Mapping & Gis Mid-Term

Front 1

What is a map?

Back 1

A bird's eye view of all the earth's surfaces and or a concrete or abstract representation of the features that occur on or near the surface of the earth or other celestial bodies.

Front 2

What is cartography?

Back 2

The art, science and technology of making maps, together with their study as scientific documents and works of art.

Front 3

What is a mental map?

Back 3

Images we have in our minds.

Front 4

Computer-assisted Cartography is:

Back 4

Applying computers to the processing and analysis of remote-sensing data and operation of geo-graphic information systems and then to the production of maps.

Front 5

What is part of almost all maps?

Back 5

Typographical information including titles, legends, names and notes.

Front 6

What is a title

Back 6

Map Subject, Time period of map, other content aspects

Front 7

What is in a legend?

Back 7

map symbols and their explanation

Front 8

What is a neatline?

Back 8

A narrow line that frames the map area.

Front 9

What is the scale?

Back 9

The ratio between the size of features on the map and the size of the same features on the ground. It can be a representative fraction, a word statement or a graphic scale.

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Orientation

Back 10

The way a map is aligned relative to the earth's surface. See North arrow.

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Inset

Back 11

Additional small map with larger map. It can be 1) An enlarged portion 2) Locator map, 3) Areas related to main map, 4) Additional information.

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Locator map

Back 12

One that shows where the map is found in a larger, better know region. (Can be an inset map.)

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Supplemental inset

Back 13

Can be treated as individual map with it's own legend, scale, direction and other features.

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Planimetric map

Back 14

Maps that do not show relief features in measurable form. Usually the simplest form of map.

Front 15

Planimetric base map

Back 15

Used to provide framework for thematic maps.

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Outline map

Back 16

Outlines that provide a framework for plotting information - like empty U.S. map with just rivers and lakes.

Front 17

Cadastral map

Back 17

Usually includes the location of property-ownership lines, with their bearings and lengths, the ownership and size of land parcles and similar information - think platt maps.

Front 18

Line route maps

Back 18

Specialized maps used by utility companies to show routes and right of ways of their transmission lines or pipelines. (Cadastral map)

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Topgraphic map

Back 19

Shows the shape and elevation of terrain. (Greek topos = place & graphien = to describe)

Front 20

Bathymetric maps

Back 20

Water depths and the configuration of underwater topography.

Front 21

What is an engineering map?

Back 21

Detailed Maps, sometimes called plans, used in engineering projects and to aid in estimating construction costs.

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Flood-prone area maps

Back 22

Provide information about areas subject to flooding. Derived from topographic maps.

Front 23

Landscape Map

Back 23

provides detailed site information and planting plans for gardens and parks.

Front 24

Thematic Maps

Back 24

Show information about any of a myriad of special topics superimposed on a base map.

Front 25

Dot-distribution maps

Back 25

A thematic map in which dots are used to represent a specific quantity of a particular variable.

Front 26

Choropleth map

Back 26

A thematic map that shows distributions summarized on the basis of areas delimited by state or county boundaries or other arbitrary boundary lines. (Each ara is colored, shaded, dotted, or hatched to appear as a darker or lighter tone.)

Front 27

Isoline maps

Back 27

Show numerical values for continuous distributions by means of lines joining points of equal values.

Front 28

Thematic Flow maps

Back 28

show direction and amount of movement, as well as the types of goods or services moved.

Front 29

Cartograms

Back 29

Cartograms are a deliberately distorted unique representation that substitute a different standard of measurement (time or cost) for the distance or area measurements customarily used.

Front 30

Remote sensing

Back 30

gathering information by means of a sensor that is not in contact with the objects in the scene being observed.

Front 31

Aerial photographs

Back 31

The most common remote sensing product.

Front 32

Vertical aerial photograph

Back 32

Taken with the lens pointed straight down at the ground.

Front 33

Oblique aerial photograph

Back 33

Taken with the lens pointed at an angle away from the vertical.

Front 34

Radar image

Back 34

A remotely sensed product where a special transmission is beamed from a power source and reflected energy is captured and converted into an image of the scene.

Front 35

Satellite images

Back 35

can be taken fomr a spacecraft with or without a crew.

Front 36

Earth

Back 36

A sphere, by convincing and direct evidence such as astronauts.

Front 37

Poles of rotation

Back 37

Proving for a starting point of a locational system

Front 38

Great Circle

Back 38

The line defined by the intersection of a plane passing through the center of the earth and it's intersection with the earth's surface.

Front 39

Lines of longitude or meridian

Back 39

Each half of a great circle that joins the poles.

