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140 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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List the three essential fatty acids:
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Linoleic; linolenic; and arachidonic
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triglyceride, it is made up of which molecules
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know that a triglyceride is made up of glycerol and 3 fatty acids (FFA)
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How much cholesterol does our body synthesize?
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1000 to 1500 mg cholesterol per day
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What are some of the functions of cholesterol in the body?
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Nerve coatings; precursor for Vitamin D; bile salt formation; cell membrane integrity
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Fatty acid are different primarily because of two factors
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chain length and degree of saturation
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How does this affect the properties of fats, such as melting point?
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For Saturated fats as chain length increases, melting pt. increases; For unsaturated fats as double bonds increase, melting pt. decreases.
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What is a saturated fatty acid?
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Molecule is completely surrounded or saturated with hydrogen
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What is a polyunsaturated fatty acid?
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Molecule has gaps and double bonds in certain regions of the fat.
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Animal fats are solid at room temperature,
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while vegetable fats are liquid at room temperature.
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The conversion of unsaturated fatty acid to saturated fatty acid is termed
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hydrogenation
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List five functions that dietary fat are involved in.
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Energy (9 kcal/gm); Essential fatty acids; Source of fat soluble vitamins; Protection; and Palatability
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List the 4 types of lipoprotein found in the body.
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chylomicron; VLDL (very low density lipoprotien); LDL (low density lipoprotein); and HDL (high ensity lipoprotein)
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What is responsible for transporting fat from intestine to liver?
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Chylomicron via lymphatic system
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Which are responsible for transporting fat to the cells?
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VLDL (very low density lipoprotien); LDL (low density lipoprotein); and HDL (high density lipoprotein)
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Which one is thought to protect you from cholesterol damage and atherosclerosis?
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HDL (high density lipoprotein)
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What is the termed used to describe "visible hardened fat deposits"?
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Cellulite
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Name the tissue where fat is deposited and how many Kcal's of energy there are per pound of this tissue:
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Adipose tissue at ~3500 kcal
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How does ketosis result?
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Incomplete oxidation of fatty acids resulting in production of ketone bodies
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The three states of ketosis are
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Untreated diabetes; low carbohydrate diets (Atkins diet); fasting
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Ketone bodies
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three water-soluble compounds that are produced as by-products when fatty acids are broken down for energy in the liver and kidney.
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ketosis
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elevated levels of ketone bodies in the blood, occurring when the liver converts fat into fatty acids and ketone bodies
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Name three ketone bodies produced during ketosis.Which one is found in the breadth?
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Acetoacetic acid; betahydroxy butyric acid; acetone
acetone is found in breadth |
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Plaque formation is the pathological characteristic for what disease:
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Atherosclerosis/Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
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What results when an artery is clogged to the heart? Brain? Limb? and Blood vessel?
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Heart~ Heart Attack; Brain~ Stroke; Limb~ Gangrene; and Blood vessel~ Aneurysm
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What three risk factors did the Framingham study show concerning coronary heart disease?
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Smoking; Cholesterol; and High Blood Pressure.
Note: Over 32 risk factors have been described for this disease. |
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The level of cholesterol above which the risk of coronary heart disease increases is
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200 mg %
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List the four factors of "The Prudent Diet"
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1) reduce caloric intake 2) limit dietary cholesterol to 300 mg/day 3) reduce total fat intake 4) substitute polyunsaturates where possible
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Know who formed the U.S. Dietary Goals
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George McGovern set up a US Senate Committee in the mid 70s
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In terms of Kcal's, what was the US Senate committees recommendation for the ratio of Kcal's coming from Fat?
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Fat 30%
Protein 10% Carbohydrate 60% |
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List the organs in the body that aid in digestion and transport.
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Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, Pancreas, Liver, Gall bladder, Large intestine
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Enzyme in saliva that helps breakdown carbohydrate
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salivary amylase
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Food swallowed at one time is called
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bolus
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Define peristalsis:
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two sets of muscles (longitudinal and circular) work opposite each other to move food down the esophagus or small intestine. When circular muscles tighten a bulge forms and when the longitudinal muscles tighten the bolus moves down the lumen.
