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140 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are elements of work groups?
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goal: share info
synergy: neutral accountability: individual skills: random and varied |
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What are elements of work teams?
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goal: collective performance
synergy: positive accountability: individual and mutual skills: complementary |
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What are 8 necessary conditions for success?
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1. clear and elevating goal
2. results-driven structure 3. competent team members 4. unified commitment 5. collaborative climate 6. standards of excellence 7. external support and recognition 8. principled leadership |
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What is the common knowledge effect?
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information held by more members before team discussions has more influence on team judgments than information held by fewer members, independent of validity of information
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what is synergy?
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occurs when group members stimulate new solutions to problems through the process of mutual influence and encouragement within the group
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What are four social decision schemes?
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1. majority wins rule
2. truth-wins rule 3. 2/3 rule 4. first shift rule |
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What are advantages of group decision making?
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more knowledge and info; increased acceptance of and commitment to decision; greater understanding of decision
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What are disadvantages of group decision making?
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pressure within group to conform; domination by one forceful member or clique; amount of time required
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What is groupthink?
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"a deterioration of mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment resulting from pressures within group"
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What can cause groupthink?
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high cohesiveness, high-ranking teams that make decisions with outside help, homogeneous group, having to make a highly consequential decision, time constraints
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What are consequences of groupthink?
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incomplete survey of alternatives, failure to evaluate risksof preferred course, biased info processing, failure to work out contingency plans
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Which is better: cognitive conflict or affective conflict?
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Cognitive!
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What is group polarization?
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tendency for group discussion to produce shifts toward more extreme attitudes among members
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What are two explanations for group polarization?
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social comparison (ind's believe they hold better views than others) and persuasive arguments (group discussion reinforces initial views of members
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What are four techniques for group decision making?
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1. brainstorming
2. nominal group technique 3. devil's advocacy 4. dialectical inquiry |
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What is a nominal group technique?
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individuals silently list ideas then all written on chart with no criticism, written vote
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What is a dialectical inquiry?
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debate between 2 opposing sets of recommendations; brings out benefits and limitations
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What is a quality circle?
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small group that voluntarily meet to provide input for solving quality or production problems
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What are quality teams?
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included in total quality mgmt and other quality improvement efforts as part of a change in the org structure
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What are self-managed teams?
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make man decisions typically reserved for managers
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What is participative decision making?
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occurs when individuals who are affected by decisions influence the making of those decisions
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What are benefits of participative decision making?
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increase employee creativity, job satisfaction, and productivity
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What is empowerment?
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requires lower-level org members make decisions and take action
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What are 3 individual prereq's for participation and empowerment
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1) capability to become psychologically involved in participative activities
2) motivation to act autonomously 3) capacity to see relevance of participation for one's own well-being |
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What is a group?
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two or more people having common interests, obectives and continuing interactions (emphasize the individual)
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What is a work team?
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group of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common mission, performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable (emphasize on team); task oriented
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What are individual benefits of work teams?
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psychological intimacy and integrated involvement
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What are norms of behavior?
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standards a work group uses to evaluate the behavior of its members
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What is group cohesion?
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"interpersonal glue" that makes members of a group stick together; caused by increased job complexity and task autonomy
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What is social loafing?
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occurs when one or more group members rely on efforts of other group members and fail to contribute their own time, effort, thoughts, or other resources
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What is loss of individuality?
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social process which individual group members lose self-awareness and its accompanying sense of accountability inhibition and responsibility for individual behavior
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According to Bennis and Shepard, what are the 4 stages of development a group goes through?
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1. mutual acceptance
2. decision making 3. motivation and commitment 4. control and sactions |
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What are 3 issues a group addresses?
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interpersonal issues, task issues, and authority issues
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What are Tuckman's 5 stages of group development?
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forming
storming norming performing adjourning |
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What is the forming stage?
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dependence on guidance and direction; unclear about roles and responsibilities; must feel part of team before going to next stage
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What is the storming stage?
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members compete for position; considerable conflict and power struggles; clarity of purpose increases; assess one another
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What is the norming stage?
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agreement and consensus of team members; roles and responsibilities clear and accepted; authority questions addressed
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What is the performing stage?
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team becomes more strategically aware of mission and purpose; successfully worked through interpersonal issues; team decisions and disagreements resolved positively
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What is the adjourning stage?
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task is completed
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What is the punctional equilibrium model?
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groups dont progress from one step to another in predetermined sequence but alternate between periods of inertia with little visible progress toward goal achievement punctuated by bursts of energy as work groups develop
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What are task functions?
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activities directly related to effective completion of teamwork
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What are maintenance functions?
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activities essential to effective satisfying interpersonal relationships within group; enhance togetherness, cooperation and teamwork
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What are factors that influence group effectiveness?
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work team structure, work team process, diversity, and creativity
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What is work team structure?
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includes goals and obectives, operating guidelines, performance measures and role specification
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What is work team process?
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managing of cooperative behaviors and competitive behaviors
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What is structural diversity?
