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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Purpose of database
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organize and keep track of multiple themes
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General Rule for databases
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Single theme you store it in a spreadsheet
Multiple themed requires a database |
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Database definition
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a self describing collection of integrated records
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Fields/columns
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stores data
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Record/row
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groups of fields
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Table/file
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group of records
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Metadata
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describes the structure of the database
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Key
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a column or group of columns that identifies a unique record/row in a table
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Components of a database
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Tables or Files
Relationships among rows in tables Metadata |
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Components of database application system
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User
Forms, reports, queires, application, program, (database applications) Database management system Database (table, relationship, metadata) |
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Why are database application programs needed?
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Process logic specific for a business need
Enable processing via internet |
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DBMS process
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Read
Insert Modify Delete |
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DBMS
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a program used to create a process and administer a database
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3 main functions of DBMS
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Creating the database
process administer |
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How do database applications make databases more useful?
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The allow all information to be accessed in one place
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Forms
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screens you enter information into a field on
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Report
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something generated
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Query
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search for something
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Why do we need databases?
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To hold customer information
to analyze information to have a competitive advantage to improve the company |
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Personal DBMS
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smaller databases
1-100 users |
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Enterprise DBMS
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large organizations, use very large databases
100-1000 users |
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Model
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representation of something in the real world
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Why do we bother model?
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create blueprint before you start building the database
gets the story straight-easy for non-tech people to understand minimize having to go back and make changes in the implementation stage |
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Database model
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collection of entities,
relationship among entities |
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Database systems are modeled using...
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an Entity Relationship (ER) diagram as the blueprint from which the actual data is stored
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ER model allows us to...
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sketch database designs
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ERD is a graphical tool for...
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modeling data
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ERD is used in...
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database design
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ERD is a graphical representation of...
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the logical structure of a database
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ERD is a model that...
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identifies the concepts or entities that exist in a system and the relationships between those entities
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ERD rectangle represents..
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a uniquely identifiable thing (person, order)
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ERD diamond describes...
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how two entities relate to one another
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ERD circle, oval represents...
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a characteristic of an entity or relationship (first name, order number)
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Purpose of ERD
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analyst gains a better understanding of the information to be contained in the database through the process of constructing the ERD
The ERD serves as a documentation tool The ERD us used to communicate the logical structure of the database to users It communicates the logic of the database to users |
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Components of an ERD
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Entity
Relationship Cardinality Attribute |
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Optional relationship
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an employee may or may not be assigned to a department
a patient may or may not be assigned to a bed |
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Mandatory relationship
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every course must be taught by at least one teacher
every mother have at least a child |
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Cardinality constraints express...
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the number of entities to which another entity can be associated via a relationship set
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Cardinality constraints
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the number of instances of one entity that can or must be associated with each instance of another entity
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Minimum cardinality
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if zero, then optional
if one or more, then mandatory |
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Maximum cardinality
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the maximum number
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One to one
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a manager head one department and vice versa
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One to many
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an employee works in one department or one department has may employees
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Many to many
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a teacher teaches many students and a student is taught by many teachers
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The primary key
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entities need to be uniquely identifiable
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Normalization
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organizing data to minimize any repeated data
if you want to make a change to a record you only have to make it in one place, the relationship will take care of the rest |
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Normalization is good for two reasons
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the database takes up less space
you have a lower chance of inconsistencies in your data |
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Users role in the development of databases
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define what data database must contain
user review of data model is crucial final approval of data models devote time to do it right |
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LAN
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Local area network
computers connected at a single physical site |
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WAN
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Wide area network
computers connected between two or more separate sites |
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ISP functions
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provide a legit internet address
gateway to the internet pay for the internet by collection money from customers and paying access fees and other charges to telecom |
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HTTP
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Hypertext transport protocol
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HTTPS
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Secure HTTP data transmission
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SMTP
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Simple mail transfer protocol
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FTP
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File transfer protocol
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TCP
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Transfer control protocol
Breaks traffic up into packets and dents each one along its way |
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IP
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Internet protocols
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Public IP addressing
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identify a particular device on public internet
Public IP addresses must by unique, worldwide assignment controlled by ICANN |
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ICANN
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Internet Corporation for assigned names and numbers
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Private IP addressing
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Identify a particular device on a private network
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Benefits of public IP
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all devices on LAN share a public IP address
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Benefits of private IP
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need not register computer with ICANN approved agencies
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Functions of LAN device
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switch processing-IEEE 802.3 wired LAN traffic
access point processing-IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN traffic translating between the two converting between analog and digital assigning private IP addresses converting IP address between private and public |
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IPv4
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Four decimal dotted notation
165.193.123.253 |
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Domain name
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world wide unique name affiliated with a public IP address
affiliation of domain names with IP addresses is dynamic |
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URL
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Uniform resource locator
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Could computing
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represents computing solutions that have:
on demand service broad network access resource pooling rapid elasticity measure service |
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SaaS
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software as a service
use providers application over a network |
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Paas
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Platform as a service
deploy customer created applications to a cloud |
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IaaS
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Infrastructure as a service
rent processing, storage, network capacity, and other fundamental computing resources |
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Financial benefits of cloud computing
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reduce capital expenses
create more consistent management of costs easier to integrate into service catalog and track costs |
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Service focused benefits of cloud computing
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Don't have to worry about constant infrastructure updates
Able to concentrate on innovation and effective delivery of IT services |
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Flexibility and agility benefits of cloud computing
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Improves IT ability to respond to business changes by enabling the delivery of rapidly recoverable consistent services
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Formal cloud definition
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elastic leasing of pooled computer resources over the internet
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Elastic
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dynamically increasing/decreasing of leased resources in short time span, and only pay for resources used
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Why is cloud preferred to in-house hosting?
