Mao's China 1945-76

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Laws of 1950

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Agrarian Reform Law and Marriage Law

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Big Campaigns

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Three Antis (1951) and Five Antis (1952), 2-3m committed suicide in 5 antis

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First Fiver Year Plan

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1953-1957

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Purge of GG and RS

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Gao Gang and Rao Shushi in 1954

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Persecution of HF

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Hu Feng in 1955

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100 Flowers

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Launched in early 1957 and ended in June, 500,000 intellectuals persecuted and sent to Laogai

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Events 100 flowers

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Intellectuals sceptical due to persecution of Hu Feng eventually intellectual unleashed torrent and Mao reacted

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100 flowers lead to

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Doubts in CCP, fear of CCP, lack of intellectuals, discipline, lack of independent thought

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First Commune

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April 1958

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Great Leap Forward launched

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May 1958 ended June 1960

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PD Purged

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Peng Dehuai in late 1959 for challenging GLF

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Launch of Cultural Revolution and officially ended in 1969

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1966 after attack on Wu Han in press

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LB rise and fall

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Lin Biao names as successor in 1969 but dies escaping in September 1971

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State of China in 1949

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China had a population of 475m, 80% landless peasants with a literacy rate of 20%

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Problems with China in 1949

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huge country, crime (opium addiction), communication, economy (inflation and no currency, bad agriculture), taking out western powers (reliance on USSR), literacy and starvation

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Mao Zedong thought based on

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self reliance, continuing revolution, class struggle, role of peasants, role of party and mass mobilisation

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Early Solutions of Mao's government

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Bring down inflation, sieze foreign assets, nationalise banks, gas, electricity and transport, establish new system of government, introduce renminbi, unify China

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Early Agriculture and industry results

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By 1952 industry and agriculture had risen 77.5 percent

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Early policies had cautious tone and…

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China still relied on bourgeoisie and Mao allowed 14 other political parties

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Mao’s government was structured around

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CCP, central government and PLA

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Central committee etc…

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Made up of 44, Politburo made up of 14 and standing committee had 5 people

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How many key posts and who was important?

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24 across the country, Gao Gang, Peng Dehuai, Rao Shushi, Lin Biao and Deng Xiaoping held 15

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Who argued that Mao was new emporer

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Lynch felt this was dynasty of Mao

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By 1950 the PLA

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had 5m members, largest army in the world, it accounted for 41% of the state budget.

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By 1953 the PLA was

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3.5m strong and 2.5m by 1957. 800,000 new conscripts came through every year, PLA lost egalitarianism

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The military budget remained

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constant at around 40% of spending in early years

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Mao controlled China through

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Cult of personality, PLA (kept law and order, propaganda, cadres), government and local CCP, terror and repression

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Cult of personality propaganda through…

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posters, books of his quotes, songs, operas and films / served purpose of creating loyalty to Mao

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work units

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The Danwei, led by cadres, controlled housing, grain, oil and cloth allocation. They also issued travel, marriage, army entrance, university and employment change permits.

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CCP encouraged mass organisations…

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9m members of New Democratic Youth League in 1953

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prison camps

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laogai, held 10m people held in any one year in camps. About 25m died in these camps and by 1976 there were more than 10,000 camps across China

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files held on all people that came to the CCP’s attention

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Dangans were a form of political and social control

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The Suppression of Counter-Revolutionaries campaign

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started in 1950 focused on people with Kuomintang links and 28,000 were executed in a year in just on province

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What campaign focused on foreigners

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Resist American and Aid Korea Campaign of 1950

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Anti Rightist campaign after…

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100 flowers campaign sent 500,000 to Laogai

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Problems with China industry/agriculture in 1949

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Non mechanised peasant farming and almost complete lack of industry

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Korean War

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Started in June 1950 approximately 800,000 Chinese soldiers died

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Land Reform

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(1950-52)Approximately 700,000 executions and killings of landlords.About 40% of cultivate land was redistributed and 60% of the population benefitted.

