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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are four clinical manifestations of GI disorders?
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Pain, anorexia, nausea, & vomiting
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Name another four clinical manifestations of GI disorders.
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Bleeding, diarrhea, belching & flatulence, indigestion
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What is Peptic Ulcer Disease?
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Break in continuity of the esophageal, gastric, or duodenal mucosa; any mucosa that has contact with HCL or pepsin.
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Name four types of Peptic ulcers?
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Duodenal, Gastric, Stress-induced, & Drug-induced
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Which PUD? Men 40's-50's, women 10 years later, high acid secretion, most common, relieved by food, melena
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Duodenal
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Which PUD? 50's & 60's; acid secretion normal or decreased; made worse by food; hematemesis
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Gastric
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Which PUD? Post trauma, burns (Curlings ulcers), head injury (Cushings ulcers), shock, sepsis
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Stress-induced
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Which PUD? NSAIDS, steroids, ETOH
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Drug-induced
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Name three risks or etiologies of PUD
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1. 90% due to H. pylori
2. Volume of HCL & biliary acids 3. Damage tomucosal integrity & regeneration |
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Name four more risks or etiologies of PUD
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1. Smoking
2. Steroids 3. ETOH 4. NSAIDS |
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Name three areas concerning pathophysiology of PUD
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1. Emotional stress--sympathetic & adrenal activity
2. Gastric--protective barrier interrupted 3. Duodenal--excess acid secretion |
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Malignant neoplasm found in the stomach; usually adenocarcinoma; men; pernicious anemia
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Gastric Cancer
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Etiology of Gastric Cancer--name five
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1. H. pylori
2. Chronic atrophic gastritis 3. Smoked fish or meats, pickled foods; nitrates 4. Smoking 5. Radiation, trace minerals in soil |
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Gastric Cancer Pathophysiolgy
Name three |
1. Arises from mucous lining
2. Pyloric acid antral regions 3. Spreads by direct extension to pancreas, by lymphatics, by blood to liver, lungs bone |
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Name five clinical manifestations of Gastric cancer
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1. Seldom detected in the early stage
2. Vary depending on tumor location in stomach 3. Dysphagia, obstruction 4. Weight loss, indigestion, anorexia 5. Anemia; occult blood in stool |
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Name diagnostic tests for Gastric cancer
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X-ray
Endoscopic exam with biopsy |
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Normal bowel sounds are...?
How long do you listen? |
1. High pitched and occur every 5 to 10 seconds
2. For at least 2 minutes. |
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What is borborygmi?
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Rapid, high pitched bowel sounds; hyperperistalsis or early intestinal obstruction
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What is striae?
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Stretch marks
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Name two diagnotic lab tests for Bowel elimination?
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1. CEA--Carcinoembryonic antigen
2. Fecal analysis |
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What is CEA useful for?
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Preoperative staging of colorectal cancer & monitoring success of therapy
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What four tests involving fecal analysis.
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1. Fecal occult blood test
2. Stool for ova & parasites 3. Stool cultures 4. Fecal lipids |
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What are six clinical manifestations of intestinal disorders?
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1. Hemorrhage
2. Pain 3. Nausea & vomiting 4. Distention 5. Diarrhea &/or constipation 6. Fecal content abnormality |
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Give three examples of hemorrhage in regards to intestinal disorders
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1. Hematozhezia--blood in stool; most common
2. Hematemesis--blood in vomitus 3. Occult |
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What color might blood be in intestinal disorders?
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Bright red to tarry black
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What causes pain in intestinal disorders?
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Mechanical, inflammatory, or ischemic changes
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Name three types of pain associated with intestinal disorders?
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Visceral--gnawing/burning
Somatic--more localized & intense Referred--felt at a distance from affected organ |
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Name three reasons for nausea & vomiting in intestinal disorders.
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Changes in integrity of intestinal wall
Changes in motility of bowel Vomitus containing fecal material indicates distal obstruction in small intestine |
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Name three reasons distention may occur in intestinal disorders.
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Excessive gas in intestine
Inability to digest a nutrient Defect in intestinal motility |
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Inflammation of stomach & intestinal tract.