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number of structural holes (disconnection between members) within a work team; want moderate structural diversity
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What are empowerment skills?
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competency skills, process skills (negotiation), development of cooperation and helping behaviors, communication skills
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What is transactive memory?
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a shared system for attending to, encoding, storing, processing, and retrieving information; 2 components: knowledge possessed by particular team members and awareness of who knows what
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What is power?
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ability to influence someone else
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What is influence?
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process of affecting thoughts, behavior, and feelings of another
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What is the zone of indifference?
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range in which attempts to influence employee are percieved as legitimate and acted on without a great deal of thought
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What are the 5 interpersonal powers?
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reward, coercive, legitimate, referent, and expert
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What is reward power?
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based on agent's ability to control rewards a target wants
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What is coercive power?
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based on ability to cause unpleasant experience
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What is legitimate power?
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based on position and mutual agreement
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What is referent power?
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elusive power based on interpersonal interaction
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What is expert power?
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exists when agent has specialized knowledge/skills target needs; target must trust accuracy, knowledge must be relevant and useful, target must perceive agent as expert
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What are critical resources?
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one group controls important resource another desires
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What is strategic contingencies?
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activities other groups depend on in order to complete their tasks
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According to strategic contingencies, what are 3 factors which give a group control?
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1. ability to cope with uncertainty
2. high degree of centrality within org 3. nonsubsitutability |
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What is information power?
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access to and control over important info
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What is personal power?
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negative power; used for personal gain (Machiavellian)
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What is social power?
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positive power; used to create motivation or accomplish group goals
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What are four social power-oriented characteristics?
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1. belief in authority system
2. preference for work and discipline 3. altruism 4. belief in justice |
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What are Kanter's symbols of power?
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1. ability to intercede for someone in trouble
2. ability to get placements for favored employees 3. exceeding budget limitations 4. procuring above average raises for employees 5. getting items on agenda at meeting 6. access to early info 7. having top managers seek out their opinion |
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What is the dependency theory?
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power is the inverse of dependence; it is a function of the availability of a desired resource and the value of the resource
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What is status characteristics theory?
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balance between what person A and B brings to the situation and the needs of the situation; specific characteristics should come into play and diffuse characteristics should not
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What are the two power bases?
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position power and personal power
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What are powerful positions of networks?
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centrality (more you know more info you get) and brokerage ( know people in difft places)
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What are strategies for building social capital?
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1. diagnose goals
2. assess gaps in current network 3. strategies for developing your network |
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What are good source characteristics?
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experts; trustworthy, attractive, and likeable
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What are good target characteristics?
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low self-esteem, good mood, no extreme attitudes
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What are good message characteristics?
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present both sides, less threatening approach, frame with same emotion as felt by receiver
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What is the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion?
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persuasion occurs through 2 routes: central and peripheral
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What is normative influence?
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desire for social approval instead of being correct (informational influence)
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What do minority influence agents do?
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break real or perceived unanimity and provide social support; produce private belief conversion
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What is the Ash experiment?
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person tends to agree with group even if they know the group is wrong (if one person agreed would stray from group)
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Effective minority influence agents are...
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consistent, credible, confident, flexible and use emotion strategically
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What are harnessing influence?
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liking, reciprocity, social proof (Ash), authority, consistency, scarcity
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What is the law of reciprocity?
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universal belief that people should be paid back for what they do
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What are 3 steps to the management process?
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1. planning and budgeting
2. organizing and staffing 3. controlling and problem solving |
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What are 3 steps to the leadership process?
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1. setting a direction for the org
2. aligning people with direction through comm 3. motivating people to action |
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According to Lewin, Lippitt, and White, what are the 3 basic styles of leadership?
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1. autocratic
2. democratic 3. laissez-faire |
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According to Ohio St. study, what are 2 important underlying dimensions of leader behaviors?
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1. initiating structure
2. consideration |
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According to the University of Michigan, what are two types of leadership?
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1. production-oriented
2. employee-oriented |
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What are the 7 difft types of managers according to the leadership grid?
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country club, team, middle of the road, opportunistic, paternalistic, authority-compliance, impoverished
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What is Fiedler's contingency theory?
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proposes fit between leader's need structure and favorableness of leaders situation determines team's effectiveness; assumes leaders are either task-oriented or relationship-oriented
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According to Fiedler's, what 3 dimensions are in a leader's situation?
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1. task structure
2. position power 3. leader-member evaluations |
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What is inspirational leadership?
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followers are inspired by the leader to perform well
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What is transformational leadership?
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inspire and excite followers to high levels of performance; rely on personal attributes
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What are the 4 dimensions of transformational leadership?
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1. charisma
2. individualized consideration 3. inspirational motivation 4. intellectual stimulation |
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What is authentic leadership?
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conscious and well-developed sense of values; uses mix of styles
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What is emotional intelligence?
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ability to recognize and manage emotion in oneself and in others; made up of self-awareness, empathy, adaptability, and self-control
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What is transactional leadership?