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Prime meridian

Back 40

The starting point - most maps use Greenwich England which then gets a value of 0.

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Highest numbered meridian

Back 41

180th, opposite the prime meridian

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Equator

Back 42

A great circle, placed at right angles to the meridians, and located midway between the poles.

Front 43

Small circles

Back 43

Parallel to the equator but the lines of latitude created by planes passing through the earth both north and south of the equator.

Front 44

Hypsometric tints

Back 44

Layered tints showing relief

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Parallel

Back 45

Lines of latitude, placed parallel to the equator

Front 46

Graticle

Back 46

The pattern of the meridians and parallels on the earth.

Front 47

Parallels and Meridians

Back 47

Cross each other at right (90*) angles.

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Ellipsoid

Back 48

Earth's shape due to it's revolving easterly and that generating centrifugal force whih causes the earth to bulge at the middle and flattern at the poles.

Front 49

Polar Flattening

Back 49

Earth's radius is slightly greater at right angles to the axis of rotation and slightly smaller along the the axis For earth, it's 1/298 or almost 0.

Front 50

Geoid

Back 50

An ellipsoid with a slightly irrregular shape caused by variations in the density of various portions of the earth's crust.

Front 51

Eratosthenes

Back 51

A Greek mathematician who first measured the earth in 250 B.C.

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Summer Solstice

Back 52

Whent the noon sun is directly overhead.

Front 53

Geodetic Control Surveys

Back 53

the curvature of the earth and determine locations in terms of latitude and longitude.

Front 54

Polaris

Back 54

The north star, which, when standing at the north pole, appears to be directly overhead. (Actually 1.5 degrees away.)

Front 55

Astronomic latitude

Back 55

measuring the angle between Polaris and the observer's horizon.

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Chronometer

Back 56

Extremely accurate clock

Front 57

Magnetic Declination

Back 57

The difference between the direction to the north magnetic pole and the direction to the geographic pole.

Front 58

Analemma

Back 58

A figure eight-shaped diagram which gives information about the latitudes at which the sun is directly overhead throughout the year. A visual picture of the equation of time. An analemma is usedto determine the equation of time on any given date.

Front 59

Ephemeris

Back 59

A set of tables that more exactly (then an analemma), provied information about the latitudes at which the sun is directly overhead throughout the year.

Front 60

Plane of the eliptic

Back 60

The imaginary plane that passes through the sun and the earth at all positions of the earth's orbit around the sun. Earth's axis tilts 23.5 degrees relative to a line perpedicular to the Plane of the eliptic.

Front 61

Declination of the sun

Back 61

What latitude the sun is over through the year - and is used to adjust the calculation when an observation of the sun is being used to determine the latitude of a point on the earth's surface.

Front 62

Apparent Solar Day

Back 62

The period between one noon and the next at the same location.

Front 63

Mean Solar Time

Back 63

Depending on the time of year, each solar day differs from one part of the year to another, therefore the mean solar time is 24 hours because it uses the average length of a day throughout the year.

Front 64

Equation of Time

Back 64

The difference between the mean solar time and the apparent solar time.

Front 65

International Date Line

Back 65

The 180th meridian, a 1/2 day away from the Prime Meridian.

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Time zones

Back 66

24 zones on earth, each 15 degrees. Earth rotates through one each hour. Central meridian of each zone is the time meridian.

Front 67

Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)

Back 67

The basis of times observed in each time zone. Formerly known as Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).

Front 68

Deflection of the vertical

Back 68

The difference at a given location between a vertical line drawn to the center of the earth and a verticl line drawn to the earth's center of gravity.

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Geodetic Control Networks

Back 69

From two starting locations determined by astronomical observations, using a system of triangulation, the surveyor is able to calculate the locations of newly observed points.

Front 70

Monument

Back 70

Plaque placed at a survey control point to designate location and/or elevation.

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Trilateration networks (Historically more common Triangulation Networks)

Back 71

Basing surveys on the measurement of distances, just as in Triangulation, they were based on the measurement of angles.

Front 72

North American Datum of 1927

Back 72

Historical basis of maps of North America, based on a vast control network originating at Meade's Ranch Kansas.

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North America Datum of 1983

Back 73

Now, standard reference for maps of continent. Recalculation of NAD of 1927.

Front 74

Horizontal datum

Back 74

Starting elevation to which elevations on a map are referred. Necessitated by today's engineering and scientific accuracy requirements and made possible by satellite observation methods.

Front 75

Plane survey

Back 75

A survey in which measurements and computations are made without considering the earth's spherical shape.

Front 76

Differential leveling

Back 76

Put a level between two points. Measure a rod above the known point, turn and meause a rod above the new point, the difference is it's elevation difference with the known point.

