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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Stochastic
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Constant shifting of environmental conditions
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Principles of Darwin's Theory of Evolution (4)
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-Perpetual change
-Speciation -Gradualism -Natural Selection |
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Variability Allows
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Organisms to adapt as a species to differing environments
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Classification of Organisms
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Kingdom-Phylum-Class-Order-Family-Group-Species
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Species
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Group of related individuals which can mate and produce viable offspring
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Extant
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Living Species opposite of extinction
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Disparity
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Differences between species
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Amniotes (3) and # of temporal openings
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Anapsids 0
Synapsids 1 Diapsids 2 |
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Diphyodont
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2 sets of teeth baby and adult
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Unique Mammalian Characteristics (7)
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-Hair
-Mammary + sweat glands -Diphyodont dentition (2 sets) -Single enlarged lower jaw -Aortic arch branches left of heart -Eggs develop within uterus |
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Viviparous
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Live-born
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Monotremata
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-Lay eggs
-Cloaca -ex. Platypus |
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Orders of Mammals (10/12)
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Monotremata -cloaca, eggs
Marsupialia -Pouch Insectivora -Insect eating Carnivora -canina teeth. flesh eating Lagomorpha -Rabbits, etc Rodentia -gnawers, 2 upper incisors Chiroptera -flapping flyers, bats Perrisodactyla -odd toed, horse Artiodactyla -even toed, deer, camels Primata -opposable thumbs |
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Marsupialia
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-live born
-keep young in pouch -ex. kangaroo, koala |
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Insectivora
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-Insect specializers
-ex. shrews, moles |
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Carnivora
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-Canine teeth
-Canids, felids, muselids, ursids, phocids |
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Lagomorpha
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-Jumpers, very fast
-Dont hibernate |
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Rodentia
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-40% of mammals
-2 large UPPER incisors -ex. squirrels, voles, wood chucks |
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Chiroptera
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-Only flying mammal (flapping)
-1100 species -ex. bats |
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Perissodactyla
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-Odd toed
-Hooved -None in NA -ex. horses, zebra, rhinos |
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Artiodactyla
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-Even toed
-Hooved -Deer, cattle -Cervids or bovids |
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Heterodont
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Specialized dentition
ICPM |
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Oclusal Surface
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Surface where teeth meet
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Incisors
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-Simple crowns
-Nipping and biting |
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Canines
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-Conical shape
-For piercing/holding/aggressive displays |
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Premolars
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-Compressed crowns
-1-2 cusps for shearing and slicing |
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Molars
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Broad crowns
-for grinding and crushing -only present in adult teeth |
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Rodent Dentition
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-2 upper incisors
-Continuously growing |
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Lagomorph Dentition
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-4 upper incisor
-2 peg-like incisors behind primaries |
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Lophodont Dentition
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-Rodents and lagomorphs
-Ridges perpendicular to jaw |
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Bunodont Dentition
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-Omnivores
-Square molars and premolars with cusps |
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Selenodont Dentition
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-Cervids and Bovids
-For grinding in circular motion |
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Carnassial Dentition
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-Carnivores
-Carnassial apparatus involves last premolar of top jaw, and first molar of bottom -2 sets of canines -6 incisors |
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Many Herbivores Lack
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Incisors
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4 Chambers of Riminant Stomach
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Rumen- fermentation
Reticulum- Water absorption Omasum- digestion of by-products Abomasum- true acid stomach |
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+/- of Ruminants
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+ Eating lots/quickly reduces predation risk
+ Food is always available -Very slow digestion -Food shortage means fast death |
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Coprophagy
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-Consumption of fecal pellets
-Hindgut fermentors |
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Skin Layers (3)
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Epidermis- thin, outter layer
Dermis- thick inner layer Hypodermis- deepest layer containing veins and arteries |
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Hair Follicles are Embedded in the ______.
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dermis
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Hair is made of _____.