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small capital requirements
speedy development superior flexibility known cost structure possibility best of breed security/disaster preparations industry wide economies of scale |
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Why now?
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Technology supports construction and use of enormous data centers
Processors, data communication, data storage are cheap |
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When does the cloud not make sense?
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law or industry standard practices require physical control over the data
private cloud (in house hosting) |
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IT Department
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Formal group within company that manages the technology
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Why does IT dept exist?
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Make sure everything runs right
Keep things up to date To roll out information systems |
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Information system
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an assembly of hardware, software, data, procedures and people that interact to produce information
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Information technology
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refers to the products, methods, inventions, and standards that are used for the purpose of producing information
Pertains to the hardware, software and data components |
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Purpose of IT department
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plan how to use IS to accomplish goals
manage outsourcing relationships protect information assets develop, operate, and maintain organizations computing infrastructure develop operate and maintain enterprise applications |
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Infrastructure
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Router, IP, servers, network, hardware
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Governance
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rules that apply security, project management
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CTO
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Chief technology officer
looks at trees in the technology, how can we be more efficient |
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IS/IT strategy
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should be directly inline with the company's
Many methods to do this |
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IS planning functions
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develop priorities and enforce them within the IS department
periodic meetings |
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Steering committees
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brings together members of different groups to discus priorities
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Outsourcing
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Process of hiring another organization to perform services
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Reasons to outsource IT
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management expertise, they know more
risk reduction cost reduction |
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Risk reduction
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caps financial risk
lower labor costs less likely to pick wrong technology easier to fire a vendor then internal staff |
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International outsourcing
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India- labor costs pretty equal
china and other countries customer support modern telephone technology and internet enabled service databases |
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Outsourcing alternatives
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Hardware-IaaS cloud hosting
Software- Outsourced development Data- can outsource data storage Procedures- to an extent People- to a degree |
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Risk of outsourcing
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loss of control
no easy exit you forget things |
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Benefits outweighed by long term costs
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dealing with one vendor makes it easier
unit fixed cost contract could stop price changes no easy exit- vendors don't give you up easily you don't know if vendor works good |
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Expectations from IT department
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hardware/programs allow you to perform your job
reliable/ secure network reliable systems/ maintenance effective training |
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User responsibilities
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basic computer skills
learn the programs protect your passwords |
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Future of IT management
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see more outsourcing
becomes a governance |
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information systems security
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process of protecting information systems vulnerabilities from threats by creating safeguards
goal is to find an appropriate trade off between the risk of loss and the cost of implementing safeguards |
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Types of security loss
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unauthorized data disclosure
incorrect data faulty service denial of service loss of infrastructure |
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Pretexting
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social hacking
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Phishing
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email pretending to be something looking like someone else
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Spoofing
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pretending to be another IP address
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drive by sniffers
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listens on radio waves, captures data
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Incorrect data modification
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procedures not followed or incorrectly designed
placing information incorrectly on website system errors faulty recovery actions after a disaster |
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Faulty service
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entering wrong information
systems not working someone typed something wrong Usurpation- a code to work differently service keeps failing |
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Loss of infrastructure
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human accidents
theft or terrist events disgruntled employee natural disasters cyber warfare |
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Security breaches
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Heartland payment systems- loss 134 mill credit cards
TJX- exposed 34 mil credit cards Epsilon- names and email exposed RSA- 40 million employee records stolen |
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Intrusion detection system
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(IDS) computer program senses when another computer attempting to scan disk or other wise access computer
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Security policy
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establish company wide security policy
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Technical safeguards
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Hardware/software
identification and authorization encryption firewalls malware protection application design |
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Data safeguards
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Data
data rights and responsibilities passwords encryption backup and recovery physical security |
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Human safeguards
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Procedures/people
hiring training education procedure design administration assessment compliance accountability |
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Firewalls
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protect area
protects outside from coming in |
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Malware
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different viruses that spread different ways
popups, computer runs slow |
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Malware safeguards
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use antivirus and anti spyware programs
scan frequently update malware definitions instal updates |
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Human safeguards
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hire the right people
change passwords often monitor peoples activity |
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Operations department
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department that keeps things up and running, management of all the computer devices
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