Front 77

Datum

Back 77

Fixed elevation, such as mean sea level, used as a starting point for a vertical survey.

Front 78

mean datum

Back 78

Vertical datum that averages long-term tidal variations. Max. accuracy is hour computations for 18.6 years.

Front 79

Metonic cycle

Back 79

The complete cycle of relationships between the sun, moon, and earth evolves over 18.6 years.

Front 80

Stilling basin

Back 80

Used to get mean sea level. Cut off from the direct influence of wind and waves.

Front 81

Standard North American datum

Back 81

Used in the U.S. and North America - adjusted in 1929 and in 1988. (NAD 1988)

Front 82

Vetical Aerial Photographs

Back 82

Used for mapping purposes and taken with an aerial survey camera. Typically 9 inches (23 cm) square.

Front 83

Parallax

Back 83

Difference in viewpoint of one eye versus the other, which results in a three-dimensional, stereoscopic image.

Front 84

Stereo pairs

Back 84

Overlapping photos which provide two slightly differing views of each portion of the earth's surface.

Front 85

Stereoscope

Back 85

Simple instrument that permits the simultaneous viewing of a stereo pair of aerial photographs so that the desired three-dimensional effect is achieved.

Front 86

Stereoscopic image

Back 86

Three-dimensional image (especially of aerial photographs) showing the same scene from slightly different points of view. Used for stereoscopic (three-dimensional) viewing.

Front 87

stereomodel

Back 87

Apparent three-dimensional view of the terrain, as viewed in a stereoplotter.

Front 88

Ground control points

Back 88

An easily identifiable point on the ground established to tie remote-sensing images to a ground survey.

Front 89

Control diagram

Back 89

Map based on a survey used to establish ground locations of control points for aerial photography.

Front 90

Floating mark

Back 90

In stereoplotter, point of light that appears to be suspended over the stereomodel. Used to transfer locational information

Front 91

Globe

Back 91

spherical model of the earth

Front 92

gores

Back 92

Tapered strip map used in globe construction.

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perspective view

Back 93

view of a scene from a single viewpoint, such as an aerial photograph.

Front 94

Orthographic view

Back 94

View drawn as though every point were seen from directly overhead, such as a map.

Front 95

map projection

Back 95

Systematic rendering on a flat sheet of paper of the earth's graticule (lines of latitude and longitude).

Front 96

grid

Back 96

graticule

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plane

Back 97

Flat surface used for azimuthal projections.

Front 98

Developable surface

Back 98

Projection surface, especially a cone or a cylinder, that is not flat at the time the projection is created but that can be flattened later.

Front 99

gnomonic position

Back 99

light source at the center of the globe

Front 100

stereographic position

Back 100

At the antipode (The point exactly opposite the point of tangency of the projection surface.)

Front 101

Orthographic position

Back 101

The light source at infinity

Front 102

Orientation of a projection surface

Back 102

May be changed as desired but certain orientations are normal.

Front 103

Normal projection

Back 103

Cylinder would be tangent at the equator. Cone would be tangent along a parallel with the apex above the pole. The normal orientation of a plane is tangent at the pole (Polar Azimuthal.)

Front 104

Transverse projection

Back 104

Turned 90* from normal. Tranverse Cylinder is tangent along a median. Transverse plane is tangent along the equator.

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Transverse Conic

Back 105

Apex of the cone on a plane of the equator.

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Oblique projection

Back 106

Results if the projection surface lies at an angle somewhere between normal and the transverse positions.

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Standard line

Back 107

The line of tangency between a projection surface and the surface of the globe. Alnong the standard line, the map has no distortion. (If along a parallel, can be called the standard parallel.

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Secant projection

Back 108

Projection in which the projection surface intersects the globe. (Cone or cylinder would have two standard lines. A tangent plane woud have one.)

Front 109

Oblique azimuthal (plane)projection

Back 109

Plane leaning along side of earth, not a polar tangent of an equatorial tangent.

Front 110

Major Properties

Back 110

Can exist at all points on certain projectes - Conformality & Equivalence

Front 111

Conformality

Back 111

The retention of correct angles on a map.(Can only occur in small areas.)

Front 112

Equivalent (equal area) projection

Back 112

Projection on which equal areas are retained, so that a unit area drawn anywhere on a map always represents the same area on the earth's surface.

Front 113

Minor properties

Back 113

Those that can exist in relation to only one or sometimes two points or lines on certain projections. Distance and direction

Front 114

Great-circle distance

Back 114

Shortest distance between two points on the earth's surface, represented by the path of a great circle.