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Gastroenteritis
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Name six clinical manifestations of Gastroenteritis
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1. Diarrhea
2. nausea & vomiting 3. anorexia 4. abdominal cramps 5. pain 6.fever |
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Name three diagnostic tests done to determine gastroenteritis.
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Stool tests
Endoscopic exam Biopsy |
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Name two causes of Parasite Infections.
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Protozoa
Helminths |
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Most common protozoa infection in the U.S.; contaminated food & water. SX: n/v, foul flatulence, greasy stools, weight loss
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Giardiasis
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This protozoa infection is common in nursing homes & day care centers; water & food, intestinal surface damage, inflammation, watery diarrhea
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Cryptosporidium
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This protozoa infection invades lining of colon; rectal inflammation, blood, pus & amebae in stool
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Amebiasis
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Name this helminth:
Enterobius |
Pinworms
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Name this helminth:
Trichinella spiralis |
Trichinosis
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Name this helminth:
Ascaris |
Roundworms
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Name this helminth:
Cestoda |
Tapeworms
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Name this helminth:
Schistosomiasis |
Fluke, parasitic flat worm
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Inflammation of the veniform appendix
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Appendicitis
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One-third the distance between the right anterior superior iliac spine and the umbilicus
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McBurney's Point
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Name four clinical manifestations of Appendicitis.
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Acute abdominal pain that comes in waves.
Pain shifts to lower rt quad Vomiting Low-grade fever |
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Diagnstic testing to determine appendicitis.
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WBC--10,000 to 15,000/mm3
Pain at McBurney's Point |
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Inflammation of the peritoneal membrane
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Peritonitis
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Name two chronic inflammatory disorders
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Crohn's disease
Ulcerative Colitis |
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Abnormal protrusion of an organ, tissue, or part of an organ through the structure that normally contains it.
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Herniations
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Name five different types of herniations.
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Indirect inguinal
Direct inguinal Femoral Umbilical Incisional or Ventral |
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Hernia can be replaced in abdominal cavity
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Reducible hernia
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Hernia cannot be replaced by manipulation
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Irreducible & incarcerated
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Hernia where blood supply is cut off
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Strangulated
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Name three reasons for hernias
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Defect in the integrity of muscle wall
Congenital or acquired Obesity; heavy lifting or straining |
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What two things that can reduce risk of colorectal cancer
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HRT & NSAIDS
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Name a major factor in colorectal cancer
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Diet; low bulk, fatty diets
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Blind out-pouching of intestinal mucosa thru the muscular coat of the large intestine
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Diverticular disease
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Etiology of Diverticular disease...name four.
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Low-fiber diets
Weakening of bowel wall Increased intraluminal pressure Undigested food blocking the diverticulum leads to diverticulitis |
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Name a diagnostic test for diverticulitis
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CT Scan
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Name six clinical manifestations of diverticulitis
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Constipation
Diarrhea Dull, steady pain Abcesses Blood in stools Tender mass on DRE |
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Pathophysiology of diverticulitis; name three
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Common in sigmoid colon
May be acute or chronic Chronic can result in obstruction |
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Impairment of forward flow of intestinal contents
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Intestinal Obstruction
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Etiology of intestinal obstruction; name six
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Adhesions
Hernia Volvus: twisting Intussuception: telescoping Cancers Vascular: obstruction of flow |
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Name five clinical manifestations of intestinal obstruction
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Vomiting
Abdominal pain Visible peristaltic waves Distended abdomen Inadequate respirations |
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Functional disorder of motility
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome
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Etiology of IBS; name five
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Diets high in fat
Caffiene High stress Smoking Alcohol |
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Clinical manifestations of IBS; name four
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Abdominal pain
Constipation or diarrhea Flatulence, nausea, anorexia Anxiety or depression |
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What diagnostic tests confirm IBS?
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None. DX is made by excluding other diseases
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Perianal varicose veins; internal or external
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Hemorrhoids
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Name four clinical manifestations of hemorrhoids
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Enlarged mass at anus
Bleeding, prolaspe Rectal itching, constipation Pain |
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Diagnostic tests for hemorrhoids
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External--by visual exam
Internal--digital palpation, proctoscopy |