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Keratin
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Another name for whiskers
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Vibrissae
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Types of Molting (2)
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Continuous, seasonal
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Sweat Gland Characteristics (3)
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-Unique to mammals
-Occur over much of the body -Tubular and coiled |
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Types of Sweat Glands (2)
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Eccrine -Watery sweat for temp control
Apocrine -Except protiens, lipids +minerals -Larger and larger -Open into hair follicles |
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Sebaceous Glands
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-2 per hair follicle
-Produce sebum -Keeps hair and skin pliable |
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Scent Glands Functions (5)
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-Territory marking
-Attracting mates -Predator warnings -Mapping food storage -Defense (skunks) |
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ammary glands were derived from ____ glands.
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Apocrine
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Colostrum
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"first milk"
-Passes on immunity and inoculates young with healthy bacteria |
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True horn characteristics (4)
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-Keratin over bone core
-Permanent -Present in both sexes -Never branched (except antilopes) |
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Antler Characteristics
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-Solid bone
-Can be branched -Shed and regrown annually -Covered in velvet while growing |
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BMR
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Basal Metabolic Rate
-Metabolic rate when body is at complete rest (Impossible) |
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Smaller mammals have _____ metabolic rate.
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Higher
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Thermoneutral Zone
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Temp. range at which mammals do not have to increase metabolism to maintain body temp.
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BAT
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Brown adipose tissue
-high in mitochondria |
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Fate of Protien
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-Rebuild tissues
-Create enzymes -Forming of ATP |
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Ammonia is converted to...
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-Urea in amphibians + mammals
-Uric acid in birds and reptiles -Diffused through gills in fish |
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Heat loss can happen when... (4)
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Evaporation
Convection Conduction Thermal Radiation -Cellular resp. |
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Bergmann's Rule
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Populations with greater bulk/mass are found in colder regions
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Allen's Rule
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-Populations living in colder climate tend to have shorter limbs
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Why is fat sometimes used instead of fur? (3)
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-Wet fur loses alot of heat
-Hydrodynamics -Bouyancy |
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Vasoconstriction
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-Constriction of arterioles leading to the skin
-Keeps blood from leasing heat to cold skin |
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Counter-current Heat Exchange
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-Arterial blood vessels pass close by venous vessels
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Torpor (7)
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Form of dormancy
Lowering of: -Body temp (10-22c) -Metabolic -Respiration -Heart rate -Reaction to cold stress -Seen in small endotherms |
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Hibernation
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-Profound dormancy
-Seasonal -Body temp 2-5c -Requires fat storage |
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2 Stages of Arousal
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-nonshivering thermogenisis of BAT
-Shivering thermogensis |
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Winter Sleep
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-Prolonged sleeping periods
-Weeks-months -Body temp. |
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Subnivian Lifestyle
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-Living under snowpack for winter
+good insulation +allows activity during winter -Ive formation= death -CO2 gas can accumulation |
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What happens during dehydration
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-Water is pulled from cells
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Outcome of overheating
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-Blood thickens and slows
-Leads to explosive heat death |
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Physical Adaptations to Heat (3)
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-Few or no sweat glands
-Light colors -Fat stores on back |
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Psysiological Adapatation to Heat (3)
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-Produce concentrated urine/feces
-Can produce water from fat -Toleration of body temp. fluctuations |
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Behavioral Adapatation to Heat (4)
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-Shade seeking
-Selecting food high in water -Nocturnality -Burrowing |
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Thermal Windows
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-Highly vascular, large areas of skin such as ears, good for dissipating heat
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Rete
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-Nasal brain cooling apparatus
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Estivation
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-Dormancy due to hot/dry conditions
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Ways of mammals gain water
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Free water in food
-Drinking water -Metabolic water from fat |
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Reproductive Strategies (3)
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Monotremes
-cloaca, oviparous Marsupials -viviparous -pouched -short gestation, long lactation Placentals -viviparous -long gestation, short lactation |
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Large Body size= ______ litter size
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Small
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