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125 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a project?
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endeavor to accomplish a specific job through set of interrelated tasks & effective utilization of resources
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What is the hierarchy of project terms?
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Program - series of projects
Project - obj Sub-project - units of project Work package - work scope Tasks/Activities - element of work Sub-tasks - units of task |
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What is TRW Bearings, Inc.
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heavy manuf
mid/late 80s aircraft bearings |
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What were the objectives of the TRW project?
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improve inspection by 50% within 3 years
save plant within one year |
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What are the 4 phases to a project?
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Identify Need - RFP
Solution - Proposal Perform - Contract Progress Reports Terminate - Final Report |
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Was the problem at TRW the manufacturing process or the inspectors?
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inspectors
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What are the 3 main components of the project?
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scope
schedule cost |
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What are the project attributes?
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Objective - expected result
Tasks - unit of work Resources - people, material Time Frame - life span Customer - funding Stakeholder - interest |
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What is the project management process?
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Planning -
1. Define objective 2. Divide into work packages 3. Define tasks by work packages 4. Nework Diagram 5. Time estimate 6. Cost estimate 7. Schedule & Budget - Roadmap |
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What is the ultimate goal?
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commitment
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What are some identifiers of a troubled project?
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mis-identified problem
not all stakeholders on board under/over estimate budget |
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What were some decisions for TRW?
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human better than machine
focused on inspection standards job support training |
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What is scope?
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work that needs to be done to satisfy customers
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What is cost?
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amount customer agrees for deliverables or time
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What is schedule?
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timetable of activities
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What is customer satisfaction?
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client's "subjective" perception of scope completed over time
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What is the project attribute - uncertainty?
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due to assumptions, estimates & dynamic environment
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What is the socio-technical approach?
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benchmarking
strategic planning management intervention labor relations JIT ergonomics |
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What are the benefits of project management?
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satisfied customer
job satisfaction new knowledge/skills additional work/profits |
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What is the Center for Industrial Effectiveness?
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business & engineering schools work together
help companies increase competitiveness & accelerate economic development |
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What was the result for TRW?
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6 month turnaround
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Who was involved with "center for industrial effectiveness?"
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TRW, Dunlop, Motorola, General Mills
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What are some economic variables?
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improved competitiveness
job retention facilities expansion job creation |
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What are the benefits to having a team?
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decision quality
commitment flexibility complexity |
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What are th costs to working with a team?
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*TIME*
individual expertise masked, riskier, compromises |
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What determines an effective team?
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team skills
clear purpose/customer expectations team self assessment |
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What is the request for proposal?
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state comprehensively what is required from the customer's POV
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What is the sociotechnical model of a work system?
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*External Environment
Personnel Technical Internal Environment Organization & Management Structure |
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What are the internal sources of project objectives?
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management
employees performance results |
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What are the external sources of project objectives?
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customer feedback
management political |
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Why use consultants?
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External: objective, outsource, additional manpower
Internal: technical expertise, additional manpower, mandated |
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What are most projects formed for?
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WANTS
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How do you select a project?
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1. Develop guidelines
2. List assumptions 3. Gather Data & Info 4. Evaluate each opportunity |
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What is an "unsolicited" proposal?
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used in the military
no one asked for the proposal tell them what you'll do and at what cost |
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How do you decide to bid?
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stability of company
potential for future projects liklihood of winning |
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What phase is professionalism & ethics essential?
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needs identification
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What is sole source?
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no competition
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What is costshare?
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you must provide percentage of own money
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What should be considered in a bid/no-bid decision?
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competition (internal/external)
risk (financial & other) mission extension of capabilities reputation customer funds proposal resources project resources |
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What happened in the Boeing example?
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did not win RFP
wired project: incumbent got work $1.5M on proposal not a failure, larger project, got name out there |
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Explain the matrix organization
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Instructor at top
Advisors along left side Clients inside |
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What are some suggestions for managing multiple customers?
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maintain open communication
respect diversity respect schedules |
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What should be considered in company work rules?
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Obey facility safety: equip & products
Respect worker obligations: breaks, shifts |
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What are the contents of the proposal?
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technical section
management section cost section appendices |
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What does the technical section do?
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convince customer the contractor understands problem and can provide least risky/most beneficial solution
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What is the purpose of the management section?
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convince customer you can do the proposed work and achieve intended results
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What is the objective of the cost section?
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convince the customer that the contractor's price for project is realistic and reasonable
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What is the purpose of the appendices?