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Bolus
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a mass of food that has been chewed and swallowed. Once a bolus reaches the stomach, digestion begins.
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Muscles that close to keep food contained within the stomach are called
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sphincter valves
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The valve at the beginning of the stomach is called
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the cardiac
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The valve at the end of the stomach is called
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the pyloric
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List the three muscles that make up the stomach and briefly describe what happens within this organ.
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outer - longitudinal
middle - circular inner - diagonal |
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Define the hydrolysis reaction.
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Using water to break the bond. This is the major reaction of digestion, breaking down proteins, fats and carbohydrates to their simplest form.
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What is the function of the glycoprotein that is produced in the stomach and which enzyme is important in the digestion of food in the stomach?
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Glycoprotein protects vitamin B12; the major enzyme is pepsin which breaks down protein.
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What is the approximate pH of the stomach _ and what is secreted in the stomach to achieve this pH _
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2
HCI |
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The enzymes responsible for breaking down carbohydrate, protein, and lipid
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carbohydrate ~pancreatic amylase protein~proteases
lipid~lipases in the small intestine |
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What is secreted into the small intestine to help adjust the pH to neutrality?
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sodium bicarbonate
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Secreted from the gall bladder, this compound helps to emulsify the fat for digestion
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bile
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Bile
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bitter yellow or green fluid secreted from the liver . it is stored in the gall bladder between meals and upon eating is discharged into the where the bile aids the process of digestion of lipids.
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What are the advantages of the large intestine?
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thriving population of bacteria help to reduce infectious bacteria; produce some vitamins
colon reabsorbs most of the water and salts |
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Finger-like projections of the small intestine are called
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Villi
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What is the advantage of these finger-like projections of the small intestine?
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the villi increase the surface area of the small intestine making it a more efficient process of digesting and utilizing the smaller units of protein, fat and carbohydrate
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What two systems in the body are found in the villi and help to transport nutrients throughout
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The body blood system and lymphatic system
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Free movement of nutrients in and out of the cell is called
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diffusion
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Requires a carrier or shuttle to move nutrients across the cell membrane
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facilitated diffusion
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Pumps nutrients across the cell membrane by using a carrier and energy.
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active transport
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Two systems that regulate digestion, absorption and transport are
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the nervous system and the endocrine system
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Which hormone stops the flow of acid to the stomach
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Gastrin
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Which hormone signals the pancreas to produce bicarbonate
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Secretin
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Which hormone is used to signal the gall bladder to secrete bile
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Cholecystokinin (CCK)
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Which hormone slows gastrointestinal tract motility because fat needs more time to digest
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Gastric-Inhibitory Peptide & CCK
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Define a vitamin:
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Organic compounds necessary for growth and maintenance
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What are the different forms that vitamins exist in foods?
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Natural vitamin and its vitamin precursor
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What are chemicals called that hinder vitamin uptake and utilization?
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Vitamin antagonist AND antivitamin
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What is the difference between primary and secondary deficiency?
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Primary~nutrient lacking in the diet
Secondary~nutrient present in diet but unable to utilize it, vitamin antagonist |
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What is the difference between natural and synthetic?
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No difference - A chemical is a chemical
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What is the precursor for vitamin A called?
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Carotenoids;
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List two important functions for Vitamin A
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Rhodopsin (night vision) and Epithelial integrity (moisture)
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What are the two deficiency diseases for Vitamin A called?
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Night blindness; Xerophthalmia (drying of epithelial linings)
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What concentration is Vitamin A toxic?
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3 x RDA
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What are the precursors for vitamin D called?
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Calciferols and 7-dehydrocholesterol
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List the important functions for Vitamin D:
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Promotes Ca utilization and uptake; Strong bones and teeth
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What are the deficiency diseases for Vitamin D called?
