Management Of Organizations

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neutralizer

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A situational variable that counteracts a leadership style and prevents the leader from displaying certain behaviors

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substitute

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A situational variable that makes a leadership style unnecessary or redundant

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Transactional leader

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a leader who lcaifies subordinates' role and task requirements, initiates structure, provides rewards, and displays consideration for subordinates

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charasmatic leader

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A leader who has the abolity to motivate subordinates to transcend their expected performance

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transformational leader

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A leader distinguished by a special abililty to bring about innovation and change

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expert power

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power that stems from special knowledge of or skill in the tasks performed by subordinates

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referent power

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power that results from characteristics that command subordiantes' identification with, respect and admiration for, and desre to emulate the leader

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motivation

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The arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior

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Intrinsic reward

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The satisfaction received in the process of performing an action

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extrinsic reward

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a reward given by another person

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physiological needs (most basic human needs, basic conditions and salary to survive), Safety needs (safe and secure environment, fringe benefit, safe job, and security), Belongingness needs (need to be accepted by one's peers, good relationship with co-workers, group work), esteem needs ( desire for a positive self image, recognition and statue), self actualization needs (the need for self fulfillment (highest needs) to grow and be creative

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Hierarchy of needs

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equity theory

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a process theory that focuses on individuals' perceptions of how fairly they are treated related to others

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change inputs, change outcome, distort perceptions, leave the job

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common methods for reducing perceived inequity

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expectancy theory

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a process theory that proposses that motivation depends on individuals' expectations about their ability to perform tasks and receive desired rewards

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job design

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the application of motivational theories to the structure of work fro improving productivity and satisfaction

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job simplification

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a job design whose purpose is to improve task efficiency by reducing the number of tasks a single person must do

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job rotation

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a job design that systematically moves employees from one job to anohter to provide them with variety and stimulation

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job enlargement

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a job design that combines a series of tasks into one new, broader job to give employees variety and challenge

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job enrichment

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a job design that incorporates achievement, recognition, and other high-level motivators into the work

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communication

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the process by which information is exchanged and understood by two or more people, usually with the intent to motivate or influence behavior

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channel richness

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The amount of information that can be transmitted during a communication episode

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nonverbal communication

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A communication transmitted through actions and behaviors rather then through words

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listening

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The skill of receieving messages to accurately grasp facts and feelings to interpret the genuine meaning

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listen actively, find areas of interest, resist distractions, capitalize on the fact that though is faster, be responsive, judge content not delivery, hold one's fire, listen for ideas, work at listening, excercise one's mind

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10 keys to effective listening

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organizational control

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the systematic process through which managers regulate organizational activites to make them consistent with expectations established in plans, targets, and standards of performance

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feedforward control

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control that focuses on human, material, and financial resources flowing into organization: also called preliminary or preventive control

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concurrent control

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control that consists of monitoring ongoing activities to ensure that they are consistent with standards

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feedback control

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Control that focuses on the organization's outputs; also called postaction or output control

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expense budget

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a budget that outlines the anticipated and actual expenses for a responsibility center

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revenue budget

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a budget that identifies the forecasted and actual revenues of the organization

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cash budget

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a budget that estimates and reports cash flows on a daily or weekly basis to ensure that the compnay has sufficient cash to meet its obligations

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captial budget

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a budget that plans and reports investments in major assets to be depreciated over several years

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top down budgeting

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a budgeting process in which middle and lower level managers set departmental budget targets in accordance with overall comany revenues and expenditures sepcified by top management

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bottom up budgeting

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a budgeting process in which lowr level managers budget their departments' resource needs and pass them up to top management for approval

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balance sheet

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a financial statement that shows the firms financial position with respect to assets and liabilites at a specific point in time

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income statement

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a financial statment that summarizes the firms financial performance for a given time interval; sometimes called a profit-and-loss statement

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open book management

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sharing financial information and results with all employees in the organization