |
Pollen grease, water |
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the grease globules are hard to digest, dense, and adhesive. this glues pollen to insects. These can cause ____ and _____ in humans when carried by wind. |
fever, asthma
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Powerful allergen associated with the _____ grains that surround the sperm
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starch
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in spring, Oaks, Maples, Hickories, Birches are major causes of _____ fever
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Hay
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In summer hay fever is caused by _____ like Bermuda grass, orchard grass, timothy
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grasses
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in fall....
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RAGWEED
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