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use rewards and punishments to strike deals with followers and shape behaviors; creates little intrinsic motivation
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What is the coercive style of mgmt?
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"do what i say"; effective in a turnaround situation, natural disaster, or working with problem employees
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What the authoritative style of mgmt?
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states overall goal but gives people freedom to choose their own means of achieving it; works well when business is adrift
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What is the affiliative style of mgmt?
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"people come first"; particularly useful for building team harmony or increasing morale
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What is the democratic style of mgmt?
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gives workers a voice in decisions
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What is the pacesetting style of mgmt?
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sets high performance standards and exemplifies them
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What is the coaching style of mgmt?
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focuses more on personal development than immediate work-related tasks
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What are 4 external forces for change?
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globalization, workforce diversity, technological change, managing ethical behavior
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What is transformational change?
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org moves to a radically difft and sometimes unknown future state
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What is a change agent?
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ind. or group that introduces and manages change in an org
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What are 3 key strategies for managing resistance to change?
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1. communication
2. participation 3. empathy and support |
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What is an org culture?
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pattern of basic assumptions considered valid and taught to new members as way to perceive, think and feel in org
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What are 3 elements of culture?
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1. artifaacts
2. values 3. basic assumptions |
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What is a strong culture?
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consensus of values that drive company with recognizable intensity
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What is a fit perspective?
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culture is good only if it fits industry or firm's strategy
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What is an adaptation perspective?
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only cultures that help org's adapt to environmental change are associated with excellent performance
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What is an adaptive culture?
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encourages confidence and risk taking among employees, has leadership that produces change and focuses on changing needs of customers
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What are 5 elements in managing culture?
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1. what leaders pay attention to
2. how leaders react to crises 3. how leaders behave 4. how leaders allocate resources 5. how leaders hire and fire individuals |
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What is org socialization?
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process by which newcomers are transformed from outsiders to participating effective members of org
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What are 3 stages of org socialization?
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1. anticipatory
2. encounter 3. change and acquisition |
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What are orgs with warring factions?
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high intensity and low agreement
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What are orgs with vacuous beliefs?
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low intensity and high agreement
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How do cultures form?
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1. philosophy of org's founders
2. selection criteria 3. top mgmt and socialization |
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What are espoused values?
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what people say values are
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What are in-use values?
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what people do
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How employees learn culture:
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1. stories
2. rituals 3. language 4. material symbols |
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What are the utilities of culture?
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1. gives members an org identity
2. facilitates collective commitment 3. promotes org stability 4. helps members make sense of their surroundings |
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What are cultural norms supporting creativity?
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support for risk-taking and change, open communication, tolerance for mistakes
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What are cultural norms supporting implementation?
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effective team functioning/common goals, urgency and speed, autonomy
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What is congruence?
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strong links between culture and strategy of org
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What is org structure?
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defines how job tasks are formally divided, grouped, and coordinated
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What are elements of org design?
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formalization, centralization, specialization, standardization, complexity, and hierarchy of relationships
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What are advantages of a functional organization?
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efficient use of resources, economies of scale, in-depth skill development, career progress based on functional expertise, central decisions and directions, and excellent coordination within functions
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What are disadvantages of a functional org?
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poor coordination across functions, difficult to respond to environmental changes, decisions pile on top, slow response, little innovation, responsibility for performance difficult to pinpoint
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When do you use a functional structure?
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stable certain environment, small to medium sized org, routine technology interdependence within functions, goals of efficiency, techinical quality
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What are advantages of a divisional structure?
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fast change in unstable environment, product/consumer focus, high coordination between functions, develops general managers
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What are disadvantages of a divisional structure?
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duplication of resources, less technical specialization and expertise, poor conditions across product lines, less top mgmt control
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When do you use a divisional structure?
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unstable, uncertain environment, large org, technological interdependence within functions, goals of product specialization innovation
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What are advantages of a hybrid structure?
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provides coordination w/in and between product divisions, helps org attain adaptability in some depts and efficiency in others
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What are disadvantages of a hybrid structure?
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conflict between corporation and divisions, administrative overhead
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When do you use a hybrid structure?
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unstable environment, large, technological interdependence with both functions and product lines, goals of product specialization and adaptation
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What are advantages of a matrix structure?
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can manage dual demands from environment, flexible and efficient use of scarce resources, adaptation and innovation, development of functional and general mgmt skills
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What are disadvantages of a matrix structure?
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dual authority causes frustration and confusion, high conflict, time consuming, special training required, difficult to maintain power balance
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When do you use a matrix structure?
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very uncertain and shifting environment, medium to large, non-routine technology and high interdependence, dual goals of product and functional specialization
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What are advantages of a network structure?
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highly flexible, customer focus, decisions taken at operating level, less formal hierarchy, fast response to change
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What are disadvantages of a network structure?
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difficult to share knowledge across teams, eliminates formal expertise, lack of control from center, duplicated resources, diffused accountability
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When do you use a network structure?
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highly unstable environment, flexibility is key, highly individualized service/product, professional service orgs
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