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supporting data & info
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What is included in the technical section?
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1. Objectives: scoping agreement
2. Proposed approach/solution: relevant courses, data collected/analyzed, methods to be used, WBS, rationale, confirmation 3. Benefits: qual/quant performance criteria |
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Describe the management section of the proposal
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1. Description of work tasks: task list
2. Deliverables: milestone log 3. Project Schedule: Tasks & milestones, Gantt Chart 4. Project Organization: Resp matrix 5. Related Experience 6. Equip, software, facilities |
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What should be included in the hypothetical/actual budget?
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labor, materials, consultants, equip/software, travel, documentation, overhead, escalation, contingency, fee/profit, total
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What should be included in the attachments?
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executed scoping/confidentiality agreement
team bios/resumes budget detail trip reports: plant visits/advisor mtgs |
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What are some characteristics of general management?
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routine
repetitive work never done controlled environment |
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What are some characteristics of project management?
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unique
single objective defined start/end get done & move to next challenge |
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in project management, achievement =
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completion of project
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What are everyday examples of general/project management?
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post office
construction |
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What is the scoping agreement?
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define expectation of project's work
agreement between customer/supplier creates boundaries & constraints |
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What is the task list?
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identify activities needed to achieve objectives (durations/outcomes)
milestone - significant event Format: TASK DURATION MILESTONE |
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What is the milestone log?
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physical evidence of progress, dates, person responsible
tangible "products" Format: MILESTONE DESC PERSON DUE DATE |
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What is the WBS?
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work breakdown structure
group tasks into logical clusters & identify subtasks <10 tasks/subtasks at level Levels: 0, 1 (Main), 2 (Subtasks) |
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What is the Gantt Chart?
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schedule tasks/milestones in sequence, portray WBS task duration, manage performance
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What is the Responsibility Matrix?
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identify task/milestone responsibility
task on y axis personnel on x axis assign roles |
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What is the budget?
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estimate dollar cost associated with doing project
junior - 50/100/hr senior - 800/1000/day escalation = 6%/year contingency = "hitting rock" |
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What was referred to as a "Wide Right" in project management?
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Kent Square
"face validity" - appeared to be good project |
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Categorizing Proposal Sections
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customer wants - t, m
can perform work - t, m will provide value - c qualified - m experienced - m perform professionally - m achieve results - c budget/schedule - m, c satisfy customer - m |
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Which type of contract is high risk for consultant?
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fixed - price
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Classify the risks associated with types of contracts
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Customer/Contractor
Fixed Price: Low/High Cost Reimbursable: High/Low |
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What is a work package?
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lowest level item in branch (WBS)
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WBS Levels
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2 or 3
not too much detail, held accountable |
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Levels of WBS
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Top level: program/project WBS
Expanded: Contract WBS |
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What are the different types of contracts?
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fixed-price
cost-reimbursable hybrid***SENIOR DESIGN task-order (BOA) (VT/NASA) Purchase Order Grant |
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What are some cost reimbursable contract provisions?
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1. misrep of costs
2. notice of overruns/delays 3. approval of subcontractor 4. customer furnished equip 5. patents 6. disclosure proprietary info 7. int'l considerations 8. termination 9. terms of payment 10. bonus/penalty payments 11. changes 12. publication rights |
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What is IRB?
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Institutional Review Board - protection system
university/college review committee ensure welfare of ppl in projects "corporate shield" against liability |
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Describe research taxonomy
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Theory, knowledge acquisition, knowledge transfer, practice
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What is consulting?
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act of giving out, sharing knowledge for purpose of facilitating change
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What is "the Belmont Report?"
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ethical principles and guidelines for protection of human subjects of research
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What are the basic ethical principles?
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respect for persons
beneficence justice |
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What is included in the monthly progress report?
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1. Accomplishments since prior report: milestones reached, progress
2. Current status of proj perf: cost, schedule, work scope (WBS) 3. Progress resolving "challenges": tech, mgmt, cost 4. New "challenges": " " 5. Planned Corrective Actions: res matrix, statement of objectives 6. Milestones expected: milestone, optimistic conclusion |
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What is the optimum process for acquisition of process?
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balance requirements & capabilities
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What is phase 1 of the acquistion process?
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REQUIREMENTS
want vs. need, political support, can industry build, technology exist?, marketing to buyer |
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What is phase 2?
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BIDS & PROPOSALS
comm btwn buyer/seller controlled |
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What are the 4 ways for the buyer to talk to the seller?