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First Five Year Plan

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(1953-57)

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Mutual aid teams

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10 housholds pooling tools, by the end of 1952 40% of households were members

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APC's

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Agricultural Producers Cooperatives grouped 30-50 then 200-300 households by January 1956 63% of peasants in one

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Agricultural results of FFYP

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Agriculture grew only 3.8% 1953-57 and population growth exceeded this 2% vs. 1% ag growth in 1957 / poor harvest in 1954 had led to some food riots

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Collectivisation led to…

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Greater CCP control rurally and some peasants better off foodwise

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Positive Industrial results of FFYP

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Almost all production exceeded targets such as Coal, steel, cement, electricity, trucks, machines and bicycles all exceeded production targets.

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Negative Industrial results of FFYP

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Only Locomotives and insecticide and a couple of others failed to meet targets.

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Overall Industrial results of FFYP

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Industry grew 18% per year 1953-57 and Industrial output double in 5 years

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Failures of FFYP

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Many workers illiterate and poorly trained and freedom restricted, consumer goods neglected, huge loans to USSR owed

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General FFYP successes

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Living standards rose, workers had greater income and job security

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Why launch GLF

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FFYP not agriculturally succesful and more food needed for industrialisation. Also allowed peasants to partake in revolution

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Communes

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20,000 people 26,000 communes were formed by December 1958 from 740,000 co-operatives with approximately 99% of the peasant population in communes.

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Communes changed social dynamics…

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people ate together, put in militia units, children looked after together, sexes slept together, nuclear family destroyed

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Aim of communes

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to create military discipline, extract as much food and work as possible

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The Four Noes campaign

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Mao aimed to eradicate the pests; flies, mosquitoes, rats and sparrows.

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Mao used Soviet loans of

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7% of USSR national income in 1959.

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In 1958 the government claimed

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there was 375 million tonnes of grain when actually around 200 million tonnes was harvested. In 1959 this fell to 170 million and in 1960 only 143 million tonnes was produced.

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GLF Failure

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Weather conditions; flood south and drought north, anti-rightist campaign purged many experts, waste of work, USSR withdrew experts, grain exported.

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There was a huge famine across China in the years

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1959-62. Around 20 million people died in this time period even in Beijing the death rate rose 250%. Half those dead under 10 and suicies 250,000

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By 1961 grain was

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being imported; 6 million tonnes whereas in 1959 4.7mt exported

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GLF for industry

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Industrial output had peaked in 1960 at 183 billion yuan fell to 94bn in 1962. Steel, coal and cement output peaked in 1960 but by 1962 halved

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Social results of GLF

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Prostitution, banditry and cannabalism (re)emerged. State violence increase, communism less trusted

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Traditional views of women

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Patriarchal, women oppressed with foot binding and lack of education. Arranged marriages, dowry, prostitution, concubinage

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Women under mao

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in labour force increased from 8% to 32% under Mao. Percentage of female deputies in National People’s congress increased from 14% in 1954 to 23% in 1975. Prostitution stamped out.

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Marriage Law of 1950…

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outlawed arranged marriages, payment of dowries, bigamy and concubinage. It also allowed divorces to be attained much easier and gave property rights to women, equal rights as men

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Failures of Women's rights;

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Only 13% CCP membership was female, patriarchal society wouldn’t change quickly, innapropriate labour, Mao had concubines, family life destroyed in GLF, famine brought back old attitudes

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Education changes;

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In 1949 20% attended primary school, by 1956 less than half but by 1976 96%

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Why did Mao focus on education?