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Juvenile - Rickets; Adult - Osteomalacia
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At what concentration is Vitamin D toxic?
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4 x RDA
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What is the precursor for vitamin E called?
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Tocopherols
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List two important functions for Vitamin E.
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Biological antioxidant; and blood forming
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What are the 2 deficiency diseases for Vitamin E called?
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Hemolytic anemia; and antisterility factor in rats
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At what concentration is Vitamin E toxic?
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None - easily broken down to tocopheronic acid
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What is the precursor for vitamin K called? Is this a true precursor? yes or no?
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Menadione; NO, it's a pseudoprecursor
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List the important function for Vitamin K
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Blood clotting
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What are the deficiency diseases for Vitamin K called?
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Excessive bleeding
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At what concentration is Vitamin K toxic?
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None
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Water soluble vitamins are __ in a total enzyme system.
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Coenzymes
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What are the other terms in a total enzyme system?
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Apoenzyme~protein
cofactor~mineral |
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What are the functions for this vitamin?
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Synthesis of collagen - cements cells together; and Water Soluble antioxidant
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What is the deficiency for this vitamin called?
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Scurvy
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What are the symptoms associated with this deficiency?
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Follicular keratosis; bleeding gums; receding gums; teeth fall out; and wounds open
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At what concentrations does the body become saturated with Vitamin C?
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200 mg/day
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Who was the individual responsible for large doses of Vitamin C curing the cold and preventing cancer?
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Dr. Linus Pauling
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What are the functions for Thiamin (B1)?
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As a coenzyme, it helps to convert carbohydrates to energy.
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Thiamin (B1) What are the symptoms associated with this deficiency?
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Anorexia, weakness, lack of coordination, mental confusion, enlarged heart (alcoholism) and death
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Thiamin (B1) What is the deficiency for this vitamin called?
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Beriberi-wet-edema
Dry-emaciation-polyneuritis severe muscle wasting |
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What are the functions for Riboflavin (B2)?
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As a coenzyme, it hels to convert carbohydrates and protein to energy.
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Riboflavin (B2) What are the symptoms associated with this deficiency?
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Magenta tongue, Cheilosis, Seborrhea, Conjuctivitis, Lacrimation
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Riboflavin (B2) What is the deficiency for this vitamin called?
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Ariboflavinosis
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Riboflavin (B2) What is the significance of yellow urine?
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Riboflavin is highly pigmented & demonstrated that the body tissues become saturated at high levels
producing a very yellow urine |
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What are the functions for Niacin?
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As a coenzyme involved in carbohydrate, protein and far metabolism.
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What is the deficiency for Niacin called?
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Pellegra (3 Ds)
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What are the symptoms associated with the deficiency of Niacin?
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ermatitis~skin rash; diarrhea~malabsorption; and dementia~loss of faculties
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What are the 3 M's of this deficiency that occurred in the south US?
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Diet of - Maize, meat (salty pork) and molasses
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What is enrichment?
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Addition of one or more nutrients (naturally present in the food in lesser amounts) in order to increase consumption of these nutrients.
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What four nutrients were described by the federal enrichment program? What nutrient was recently added to the list?
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Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, iron. Folate was recently added.
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Restoration
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Addition of nutrients to a processed food to replace nutrients lost during processing.
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Fortification
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Addition of nutrients that may or may not be naturally present in the food in order to increase consumption of those nutrients by the general population or a segment of the population.
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Nutrification
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A general term for the addition of nutrients to food.
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What are the functions of Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)?
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Protein metabolism
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What are the symptoms associated with Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) deficiency?
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Adults~anemia, dermatitis, convulsions.Infants~neurological disorders and abdominal distress. Long term, nerve damage, muscle incoordination (hands and feet)
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List 5 animals that require Vitamin C (Bizarre brothers)
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The guinea pig; fruit-eating bat; red vented bul-bul bird; anthropoid ape; and man.
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What is the antagonist for tPyridoxine (Vitamin B6)?