Front 115

Equidistant maps

Back 115

Map with the characteristic of correct distance relationships.

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Direction

Back 116

The path along which something is moving or pointing.

Front 117

True azimuth

Back 117

Direction of a great circle. Also known as an orthodrome.

Front 118

Compromise projection

Back 118

Map projection that does not preserve any of the globe properties but also does not result in extreme distortion of any property.

Front 119

Mercator

Back 119

Conformal map projection that shows the world (less the polar regions) in a rectangular format. Useful for navigational purposes because all the straight lines drawn on it are lines of constant compass direction.(Scale distances become increasingly exaggerated away from the equator and toward the poles.)
Shapes of smaller, individual features are correct but not over large areas suh as continents. Used for navigational charts.

Front 120

Sinusoidal projection

Back 120

An equal area (equivalent) projection.Looks like a flattened tear drop with points. i.e. Albers equal-area (often for U.S. maps); homolographic; The Goode interrupted homolosine; the Bonne

Front 121

Azimuthal equidistant projection

Back 121

Map projection on a plane, in which all points are plotted at their true distance from the center of the projection and are in their true global direction (azimuth) from the center. Both poles bent to touch tangent. Preserves the globe quality of equidistance.

Front 122

Gnomonic projection

Back 122

Map projection on a plane, with the light source at the center of the earth. All straight lines drawn on a gnomonic projection represent portions of great circles. Used for navigational charts.

Front 123

Interruption

Back 123

Involves separating the projection along several dividing lines. such as equal-area projections.

Front 124

Compromise Projections

Back 124

1) The Miller Cyllindrical - Shows the world in a rectangular world. Modified from the Mercator so that it distorts the size of areas less.
2) The Robinson -Minimizes visually disturbing distortions. (Rounded belly)
3) The Winkel Tripel - Used by National Geographic. Based on the balance it provides between size and shape.

Front 125

Lambert Conformal conic projection

Back 125

Used for mid-latitude air charts because straight lines drawn on it very closely approximate great-circle routes.

Front 126

Retaining correct shapes

Back 126

Conformality

Front 127

Retaining Equal-Area characteristics

Back 127

Equivalence

Front 128

Methods of specifying locational information

Back 128

1) Latitude and Longitude Coordinate System
2) State Plane Coordinate (SPC) system
3) World Geographic Reference System (GEOREF)
4) Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
5) Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS) systems

Front 129

Land-partitioning systems

Back 129

1) Metes and Bounds : Unsystematic
2) U.S. Public Land Survey (Canada Land Survey System - CLSS) USPLS

Front 130

Interpolation

Back 130

Method of logically determining the elevationof a point that is not on a contour or a spot height. Althernatively, method of determining the coordinates of a point not located on a grid or graticule line.

Front 131

Grid ticks

Back 131

Short lines to indicate the intersection of the graticule with the map outline (Called a neatline.)

Front 132

Spacing dividers

Back 132

Eleven-point dividers used for measuring interpolated locations.

Front 133

World Geographic Reference System (GEOREF)

Back 133

Allows more convenient and rapid reporting and plotting of locations.

Front 134

Plane Rectangular Grid (reference grid)

Back 134

System of lines superimposed on a map for locational purposes that does not take the curvature of the earth's surface into account.

Front 135

Cartesian Coordinate System

Back 135

Four-quadrant system of locational coordinates

Front 136

General rule for plane coordinate systems

Back 136

Locations are defined by giving the east-west coordinate first and the north-south coordinate second.

Front 137

Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) System

Back 137

Plane rectangular grid system that covers the earth's surface between 80* South and 84* North. Used in conjunction with the Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS) System, which covers the polar caps. Civilian system that uses only numbers, while the US Military Grid Reference System uses number/letter combinations to designate grid zones. 60 north/south zones, each 6 degrees wide. Each zone overlaps the other zone by 1/2 degree.

Front 138

Military Grid Reference System

Back 138

Military version of UTM/UPS Systems - Avoids long strings of numerals. 84* North to 80* South, divided into grid zones 6* east/west by 8* north/south. Each grid has column number and row letter. Column numbers are 1 - 60. Row letters are C - X omitting I and O. i.e. 3N AND, Polar Grid Zones are A/B for south and Y/Z to north.

Front 139

State Plane Coordinate (SPC) System

Back 139

Rectangular coordinate system individuallyapplied to each of the United States. Each state is split into zones. With exceptions, the Lambert conformal projection is used for east/west trending states and the transverse Mercator is used for north/south trending states.

Front 140

Cadastral surveys

Back 140

Survey used to determine land-ownership boundaries and property descriptions. In the United States, preferably reserved for land-ownership surveys of the public lands.