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Literacy essential for indoctrination and good workforce for economic development

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New language

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Introduced in 1955 a new form of mandarin that could be written and understood by all dialects and regions

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Literacy rates changed from and Universities

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20% in 1949 to 70% in 1976 and Universities went from 200 to 1016 in same time

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Failures of education

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In 1982 1% had university degree, only 35% post 12 education and only 6% officials post 16 education

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Education unfairness

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Only 6.4% of state investment in 1952, 'key schools' not on merit often

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Health before 1949

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Water-born diseases prevelant, worm infestation and lack of sanitation, many on fringe of starvation. Only hospitals in cities nothing rurally

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Mao's health care focused on

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Prevention rather than cure to keep workforce healthy

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Helath reform through

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Mass campaigns such as Patriotic Health Camapaign for sanitation and hygeine

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Health failures

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only 1.3% of state investment in 1952, many doctors removed and few retrained

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Health successes

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Helathier population generally, Death rates gradually declined, drinking water improved, peasants educated on causes of diseases,

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Health care provision under Mao

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Urban hospitals, paramedics at villages, towns had health centre and county hospitals had doctors, barefoot doctors provided rural care

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Helath care help in rural

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Barefoot doctors and Rural Cooperative Medical Schemes

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Pragmatic successes

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by 1965 the harvest was at levels of 1957 and in 1965 industrial output was nearly double 1957

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The Cultural Revolution was…

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A struggle to change culture, a power struggle in CCP, a rectification campaign

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CR: struggle to remould culture…

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art, literature to socialist, attack on non-socialist literature (Proletarian writers for purity), culture struggle was class struggle

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CR: power struggle in CCP…

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Mao wanted his inluence in CCP, Mao didn't think Liu or Deng were socialist they were purged, many in CCP were purged Mao took total control

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CR: rectification campaign…

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authority taking capitalist road, Mao mobilised millions, Mao felt cadres too comfortable, personality cult put Mao at centre of continuing revolution

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Four olds

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old culture, old customs, old ideas and old habits

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Events of CR

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Mao created and sent Red Guards to destory four olds, set up adult red guards, set up revolutionary comittees, purged Deng Liu and many others, then installed PLA as most important

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Turning point of CR

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Politburo criticised CR as Mao limited red guards, Mao felt criticism showed need for CR and re-released the factional fighting

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What destroyed by CR

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books, museums, libraries, cultural centres

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Who was blamed for CR

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May 16th group…

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What were in control after CR and who involved

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Revolutionary committees with CCP officials, PLA and revolutionary rebels.

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In early ---- cleansing of …?

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1968, cleansing of class ranks, 1.8m arrested and 10's of thousands killed

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Change in CCP hierarchy post CR

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⅔ Central Committee members in 1966 had been purged from CCP and only 9 out of the 23 politburo members from 1966 survived. Liu and Deng purged

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Results of CR on youth and education

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Between 1968 and 1976 12m young people were sent to the countryside without formal education. Universities close 1966 for 2 years, middle schools closed for 8 months

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CR effect on Leisure/Culture

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Leisure replaced with violence denounciations, scholars and writers persecuted only media was propaganda (Red book)

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Deaths from CR

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Violence last 2.5 years a death toll between 700,000 and 850,000,

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Results of CR agriculture and industry

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Agricultural output declined to start with and industrial output fell by 13% in 1967 and also fell in 1968

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CR effect on family

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Destroted nuclear family, youth scattered post CR

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Changes in CCP post CR

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70% of provincial and regional officials were purged and 3m cadres sent to cadre schools, 20% party bureaucracy labelled revisionist

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Mme Mao

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Jiang Qing deputy head of CR group, incited attacks on Deng, imposed cultural material boundaries, became hated, Mao denounced in 1974

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PLA Dominance post CR

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⅔ of delegates to the party congress were PLA members. The central committee was 45% PLA

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Deng Xiaopings return

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Returned in 1973 as Vice Premier then Vice Chairman in 1974, stripped of roles in 1975 after Zhou Enlai's death earlier

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Who took over after Mao?

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Hua Guafeng initially, then Deng as Gang of Four arrested