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Deoxypryidoxine
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What are the functions for Pantothenic Acid?
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Release of energy from carbohydrates, fat metabolism, steroid homone synthesis
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What are the symptoms associated with Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) deficiency?
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No disease, only symptoms, but has not been recognized in humans.
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What is the antagonist for Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)?
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Omega-methyl pantothenate
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What are the functions for Biotin?
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Activates enzymes involved in metabolism for CO2
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What are the symptoms associated with Biotin deficiency?
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Loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, inflammation of tongue, pallor, depression, hair loss,skin problems
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What is the antagonist for Biotin?
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Avidin (egg whites)
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What are the functions of Folic Acid?
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Red blood cell production
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What are the symptoms associated with Folic Acid deficiency?
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Cracked lips and mouth corners, anemia, malabsorption, infertility.
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What is the antagonist for Folic Acid?
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Aminopterin
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What are the functions of Vitamin B12?
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Aids in red blood cell development
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What are the symptoms associated with Vitamin B12 deficiency?
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Weakness, sore tongue, anemia, some nerve/psychiatric disorders
95% of cases linked to inability to absorb the vitamin |
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What is the antagonist of Vitamin B12?
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NONE
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Describe briefly the extrinsic and intrinsic factors for this nutrient
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Intrinsic factor~produced in stomach
Extrinsic factor~Vitamin B12 in foods |
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The definition of a mineral is
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Inorganic chemicals necessary in the diet for growth and maintenance
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List three other terms that are used to describe minerals
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Electrolytes, salts, and trace nutrients
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List the general functions of minerals:
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Building blocks - teeth and bones; soft tissue; compounds essential to the body; body regulations
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What is the important function(s) of the nutrient Sodium (Na)?
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Osmotic pressure; acid-base balance; and membrane function
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The deficiency of Sodium can be caused by excessive:
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sweating, vomiting and urination
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Excessive intake of Sodium can lead to __ which causes an increased risk in what disease?
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hypertension; atherosclerosis - coronary heart disease
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What is Gatorade made of?
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Bottled sweat - water, potassium, sodium, glucose, flavors, etc.
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What is the important function(s) of the nutrient Potassium (K)?
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Osmotic pressure; and acid-base balance
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What are the deficiency signs for Potassiumt?
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Musclular weakness; intestinal distention; abnormal heartbeat; respiratory failure
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What is the important function(s) of the nutrient Calcium (Ca)?
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Bones and teeth; muscle contraction; blood clotting; nerve excitability
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What are the deficiency signs for Calcium?
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Hyperexcitable nerves (tetany); bleeding; rickets; osteomalacia/osteoporosis
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Excessive Ca can result in 4 diseases:
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Kidney stones; gall stones; tarter on teeth; and plaque formation
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What two compounds affect Ca utilization?
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vitamin D; and oxalic acid/oxalates
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What is the important function(s) of the nutrient Phosphorous?
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bones and teeth; cellular energy as ATP
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What is the deficiency signs for Phosphorous?
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weak bones
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What is the important function(s) of Iron (Fe)?
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A part of the molecules hemoglobin and myoglobin; carrier oxygen via red blood cells
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What is the deficiency signs for Iron?
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Iron deficiency anemia, characterized by small pale red blood cells - also called microcytic anemia
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What three factors affect Fe utilization?
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Vitamin C promotes Fe utilization by converting Fe3+ to Fe2+; Fe2+ (ferrous) form is better utilized; phytic acid/phytates prevent Fe from being utilized
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What is the important function(s) of Iodine (I)?
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Part of thyroxine which is found in the thyroid gland - responsible for the entire bodies metabolic rate control
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What is the deficiency signs for Iodine?
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Goiter; mental impairment; mental retardation, especially if pregnant while in goiter
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What is the important function(s) of Fluorine?
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Hardens bones and especially teeth; prevents tooth decay
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What is the deficiency signs for Flourine?
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Dental carries, tooth decay
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