Front 141

Unsystematic subdivision

Back 141

Land-ownership pattern developed in an unplanned manner, using, for example, property boundaries established on the basis of settler's claims. (Mostly colonial U.S.)

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Metest and Bounds surveying

Back 142

Method of land survey used to describe unsystematic land ownerships. Records the direction and length of each portion of the boundary line of the property in sequence, often using distinctive markers, such as trees of particular species.

Front 143

Bearing

Back 143

The angular difference between a north or south reference and the direction of the surveyed line. (i.e. north 45* east)

Front 144

Rectangular Survey System

Back 144

Method of land survey, utilizing townships and ranges. Started in Ohio and ultimately extended throughout most of the western states and parts of the south. Originally known as the rectangular survey system. Now knows as the Public Land Survey, U.S. (USPLS, systematic subdivision)

Front 145

Principal meridian

Back 145

North-south reference line used in a US Public Land Survey Zone.

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Baseline

Back 146

Line that serves as the basis for a survey, with endpoints, direction, and lengths that are accurately known. Or east-west reference line used in conjunction with a U.S. Public Land Survey principal meridian.

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Townships

Back 147

Six-mile-wide, east-west zone in the US Public Land Survey and Canada Land Survey System. Also, 36-square mile area formed by the interesection of an east-west township and a north-range.

Front 148

Ranges

Back 148

The north-south lines in the grid form columns.

Front 149

Sections

Back 149

Townships formed by township rows and range columns are subdivided into thirty-six sections, each about 1 square mile (640 acres), their exact size of actually surveyed townships often differs from the standard.

Front 150

Township plats

Back 150

Detailed map of the land-ownership boundaries within a US Public Land Survey township.

Front 151

Aiquot parts

Back 151

Division of a US Public Land Survey section into various combinations of quarters (160 acres), quarter-quarters (40 acres) and halves (80 acres).

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Lot

Back 152

In US Public Land Survey, subdivisions used when the normal system of fractional sections cannot be applied, such as along the northern and western edges of some townships or along the shores of navigable streams or lakes 25 acres or more in extent.

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Meander line

Back 153

In the US Public Land Survey, line surveyed along the mean high-water elevation of a navigable water body. (High water lines are used to establish property boundaries.)

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Standard parallel

Back 154

In the US Public Land Survey, east-west reference line established at 24-mile spacing. In normally oriented conic or cylindrical map projections, parallel of intersection of the project surface with the globe.

Front 155

Guide meridians

Back 155

In the US Public Land Survey, north-south reference line established at 24-mile spacing.

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Seigneury

Back 156

Seventeenth cerntury French land grant in the region that is now Quebec and the Maritime provinces except Newfoundland. Granted for the purposes of promoting settlement and development.The land holders were called seigneurs.

Front 157

Rotures

Back 157

Lot allocated to an individual farmer in the seigneurial land ownership system of French Canada.

Front 158

Canada Land Survey System (CLSS)

Back 158

Survey system established in 1870 to provide an orderly land-ownership framework in the prairies and mountains of western Canada. uses principal meridians and baselines, townships, ranges, sections, and subdivisions of sections.

Front 159

Legal Subdivision

Back 159

In the Canadian Land Survey System, division of a section into sixteen 40-acre subdivisions, which are equivalent of quarter-quarter sections in the US Public Land Survey.

Front 160

Scale

Back 160

The ration between map distances and earth distances. Can be expressed as a 1) Word Statement; 2) Arithmetic ratio (representative fraction), or 3) a graphic symbol.

Front 161

Word Statement

Back 161

Statement of scale ratio in words.

Front 162

Representative-Fraction (RF) scale

Back 162

The ratio between the map distance and the ground distance between equivalent points.

Front 163

US Customary Units

Back 163

Units of measurement, such as feet, inches, and miles, based on the units of the older English system.

Front 164

foot

Back 164

Unit of measuremnt in the US Customary system, defined as 1:0.30480061 meter. Since 1959, also know as the US Survey foot.

Front 165

international foot

Back 165

Defined as 1:0.3048 meter. Compare with US Survey foot. (See foot)

Front 166

Mile

Back 166

Unit of measurement in the US Customary system. Defined as 5280 feet (1069.35 meters)

Front 167

metric system

Back 167

System of measurement originally defined by the French Academy of Sciences in 1791.

Front 168

meter

Back 168

Basic unit of measurement of the metric system. Originally defined bas one ten-millionth of the great circle from the earth's equator ot the earth's pole. Since 1983, defined as the distance that light travels in 1/299,792,458 of a second.