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RFI - how fast
RFP (draft) RFP - how fast & cost RFQ - we want fast, what will it cost? |
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What are ways for the seller to communicate with the buyer?
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bidder's questions
bidder's conference both venues |
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What is the 3rd phase?
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EVALUATION
no comm between buyer/seller buyer has teams of ppl mirroring sellers teams |
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What is the 4th phase?
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AWARD
disclose decn factors |
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What is the last phase?
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PERFORMANCE/DELIVERY
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What is planning?
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systematic arrangement of tasks to accomplish objective
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What is the current philosopical approach?
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project & business planning
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Explain Art vs Science
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"Science" - maximize control, strategic planning
"Art" - minimize control, de-engineering In between - policy deployment, MBGA, project management |
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What are traditional planning characteristics?
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roadmap, systematic, vision-driven, optimal path
GE invented formal planning in 60s |
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Describe the Fallacies
predetermination, detachment, formalization |
...
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What is "SWOT?"
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Strengths
Weaknesses Opportunities Threats |
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Describe the dynamic approach
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well defined obj, principles driven, clear milestones, cont eval, adaptive strategies, project control
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Describe the traditional approach
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vision, mission, milestones, strategies
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Why are progress reports important?
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uncertainty minimized
consulting team on track management doesn't like surprises |
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Describe Plan/Implementation
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See chart
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What is NEAR?
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Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous
Tom Coughlin - blind NASA Plan - study asteroids faster, better, cheaper (came in under budget) |
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What skills identify a project manager?
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leadership
communication interpersonal skills conflict resolution stress management problem - solving time management delegation/develop people manage change |
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what football player was project management compared to?
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quarterback
works with team not on sideline |
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What is a nominal group?
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group in name only
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What is the 9 step problem solving process?
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1. problem stmt
2. ID causes of problem 3. gather data/ID causes 4. ID possible solutions 5. evaluate alternatives 6. determine best solution 7. revise plan 8. implement 9. determine whether problem solved |
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What is the developmental cycle?
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forming
storming norming performing |
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Describe a cross-functional team
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Chairman of Board
Vice Chairman of Board/CEO Prez & COO all equal under: cross functional team: doesn't "formally exist", VP, VP, VP |
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What is a self-managed team?
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*senior design teams*
Chairman of the board Vice Chairman of Board & CEO Prez & COO SMT1, 2, 3, 4... has authority to make decisions |
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Impace on Organization
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see notes
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What are the 3 types of decisions?
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1: you (crises)
* most * 2: you & them 3: them (commitment needed) |
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What are the types of management conflict?
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avoiding, competing, accommodating, compromising, collaborating
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Why use software?
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better plan
calc projections easier what if scenarios inconsistencies/problems communication progress/issues |
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what is pre-planning?
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1. customize project's calendar of working time
2. enter project basics (title, team name, manager, objective, start/finish) |
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Explain indentation of tasks/subtasks
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"demoted" = indented
"promoting" = outdented |
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Explain how to prepare the schedule in MS PROJECT
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order tasks in logical order
precendence, concurrent, start/finish |
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What are the industry lessons learned?
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use the right team for the right tasks
design authority resolve conflicts |
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Describe the usage of teams in North America
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Work Groups 19% (individual/dept)
CFT 72% (cost functional team) SMT 8% (self managed teams) Virtual 1% (form of SMT, increasing) |
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What are status review meetings?
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accomplishments since last meeting
cost, schedule, work scope corrective actions opps for improvement action item assignment |
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What are problem solving meetings?
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develop problem
identify cause gather data/verify solutions best solution revise plan implement verify |
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What are technical design review meetings?
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preliminary design review mtg
final design review mtg |
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Describe distributed teams & meetings
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see chart in notes
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Describe the multiple dimensional model for group support systems
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Dimensions
1: level of support for comm process 2: decision making process 3: sense of presence |
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What is presence support?
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capacity of system to transfer subtle verbal/non verbal communicative signals
cell phone example |
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What are some issues with cross-cultural distributed meetings?
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delays
rate of speech use of culture specific jargon non verbal cues pacing |
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Hostile Questions
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maintain composure
don't repeat hostility refute assumptions ignore negatives |
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Speculative
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answer if response is known & risk free
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Hypothetical Questions
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answer directly
point out hypothetical nature insert key message |
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Leading Questions
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agree/disagree
note that it is leading challenge/question ignore and "sell" theme |
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Multidimensional Questions
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answer fully if possible
"forget" dimensions |
